https://wiki.archlinux.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Dislikeyou&feedformat=atomArchWiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T20:58:07ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.41.0https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=Beginners%27_guide&diff=264001Beginners' guide2013-06-23T20:49:14Z<p>Dislikeyou: /* For UEFI motherboards */</p>
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<div><noinclude><br />
[[Category:Getting and installing Arch]]<br />
[[Category:About Arch]]<br />
[[ar:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[da:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[es:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[hr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[hu:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[it:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ja:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ko:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[nl:Beginners' Guide/Installatie]]<br />
[[pl:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[pt:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ro:Ghidul începătorilor/Instalare]]<br />
[[ru:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[sr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[zh-CN:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[zh-TW:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
{{Tip|This is part of a multi-page article for The Beginners' Guide. '''[[Beginners' Guide|Click here]]''' if you would rather read the guide in its entirety.}}<br />
</noinclude><br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
You are now presented with a shell prompt, automatically logged in as root.<br />
<br />
=== Change the language ===<br />
<br />
{{Tip|These are optional for the majority of users. Useful only if you plan on writing in your own language in any of the configuration files, if you use diacritical marks in the Wi-Fi password, or if you would like to receive system messages (e.g. possible errors) in your own language.}}<br />
<br />
By default, the keyboard layout is set to {{ic|us}}. If you have a non-[[Wikipedia:File:KB United States-NoAltGr.svg|US]] keyboard layout, run:<br />
<br />
# loadkeys ''layout''<br />
<br />
...where ''layout'' can be {{ic|fr}}, {{ic|uk}}, {{ic|dvorak}}, {{ic|be-latin1}}, etc. See [[KEYMAP#Keyboard layouts|here]] for a comprehensive list.<br />
<br />
The font should also be changed, because most languages use more glyphs than the 26 letter [[Wikipedia:English alphabet|English alphabet]]. Otherwise some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. Note that the name is case-sensitive, so please type it ''exactly'' as you see it:<br />
<br />
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16<br />
<br />
By default, the language is set to English (US). If you would like to change the language for the install process ''(German, in this example)'', remove the {{ic|#}} in front of the [http://www.greendesktiny.com/support/knowledgebase_detail.php?ref=EUH-483 locale] you want from {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}, along with English (US). Please choose the {{ic|UTF-8}} entry.<br />
<br />
Use {{Keypress|Ctrl+X}} to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press {{Keypress|Y}} and {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the same filename.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/locale.gen|<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
# export LANG=de_DE.UTF-8<br />
<br />
Remember, {{Keypress|LAlt+LShift}} activates and deactivates the keymap.<br />
<br />
=== Establish an internet connection ===<br />
<br />
{{Warning|As of v197, udev no longer assigns network interface names according to the wlanX and ethX naming scheme. If you are coming from a different distribution or are reinstalling Arch and not aware of the new interface naming style, please do not assume that your wireless interface is named wlan0, or that your wired interface is named eth0. You can use the command {{ic|ip link}} to discover the names of your interfaces.}}<br />
<br />
The {{ic|dhcpcd}} network daemon starts automatically during boot and it will attempt to start a wired connection. Try to ping a server to see if a connection was established. For example, Google's DNS servers:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ping -c 3 www.google.com|2=<br />
PING www.l.google.com (74.125.132.105) 56(84) bytes of data.<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=1 ttl=50 time=17.0 ms<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=2 ttl=50 time=18.2 ms<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=3 ttl=50 time=16.6 ms<br />
<br />
--- www.l.google.com ping statistics ---<br />
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms<br />
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 16.660/17.320/18.254/0.678 ms}}<br />
<br />
If you get a {{ic|ping: unknown host}} error, first check if there is an issue with your cable or wireless signal strength. If not, you will need to set up the network manually, as explained below. Once a connection is established move on to [[#Prepare the storage drive|Prepare the storage drive]].<br />
<br />
==== Wired ====<br />
<br />
Follow this procedure if you need to set up a wired connection via a static IP address.<br />
<br />
First, disable the dhcpcd service which was started automatically at boot:<br />
<br />
# systemctl stop dhcpcd.service<br />
<br />
Identify the name of your Ethernet interface.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ip link|<br />
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT<br />
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00<br />
2: enp2s0f0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000<br />
link/ether 00:11:25:31:69:20 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff<br />
3: wlp3s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT qlen 1000<br />
link/ether 01:02:03:04:05:06 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff}}<br />
<br />
In this example, the Ethernet interface is {{ic|enp2s0f0}}. If you are unsure, your Ethernet interface is likely to start with the letter "e", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "w". You can also use {{ic|iwconfig}} and see which interfaces are not wireless:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iwconfig|2=<br />
enp2s0f0 no wireless extensions.<br />
wlp3s0 IEEE 802.11bgn ESSID:"NETGEAR97"<br />
Mode:Managed Frequency:2.427 GHz Access Point: 2C:B0:5D:9C:72:BF<br />
Bit Rate=65 Mb/s Tx-Power=16 dBm<br />
Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off<br />
Power Management:on<br />
Link Quality=61/70 Signal level=-49 dBm<br />
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0<br />
Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:430 Missed beacon:0<br />
lo no wireless extensions.}}<br />
<br />
In this example, neither {{ic|enp2s0f0}} nor the loopback device have wireless extensions, meaning {{ic|enp2s0f0}} is our Ethernet interface.<br />
<br />
You also need to know these settings:<br />
<br />
* Static IP address.<br />
* Subnet mask.<br />
* Gateway's IP address.<br />
* Name servers' (DNS) IP addresses.<br />
* Domain name (unless you are on a local LAN, in which case you can make it up).<br />
<br />
Activate the connected Ethernet interface (e.g. {{ic|enp2s0f0}}):<br />
<br />
# ip link set enp2s0f0 up<br />
<br />
Add the address:<br />
<br />
# ip addr add ''ip_address''/''subnetmask'' dev ''interface_name''<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
# ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev enp2s0f0<br />
<br />
For more options, run {{ic|man ip}}.<br />
<br />
Add your gateway like this, substituting your own gateway's IP address:<br />
<br />
# ip route add default via ''ip_address''<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
# ip route add default via 192.168.1.1<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|resolv.conf}}, substituting your name servers' IP addresses and your local domain name:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/resolv.conf|<br />
nameserver 61.23.173.5<br />
nameserver 61.95.849.8<br />
search example.com}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|Currently, you may include a maximum of three {{ic|nameserver}} lines.}}<br />
<br />
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Network Configuration]] page.<br />
<br />
==== Wireless ====<br />
<br />
Follow this procedure if you need wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi) during the installation process.<br />
<br />
First, identify the name of your wireless interface.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iw dev|2=<br />
phy#0<br />
Interface wlp3s0<br />
ifindex 3<br />
wdev 0x1<br />
addr 00:21:6a:5e:52:bc<br />
type managed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In this example, {{ic|wlp3s0}} is the available wireless interface. If you are unsure, your wireless interface is likely to start with the letter "w", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "e". <br />
<br />
{{Note|If you do not see output similar to this, then your wireless driver has not been loaded. If this is the case, you must load the driver yourself. Please see [[Wireless Setup]] for more detailed information.}}<br />
<br />
Bring the interface up with:<br />
<br />
# ip link set wlp3s0 up<br />
<br />
A small percentage of wireless chipsets also require firmware, in addition to a corresponding driver. If you get output like {{ic|SIOCSIFFLAGS: No such file or directory}}, this means you will need to manually load the firmware. If unsure, invoke {{ic|dmesg}} to query the kernel log for a firmware request from the wireless chipset. For example, if you have an Intel chipset which requires and has requested firmware from the kernel at boot:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# dmesg <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep firmware|<br />
firmware: requesting iwlwifi-5000-1.ucode}}<br />
<br />
If there is no output, it may be concluded that the system's wireless chipset does not require firmware.<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Wireless chipset firmware packages (for cards which require them) are pre-installed under {{ic|/usr/lib/firmware}} in the live environment (on CD/USB stick) '''but must be explicitly installed to your actual system to provide wireless functionality after you reboot into it!''' Package installation is covered later in this guide. Ensure installation of both your wireless module and firmware before rebooting! See [[Wireless Setup]] if you are unsure about the requirement of corresponding firmware installation for your particular chipset.}}<br />
<br />
Next, use {{Pkg|netctl}}'s {{ic|wifi-menu}} to connect to a network:<br />
<br />
# wifi-menu wlp3s0<br />
<br />
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Wireless Setup]] page.<br />
<br />
Alternatively, use {{ic|iw dev wlp3s0 scan <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep SSID}} to scan for available networks, then connect to a network with:<br />
<br />
# wpa_supplicant -B -i wlp3s0 -c <(wpa_passphrase "''ssid''" "''psk''")<br />
<br />
You need to replace ''ssid'' with the name of your network (e.g. "Linksys etc...") and ''psk'' with your wireless password, '''leaving the quotes around the network name and password.'''<br />
<br />
Finally, you have to give your interface an IP address. This can be set manually or using the dhcp:<br />
<br />
# dhcpd wlp3s0<br />
<br />
==== Analog modem, ISDN or PPoE DSL ====<br />
<br />
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see [[Direct Modem Connection]].<br />
<br />
==== Behind a proxy server ====<br />
<br />
If you are behind a proxy server, you will need to export the {{ic|http_proxy}} and {{ic|ftp_proxy}} environment variables. See [[Proxy settings]] for more information.<br />
<br />
=== Prepare the storage drive ===<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Partitioning can destroy data. You are '''strongly''' cautioned and advised to backup any critical data before proceeding.}}<br />
<br />
Absolute beginners are encouraged to use a graphical partitioning tool. [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/download.php GParted] is a good example, and is [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php provided as a "live" CD]. It is also included on live CDs of most Linux distributions such as [[Wikipedia:Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] and [[Wikipedia:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]]. A drive should first be [[partitioning|partitioned]] and the partitions should be formatted with a [[File Systems|file system]] before rebooting.<br />
<br />
The recommendation for a system that will boot via UEFI rather than MBR legacy boot is to format the drive using a GPT partition table. This means that if the drive was previously already partitioned with an MBR (MSDOS) partition table it will now have a new partition table created which will destroy all other data on the drive. Once the new partition table has been created on a drive, only then can individual partitions be created with any chosen format type. When using Gparted, selecting the option to create a new partition table gives an "msdos" partition table by default. If you are intending to follow the advice to create a GPT partition table then you need to choose "Advanced" and then select "gpt" from the drop-down menu. This cannot be done if you have a pre-existing Windows installation on the drive which you wish not to destroy. It is therefore extremely important to not change the partition table to GPT if you intend on having a dual boot system. Leave the Windows install untouched and try to get the Linux install working with UEFI on a drive that contains an MBR (legacy) partition table. <br />
<br />
In addition, some newer computers come pre-installed with Windows 8 which will be using Secure Boot. Arch Linux currently does not support Secure Boot, but some Windows 8 installations have been seen not to boot if Secure Boot is turned off in the BIOS. In some cases it is necessary to turn off both Secure Boot as well as Fastboot in the BIOS options in order to allow Windows 8 to boot without Secure Boot. However there are potential security risks in turning off Secure Boot for booting up Windows 8. Therefore, it may be a better option to keep the Windows 8 install intact and have an independent hard drive for the Linux install - which can then be partitioned from scratch using a GPT partition table. Once that is done, creating several ext4/FAT32/swap partitions on the second drive may be a better way forward if the computer has two drives available. This is often not easy or possible on a small laptop. Currently, Secure Boot is still not in a fully stable state for reliable operation, even for Linux distributions that support it.<br />
<br />
See [[Swap]] for details if you wish to set up a swap partition or swap file. A swap file is easier to resize than a partition and can be created at any point after installation, but cannot be used with a Btrfs filesystem.<br />
<br />
If you have already done so, proceed to [[#Mount the partitions|Mount the partitions]].<br />
<br />
Otherwise, see the following example.<br />
<br />
==== Example ====<br />
<br />
The Arch Linux install media includes the following partitioning tools: {{ic|fdisk}}, {{ic|gdisk}}, {{ic|cfdisk}}, {{ic|cgdisk}}, {{ic|parted}}.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Use the {{ic|lsblk}} command to list the hard disks attached to your system, along with the sizes of their existing partitions. This will help you to be confident you are partitioning the right disk.}}<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[UEFI]] boot:|<br />
* If you have a UEFI motherboard, you will need to create an extra [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#EFI_System_Partition|UEFI System Partition]].<br />
* It is recommended to always use GPT for UEFI boot, as some UEFI firmwares do not allow UEFI-MBR boot.}}<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[GPT]] partitioning:|<br />
* If you are not dual booting with Windows, then it is advisable to use GPT instead of MBR. Read [[GPT]] for a list of advantages.<br />
* If you have a BIOS motherboard (or plan on booting in BIOS compatibility mode) and you want to setup GRUB on a GPT-partitioned drive, you will need to create an extra [[GRUB#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|BIOS Boot Partition]] of size 1007 KiB and {{ic|EF02}} type code. Syslinux does not need one.<br />
* Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you are installing to a USB flash key, see [[Installing Arch Linux on a USB key]].}}<br />
<br />
The example system will contain a 15 GB root partition, and a [[Partitioning#/home|home]] partition for the remaining space. Choose either [[MBR]] or [[GPT]]. Do not choose both!<br />
<br />
It should be emphasized that partitioning is a personal choice and that this example is only for illustrative purposes. See [[Partitioning]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''MBR'''<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ic|cfdisk&nbsp;/dev/sda}}<br />
| '''Root:'''<br />
<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – type in "15360" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Beginning – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Bootable.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
'''Home:'''<br />
<br />
* Press the down arrow to move to the free space area.<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''GPT'''<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ic|cgdisk&nbsp;/dev/sda}}<br />
| '''Root:'''<br />
<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector (2048) – type in "15G" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name.<br />
|-<br />
| '''Home:'''<br />
<br />
* Press the down arrow a couple of times to move to the larger free space area.<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size; for example "30G") – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
If you chose MBR, here is what it should look like:<br />
<br />
Name Flags Part Type FS Type [Label] Size (MB)<br />
-----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
sda1 Boot Primary Linux 15360<br />
sda2 Primary Linux 133000*<br />
<br />
If you chose GPT, here is what it should look like:<br />
<br />
Part. # Size Partition Type Partition Name<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------<br />
1007.0 KiB free space<br />
1 15.0 GiB Linux filesystem<br />
2 123.45 GiB Linux filesystem<br />
<br />
Double check and make sure that you are happy with the partition sizes as well as the partition table layout before continuing.<br />
<br />
If you would like to start over, you can simply select Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without saving changes and then restart cfdisk (or cgdisk).<br />
<br />
If you are satisfied, choose Write (or press {{Keypress|Shift+W}}) to finalize and to write the partition table to the drive. Type "yes" and choose Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without making any more changes.<br />
<br />
Simply partitioning is not enough; the partitions also need a [[File Systems|filesystem]]. To format the partitions with an ext4 filesystem:<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Double check and triple check that it is actually {{ic|/dev/sda1}} and {{ic|/dev/sda2}} that you want to format. You can use {{ic|lsblk}} to help with this.}}<br />
<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2<br />
<br />
If you have made a partition dedicated to swap (code 82), do not forget to format and activate it with:<br />
<br />
# mkswap /dev/sda''X''<br />
# swapon /dev/sda''X''<br />
<br />
For UEFI, you should format the ESP partition (usually sda1) with:<br />
# mkfs.vfat -F32 /dev/sda1<br />
<br />
=== Mount the partitions ===<br />
<br />
Each partition is identified with a number suffix. For example, {{ic|sda1}} specifies the first partition of the first drive, while {{ic|sda}} designates the entire drive.<br />
<br />
To display the current partition layout:<br />
<br />
# lsblk /dev/sda<br />
<br />
{{Note|Do not mount more than one partition to the same directory. And pay attention, because the mounting order is important.}}<br />
<br />
First, mount the root partition on {{ic|/mnt}}. Following the example above (yours may be different), it would be:<br />
<br />
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt<br />
<br />
Then mount the home partition and any other separate partition ({{ic|/boot}}, {{ic|/var}}, etc), if you have any:<br />
<br />
# mkdir /mnt/home<br />
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/home<br />
<br />
In case you have a UEFI motherboard, mount the UEFI partition:<br />
<br />
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot<br />
# mount /dev/sda''X'' /mnt/boot<br />
<br />
=== Select a mirror ===<br />
<br />
Before installing, you may want to edit the {{ic|mirrorlist}} file and place your preferred mirror first. A copy of this file will be installed on your new system by {{ic|pacstrap}} as well, so it is worth getting it right.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist|<br />
##<br />
## Arch Linux repository mirrorlist<br />
## Sorted by mirror score from mirror status page<br />
## Generated on 2012-MM-DD<br />
##<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Server = http://mirror.example.xyz/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch</nowiki><br />
...}}<br />
<br />
* {{Keypress|Alt+6}} to copy a {{ic|Server}} line.<br />
* {{Keypress|PageUp}} key to scroll up.<br />
* {{Keypress|Ctrl+U}} to paste it at the top of the list.<br />
* {{Keypress|Ctrl+X}} to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press {{Keypress|Y}} and {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the same filename.<br />
<br />
If you want, you can make it the ''only'' mirror available by getting rid of everything else (using {{Keypress|Ctrl+K}}), but it is usually a good idea to have a few more, in case the first one goes offline.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|<br />
* Use the [https://www.archlinux.org/mirrorlist/ Mirrorlist Generator] to get an updated list for your country. HTTP mirrors are faster than FTP, because of something called [[Wikipedia:Keepalive|keepalive]]. With FTP, pacman has to send out a signal each time it downloads a package, resulting in a brief pause. For other ways to generate a mirror list, see [[Mirrors#Sorting mirrors|Sorting mirrors]] and [[Reflector]].<br />
* [https://archlinux.org/mirrors/status/ Arch Linux MirrorStatus] reports various aspects about the mirrors such as network problems with mirrors, data collection problems, the last time mirrors have been synced, etc.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|<br />
* Whenever in the future you change your list of mirrors, always remember to force pacman to refresh all package lists with {{ic|pacman -Syy}}. This is considered to be good practice and will avoid possible headaches. See [[Mirrors]] for more information.<br />
* If you are using an older installation medium, your mirrorlist might be outdated, which might lead to problems when updating Arch Linux (see {{Bug|22510}}). Therefore it is advised to obtain the latest mirror information as described above.<br />
* Some issues have been reported in the [https://bbs.archlinux.org/ Arch Linux forums] regarding network problems that prevent pacman from updating/synchronizing repositories (see [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id&#61;68944] and [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id&#61;65728]). When installing Arch Linux natively, these issues have been resolved by replacing the default pacman file downloader with an alternative (see [[Improve Pacman Performance]] for more details). When installing Arch Linux as a guest OS in [[VirtualBox]], this issue has also been addressed by using "Host interface" instead of "NAT" in the machine properties.}}<br />
<br />
=== Install the base system ===<br />
<br />
The base system is installed using the [https://github.com/falconindy/arch-install-scripts/blob/master/pacstrap.in pacstrap] script.<br />
<br />
The {{ic|-i}} switch can be omitted if you wish to install every package from the ''base'' group without prompting.<br />
<br />
# pacstrap -i /mnt base<br />
<br />
{{Note|If pacman fails to verify your packages, check the system time with {{ic|cal}}. If the system date is invalid (e.g. it shows the year 2010), signing keys will be considered expired (or invalid), signature checks on packages will fail and installation will be interrupted. Make sure to correct the system time, either by doing so manually or with the {{Pkg|ntp}} client, and retry running the pacstrap command. Refer to [[Time]] page for more information on correcting system time.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If pacman complains that {{ic|error: failed to commit transaction (invalid or corrupted package)}}, run the following command:<br />
# pacman-key --init && pacman-key --populate archlinux<br />
}}<br />
<br />
This will give you a basic Arch system. Other packages can be installed later using [[pacman]].<br />
<br />
=== Generate an fstab ===<br />
<br />
Generate an [[fstab]] file with the following command. UUIDs will be used because they have certain advantages (see [[fstab#Identifying filesystems]]). If you would prefer to use labels instead, replace the {{ic|-U}} option with {{ic|-L}}.<br />
<br />
# genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
# nano /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
<br />
{{Warning|The fstab file should always be checked after generating it. If you encounter errors running genfstab or later in the install process, do '''not''' run genfstab again; just edit the fstab file.}}<br />
<br />
A few considerations:<br />
<br />
* The last field determines the order that in which partitions are checked at start up : {{ic|1}} , {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}} (see [[fstab#Field definitions]]).<br />
* Only the root ({{ic|/}}) partition needs {{ic|1}} for the last field. Everything else should have either {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}}.<br />
* You will normally want your ''swap'' partition to have {{ic|0}} i.e. 'do not check'.<br />
<br />
=== Chroot and configure the base system ===<br />
<br />
Next, we [[chroot]] into our newly installed system:<br />
<br />
# arch-chroot /mnt<br />
<br />
{{Note|Use {{ic|arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash}} to chroot into a bash shell.}}<br />
At this stage of the installation, you will configure the primary configuration files of your Arch Linux base system. These can either be created if they do not exist, or edited if you wish to change the defaults.<br />
<br />
Closely following and understanding these steps is of key importance to ensure a properly configured system.<br />
<br />
==== Locale ====<br />
<br />
Locales are used by '''glibc''' and other locale-aware programs or libraries for rendering text, correctly displaying regional monetary values, time and date formats, alphabetic idiosyncrasies, and other locale-specific standards.<br />
<br />
There are two files that need editing: {{ic|locale.gen}} and {{ic|locale.conf}}.<br />
<br />
* The {{ic|locale.gen}} file is empty by default (everything is commented out) and you need to remove the {{ic|#}} in front of the line(s) you want. You may uncomment more lines than just English (US), as long as you choose their {{ic|UTF-8}} encoding:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/locale.gen|<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
<br />
This will run on every '''glibc''' upgrade, generating all the locales specified in {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}.<br />
<br />
* The {{ic|locale.conf}} file does not exist by default. Setting only {{ic|LANG}} should be enough. It will act as the default value for all other variables.<br />
<br />
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you set some other language than English (US) at the beginning of the install, the above commands would be something like:<br />
# echo LANG<nowiki>=</nowiki>de_DE.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG<nowiki>=</nowiki>de_DE.UTF-8<br />
}}<br />
<br />
To use other locales for other {{ic|LC_*}} variables, run {{ic|locale}} to see the available options and add them to {{ic|locale.conf}}. It is not recommended to set the {{ic|LC_ALL}} variable. An advanced example can be found [[Locale#Setting_system-wide_locale|here]].<br />
<br />
==== Console font and keymap ====<br />
<br />
If you set a keymap at [[#Change_the_language|the beginning]] of the install process, load it now, as well, because the environment has changed. For example:<br />
<br />
# loadkeys ''de-latin1''<br />
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16<br />
<br />
To make them available after reboot, edit {{ic|vconsole.conf}}:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/vconsole.conf|2=<br />
KEYMAP=de-latin1<br />
FONT=Lat2-Terminus16<br />
}}<br />
<br />
* {{ic|KEYMAP}} – Please note that this setting is only valid for your TTYs, not any graphical window managers or Xorg.<br />
<br />
* {{ic|FONT}} – Available alternate console fonts reside in {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/}}. The default (blank) is safe, but some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. It is recommended that you change it to {{ic|Lat2-Terminus16}}, because according to {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/README.Lat2-Terminus16}}, it claims to support "about 110 language sets".<br />
<br />
* Possible option {{ic|FONT_MAP}} – Defines the console map to load at boot. Read {{ic|man setfont}}. Removing it or leaving it blank is safe.<br />
<br />
See [[Fonts#Console_fonts|Console fonts]] and {{ic|man vconsole.conf}} for more information.<br />
<br />
==== Time zone ====<br />
<br />
Available time zones and subzones can be found in the {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>}} directories.<br />
<br />
To view the available <Zone>, check the directory {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/}}:<br />
<br />
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/<br />
<br />
Similarly, you can check the contents of directories belonging to a <SubZone>:<br />
<br />
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe<br />
<br />
Create a symbolic link {{ic|/etc/localtime}} to your zone file {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>}} using this command:<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone> /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Minsk /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
==== Hardware clock ====<br />
<br />
Set the hardware clock mode uniformly between your operating systems. Otherwise, they may overwrite the hardware clock and cause time shifts.<br />
<br />
You can generate {{ic|/etc/adjtime}} automatically by using one of the following commands:<br />
<br />
* '''UTC''' (recommended)<br />
<br />
: {{Note|Using [[Wikipedia:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] for the hardware clock does not mean that software will display time in UTC.}}<br />
<br />
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --utc}}<br />
<br />
To synchronize your "UTC" time over the internet, see [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]].<br />
<br />
* '''localtime''' (discouraged; used by default in Windows)<br />
<br />
: {{Warning|Using ''localtime'' may lead to several known and unfixable bugs. However, there are no plans to drop support for ''localtime''.}}<br />
<br />
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --localtime}}<br />
<br />
If you have (or planning on having) a dual boot setup with Windows:<br />
<br />
* Recommended: Set both Arch Linux and Windows to use UTC. A quick [[Time#UTC in Windows|registry fix]] is needed. Also, be sure to prevent Windows from synchronizing the time on-line, because the hardware clock will default back to ''localtime''.<br />
<br />
* Not recommended: Set Arch Linux to ''localtime'' and disable any time-related services, like [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]] . This will let Windows take care of hardware clock corrections and you will need to remember to boot into Windows at least two times a year (in Spring and Autumn) when [[Wikipedia:Daylight saving time|DST]] kicks in. So please do not ask on the forums why the clock is one hour behind or ahead if you usually go for days or weeks without booting into Windows.<br />
<br />
==== Kernel modules ====<br />
<br />
{{Tip|This is just an example, you do not need to set it. All needed modules are automatically loaded by udev, so you will rarely need to add something here. Only add modules that you know are missing.}}<br />
<br />
For kernel modules to load during boot, place a {{ic|*.conf}} file in {{ic|/etc/modules-load.d/}}, with a name based on the program that uses them.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/modules-load.d/virtio-net.conf|<br />
# Load 'virtio-net.ko' at boot.<br />
<br />
virtio-net}}<br />
<br />
If there are more modules to load per {{ic|*.conf}}, the module names can be separated by newlines. A good example are the [[VirtualBox#Arch Linux guests|VirtualBox Guest Additions]].<br />
<br />
Empty lines and lines starting with {{ic|#}} or {{ic|;}} are ignored.<br />
<br />
==== Hostname ====<br />
<br />
Set the [[Wikipedia:hostname|hostname]] to your liking (e.g. ''arch''):<br />
<br />
# echo ''myhostname'' > /etc/hostname<br />
<br />
{{Note|There is no need to edit {{ic|/etc/hosts}}.}}<br />
<br />
=== Configure the network ===<br />
<br />
You need to configure the network again, but this time for your newly installed environment. The procedure and prerequisites are very similar to the one described [[#Establish an internet connection|above]], except we are going to make it persistent and automatically run at boot.<br />
<br />
{{Note|For more in-depth information on network configration, visit [[Network Configuration]] and [[Wireless Setup]].}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you would like to use the old interface naming scheme (ie. eth* and wlan*) you can accomplish this by creating an empty file at {{ic|/etc/udev/rules.d/80-net-name-slot.rules}} which will mask the file of the same name located under {{ic|/usr/lib/udev/rules.d}} (alternatively, instead of an empty file, using a symlink to {{ic|/dev/null}} is also an acceptable masking method).}}<br />
<br />
==== Wired ====<br />
<br />
===== Dynamic IP =====<br />
<br />
; Using dhcpcd<br />
<br />
If you only use a single fixed wired network connection, you do not need a network management service and can simply enable the {{ic|dhcpcd}} service. Here, {{ic|''interface_name''}} is your wired interface:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable dhcpcd@''interface_name''.service<br />
<br />
; Using netctl<br />
<br />
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/ethernet-dhcp my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
Enable the {{ic|my-network}} profile:<br />
<br />
# netctl enable my-network<br />
<br />
; Using netctl-ifplugd<br />
<br />
Alternatively, you can use {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}, which gracefully handles dynamic connections to new networks:<br />
<br />
Install {{Pkg|ifplugd}}, which is required for {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S ifplugd<br />
<br />
Then enable for interface that you want:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable netctl-ifplugd@<interface>.service<br />
<br />
{{Tip|[[Netctl]] also provides {{ic|netctl-auto}}, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunction with {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}.}}<br />
<br />
===== Static IP =====<br />
<br />
; Using netctl<br />
<br />
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/ethernet-static my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}, {{ic|Address}}, {{ic|Gateway}} and {{ic|DNS}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
* Notice the {{ic|/24}} in {{ic|Address}} which is the [[wikipedia:Classless Inter-Domain Routing#CIDR notation|CIDR notation]] of a {{ic|255.255.255.0}} netmask<br />
<br />
Enable above created profile to start it at every boot:<br />
<br />
# netctl enable my-network<br />
<br />
==== Wireless ====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If your wireless adapter requires a firmware (as described in the above [[#Wireless|Establish an internet connection]] section and also [[Wireless Setup#Drivers and firmware|here]]), install the package containing your firmware. Most of the time, the {{Pkg|linux-firmware}} package will contain the needed firmware. Though for some devices, the required firmware might be in its own package. For example:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S zd1211-firmware}}<br />
See [[Wireless Setup]] for more info.}}<br />
<br />
Install {{pkg|iw}}, {{pkg|wpa_supplicant}} and {{pkg|wpa_actiond}} which you will need to connect to a network:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S iw wpa_supplicant wpa_actiond<br />
<br />
===== Adding wireless networks =====<br />
; Using wifi-menu<br />
<br />
Install {{pkg|dialog}}, which is required for {{ic|wifi-menu}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S dialog<br />
<br />
After finishing the rest of this installation and rebooting, you can connect to the network with {{ic|wifi-menu ''interface_name''}} (where {{ic|''interface_name''}} is the interface of your wireless chipset).<br />
<br />
# wifi-menu ''interface_name''<br />
<br />
{{Warning|This must be done *after* your reboot when you are no longer chrooted. The process spawned by this command will conflict with the one you have running outside of the chroot. Alternatively, you could just configure a network profile manually using the following templates so that you do not have to worry about using {{ic|wifi-menu}} at all.}}<br />
<br />
; Using manual netctl profiles<br />
<br />
Copy a network profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/wireless-wpa my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}, {{ic|ESSID}} and {{ic|Key}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
===== Connect automatically to known networks =====<br />
Enable the {{ic|netctl-auto}} service, which will connect to known networks and gracefully handle roaming and disconnects:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable netctl-auto@''interface_name''.service<br />
<br />
{{Tip|[[Netctl]] also provides {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunction with {{ic|netctl-auto}}.}}<br />
<br />
==== Analog modem, ISDN or PPoE DSL ====<br />
<br />
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see [[Direct Modem Connection]].<br />
<br />
=== Create an initial ramdisk environment ===<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Most users can skip this step and use the defaults provided in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}}. The initramfs image (from the {{ic|/boot}} folder) has already been generated based on this file when the {{Pkg|linux}} package (the Linux kernel) was installed earlier with {{ic|pacstrap}}.}}<br />
<br />
Here you need to set the right [[Mkinitcpio#HOOKS|hooks]] if the root is on a USB drive, if you use RAID, LVM, or if {{ic|/usr}} is on a separate partition.<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|/etc/mkinitcpio.conf}} as needed and re-generate the initramfs image with:<br />
<br />
# mkinitcpio -p linux<br />
<br />
{{Note|Arch VPS installations on QEMU (e.g. when using {{ic|virt-manager}}) may need {{ic|virtio}} modules in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}} to be able to boot.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/mkinitcpio.conf|2=<br />
MODULES="virtio virtio_blk virtio_pci virtio_net"}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Set the root password ===<br />
<br />
Set the root password with:<br />
<br />
# passwd<br />
<br />
=== Install and configure a bootloader ===<br />
<br />
==== For BIOS motherboards ====<br />
<br />
For BIOS systems, two bootloaders are available: Syslinux and GRUB. Choose the bootloader as per your convenience.<br />
<br />
* Syslinux is (currently) limited to loading only files from the partition where it was installed. Its configuration file is considered to be easier to understand. An example configuration can be found [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=1109328#p1109328 here].<br />
<br />
* GRUB is more feature-rich and supports more complex scenarios. Its configuration file(s) is more similar to a scripting language, which may be difficult for beginners to manually write. It is recommended that they automatically generate one.<br />
<br />
{{Note|Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}}<br />
<br />
===== Syslinux =====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you opted for a GUID partition table for your hard drive earlier, you need to install the {{Pkg|gptfdisk}} package now for this next step to work, assuming you haven't installed it already.}}<br />
<br />
Install the {{Pkg|syslinux}} package and then use the {{ic|syslinux-install_update}} script to automatically ''install'' the bootloader ({{ic|-i}}), mark the partition ''active'' by setting the boot flag ({{ic|-a}}), and install the ''MBR'' boot code ({{ic|-m}}):<br />
<br />
# pacman -S syslinux<br />
# syslinux-install_update -i -a -m<br />
<br />
Configure {{ic|syslinux.cfg}} to point to the right root partition. This step is vital. If it points to the wrong partition, Arch Linux will not boot. Change {{ic|/dev/sda3}} to reflect your root partition ''(if you partitioned your drive as in [[#Prepare the storage drive|the example]], your root partition is sda1)''. Do the same for the fallback entry.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg|2=<br />
...<br />
LABEL arch<br />
...<br />
APPEND root=/dev/sda3 ro<br />
...}}<br />
<br />
For more information on configuring and using Syslinux, see [[Syslinux]].<br />
<br />
===== GRUB =====<br />
<br />
Install the {{Pkg|grub-bios}} package and then run {{ic|grub-install}} to install the bootloader:<br />
<br />
{{Note|Change {{ic|/dev/sda}} to reflect the drive you installed Arch on. Do not append a partition number (do not use {{ic|sda''X''}}).}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|For GPT-partitioned drives on BIOS motherboards, you also need a "BIOS Boot Partition". See [[GRUB#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|GPT-specific instructions]] and [[GRUB#Install_to_GPT_BIOS_boot_partition|Install to GPT BIOS boot partition]] in the GRUB page.}}<br />
<br />
# pacman -S grub-bios<br />
# grub-install --recheck /dev/sda<br />
# cp /usr/share/locale/en\@quot/LC_MESSAGES/grub.mo /boot/grub/locale/en.mo<br />
<br />
{{Note| If it is an installation on virtualbox as guest, while running grub-install command as in above, you might get an error like "/usr/sbin/grub-bios-setup: warning: this GPT partition label contains no BIOS Boot Partition; embedding won't be possible". Executing {{ic|parted -s /dev/sda set 1 bios_grub on}} and then retrying ''grub-install'' should solve the problem.}}<br />
<br />
While using a manually created {{ic|grub.cfg}} is absolutely fine, it is recommended that beginners automatically generate one:<br />
<br />
{{Tip|To automatically search for other operating systems on your computer, install {{Pkg|os-prober}} ({{ic|pacman -S os-prober}}) before running the next command.}}<br />
<br />
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg<br />
<br />
For more information on configuring and using GRUB, see [[GRUB]].<br />
<br />
==== For UEFI motherboards ====<br />
<br />
For UEFI boot, the drive needs to be GPT-partitioned and an "[[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#EFI System Partition|UEFI System Partition]]" (512 MiB or larger, type {{ic|EF00}}, formatted with FAT32) must be present and mounted on {{ic|/boot}}. If you have followed this guide from the beginning, you have already done all of these.<br />
<br />
===== EFISTUB =====<br />
<br />
The Linux kernel can act as its own bootloader using EFISTUB. This is the UEFI boot method recommended by developers and simpler than using a separate bootloader.<br />
<br />
1. Install efibootmgr:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S efibootmgr<br />
<br />
2. Add Arch Linux boot entry, replacing '''sdaX''' with your root partition, usually '''sda2''':<br />
<br />
# efibootmgr -c -L "Arch Linux" -l /vmlinuz-linux -u "root=/dev/'''sdaX''' ro quiet initrd=/initramfs-linux.img"<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some systems, the above command will not work properly. It will execute without any visible error, but the UEFI boot menu will not have been correctly updated with a new entry. To determine whether the command executed properly, run {{ic|efibootmgr}} without any arguments and see if a new entry has appeared in the list displayed. If there is no new entry, then it will not be possible to boot Arch upon reboot, as the UEFI boot menu has been left unchanged. In this case, you will instead have to enter the UEFI shell and manually add an entry to the UEFI boot menu with the {{ic|bcfg}} command, as described [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#bcfg|here]].}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some ASUS motherboards, there is an EFI bug that always reports {{ic|MaxVariableSize&#61;0}}. Combined with a recent kernel that enforces checks on this value, this prevents {{ic|efibootmgr}} from setting new EFI variables. These motherboards do not support the UEFI Shell v2, so you cannot use the {{ic|bcfg}} method either. To work around this, add {{ic|efi_no_storage_paranoia}} to the kernel command line. You can do this by pressing "e" at the bootloader menu.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some UEFI motherboards like the Intel Z77 boards, adding entries with efibootmgr or bcfg from efi shell will not work because they don't show up on the boot menu list after being added to NVRAM.<br />
<br />
To solve this you have to trick the UEFI firmware that Windows boot manager is present on the ESP partition.<br />
<br />
<br />
Copy the bootx64.efi file from USB drive as bootmgfw.efi efi file to your ESP partition by booting into EFI shell and typing:<br />
<br />
FS1:<br />
cd EFI<br />
mkdir Microsoft<br />
cd Microsoft<br />
mkdir Boot<br />
cp FS0:\EFI\BOOT\bootx64.efi FS1:\EFI\Microsoft\Boot\bootmgfw.efi<br />
<br />
After reboot, any entries added to NVRAM should show up in the boot menu.}}<br />
<br />
===== Gummiboot Loader =====<br />
<br />
If you want to use a bootloader for dualbooting with other operating systems, gummiboot is the recommended loader. Download it, and let it install itself to {{ic|/boot}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S gummiboot<br />
# gummiboot install<br />
<br />
You will need to manually create a configuration file to add an entry for Arch Linux to the gummiboot loader. Create {{ic|/boot/loader/entries/arch.conf}} and add the following contents, replacing '''sdaX''' with your root partition, usually '''sda2''':<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf|2=<br />
title Arch Linux<br />
linux /vmlinuz-linux<br />
initrd /initramfs-linux.img<br />
options root=/dev/'''sdaX''' ro<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Use efibootmgr to add gummibot to NVRAM:<br />
# efibootmgr -c -w -l '\EFI\gummiboot\gummibootx64.efi' -L "Gummiboot"<br />
<br />
{{Note|You will see an error during gummiboot install, it fails to add itself to NVRAM because of a bug https://bugs.archlinux.org/task/34292. Hence why manually adding entry with efibootmgr is preferred method.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|Read more about: [[Gummiboot]]. For other bootloaders see [[UEFI Bootloaders]].}}<br />
<br />
=== Unmount the partitions and reboot ===<br />
<br />
Exit from the chroot environment:<br />
<br />
# exit<br />
<br />
Since the partitions are mounted under {{ic|/mnt}}, we use the following command to unmount them:<br />
<br />
# umount /mnt/{boot,home,}<br />
<br />
Reboot the computer:<br />
<br />
# reboot<br />
<br />
{{Tip|If you face error "/sbin/init does not exist" on next boot, look for systemd binary path and pass it as kernel argument while booting up. For example, "init &#61; /usr/lib/systemd/systemd" }}<br />
{{Tip|Be sure to remove the installation media, otherwise you will boot back into it.}}<noinclude><br />
{{Beginners' Guide navigation}}</noinclude></div>Dislikeyouhttps://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=Beginners%27_guide&diff=263997Beginners' guide2013-06-23T20:08:30Z<p>Dislikeyou: /* Gummiboot Loader */</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
[[Category:Getting and installing Arch]]<br />
[[Category:About Arch]]<br />
[[ar:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[da:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[es:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[hr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[hu:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[it:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ja:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ko:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[nl:Beginners' Guide/Installatie]]<br />
[[pl:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[pt:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ro:Ghidul începătorilor/Instalare]]<br />
[[ru:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[sr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[zh-CN:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[zh-TW:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
{{Tip|This is part of a multi-page article for The Beginners' Guide. '''[[Beginners' Guide|Click here]]''' if you would rather read the guide in its entirety.}}<br />
</noinclude><br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
You are now presented with a shell prompt, automatically logged in as root.<br />
<br />
=== Change the language ===<br />
<br />
{{Tip|These are optional for the majority of users. Useful only if you plan on writing in your own language in any of the configuration files, if you use diacritical marks in the Wi-Fi password, or if you would like to receive system messages (e.g. possible errors) in your own language.}}<br />
<br />
By default, the keyboard layout is set to {{ic|us}}. If you have a non-[[Wikipedia:File:KB United States-NoAltGr.svg|US]] keyboard layout, run:<br />
<br />
# loadkeys ''layout''<br />
<br />
...where ''layout'' can be {{ic|fr}}, {{ic|uk}}, {{ic|dvorak}}, {{ic|be-latin1}}, etc. See [[KEYMAP#Keyboard layouts|here]] for a comprehensive list.<br />
<br />
The font should also be changed, because most languages use more glyphs than the 26 letter [[Wikipedia:English alphabet|English alphabet]]. Otherwise some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. Note that the name is case-sensitive, so please type it ''exactly'' as you see it:<br />
<br />
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16<br />
<br />
By default, the language is set to English (US). If you would like to change the language for the install process ''(German, in this example)'', remove the {{ic|#}} in front of the [http://www.greendesktiny.com/support/knowledgebase_detail.php?ref=EUH-483 locale] you want from {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}, along with English (US). Please choose the {{ic|UTF-8}} entry.<br />
<br />
Use {{Keypress|Ctrl+X}} to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press {{Keypress|Y}} and {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the same filename.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/locale.gen|<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
# export LANG=de_DE.UTF-8<br />
<br />
Remember, {{Keypress|LAlt+LShift}} activates and deactivates the keymap.<br />
<br />
=== Establish an internet connection ===<br />
<br />
{{Warning|As of v197, udev no longer assigns network interface names according to the wlanX and ethX naming scheme. If you are coming from a different distribution or are reinstalling Arch and not aware of the new interface naming style, please do not assume that your wireless interface is named wlan0, or that your wired interface is named eth0. You can use the command {{ic|ip link}} to discover the names of your interfaces.}}<br />
<br />
The {{ic|dhcpcd}} network daemon starts automatically during boot and it will attempt to start a wired connection. Try to ping a server to see if a connection was established. For example, Google's DNS servers:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ping -c 3 www.google.com|2=<br />
PING www.l.google.com (74.125.132.105) 56(84) bytes of data.<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=1 ttl=50 time=17.0 ms<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=2 ttl=50 time=18.2 ms<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=3 ttl=50 time=16.6 ms<br />
<br />
--- www.l.google.com ping statistics ---<br />
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms<br />
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 16.660/17.320/18.254/0.678 ms}}<br />
<br />
If you get a {{ic|ping: unknown host}} error, first check if there is an issue with your cable or wireless signal strength. If not, you will need to set up the network manually, as explained below. Once a connection is established move on to [[#Prepare the storage drive|Prepare the storage drive]].<br />
<br />
==== Wired ====<br />
<br />
Follow this procedure if you need to set up a wired connection via a static IP address.<br />
<br />
First, disable the dhcpcd service which was started automatically at boot:<br />
<br />
# systemctl stop dhcpcd.service<br />
<br />
Identify the name of your Ethernet interface.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ip link|<br />
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT<br />
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00<br />
2: enp2s0f0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000<br />
link/ether 00:11:25:31:69:20 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff<br />
3: wlp3s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT qlen 1000<br />
link/ether 01:02:03:04:05:06 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff}}<br />
<br />
In this example, the Ethernet interface is {{ic|enp2s0f0}}. If you are unsure, your Ethernet interface is likely to start with the letter "e", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "w". You can also use {{ic|iwconfig}} and see which interfaces are not wireless:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iwconfig|2=<br />
enp2s0f0 no wireless extensions.<br />
wlp3s0 IEEE 802.11bgn ESSID:"NETGEAR97"<br />
Mode:Managed Frequency:2.427 GHz Access Point: 2C:B0:5D:9C:72:BF<br />
Bit Rate=65 Mb/s Tx-Power=16 dBm<br />
Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off<br />
Power Management:on<br />
Link Quality=61/70 Signal level=-49 dBm<br />
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0<br />
Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:430 Missed beacon:0<br />
lo no wireless extensions.}}<br />
<br />
In this example, neither {{ic|enp2s0f0}} nor the loopback device have wireless extensions, meaning {{ic|enp2s0f0}} is our Ethernet interface.<br />
<br />
You also need to know these settings:<br />
<br />
* Static IP address.<br />
* Subnet mask.<br />
* Gateway's IP address.<br />
* Name servers' (DNS) IP addresses.<br />
* Domain name (unless you are on a local LAN, in which case you can make it up).<br />
<br />
Activate the connected Ethernet interface (e.g. {{ic|enp2s0f0}}):<br />
<br />
# ip link set enp2s0f0 up<br />
<br />
Add the address:<br />
<br />
# ip addr add ''ip_address''/''subnetmask'' dev ''interface_name''<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
# ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev enp2s0f0<br />
<br />
For more options, run {{ic|man ip}}.<br />
<br />
Add your gateway like this, substituting your own gateway's IP address:<br />
<br />
# ip route add default via ''ip_address''<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
# ip route add default via 192.168.1.1<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|resolv.conf}}, substituting your name servers' IP addresses and your local domain name:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/resolv.conf|<br />
nameserver 61.23.173.5<br />
nameserver 61.95.849.8<br />
search example.com}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|Currently, you may include a maximum of three {{ic|nameserver}} lines.}}<br />
<br />
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Network Configuration]] page.<br />
<br />
==== Wireless ====<br />
<br />
Follow this procedure if you need wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi) during the installation process.<br />
<br />
First, identify the name of your wireless interface.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iw dev|2=<br />
phy#0<br />
Interface wlp3s0<br />
ifindex 3<br />
wdev 0x1<br />
addr 00:21:6a:5e:52:bc<br />
type managed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In this example, {{ic|wlp3s0}} is the available wireless interface. If you are unsure, your wireless interface is likely to start with the letter "w", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "e". <br />
<br />
{{Note|If you do not see output similar to this, then your wireless driver has not been loaded. If this is the case, you must load the driver yourself. Please see [[Wireless Setup]] for more detailed information.}}<br />
<br />
Bring the interface up with:<br />
<br />
# ip link set wlp3s0 up<br />
<br />
A small percentage of wireless chipsets also require firmware, in addition to a corresponding driver. If you get output like {{ic|SIOCSIFFLAGS: No such file or directory}}, this means you will need to manually load the firmware. If unsure, invoke {{ic|dmesg}} to query the kernel log for a firmware request from the wireless chipset. For example, if you have an Intel chipset which requires and has requested firmware from the kernel at boot:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# dmesg <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep firmware|<br />
firmware: requesting iwlwifi-5000-1.ucode}}<br />
<br />
If there is no output, it may be concluded that the system's wireless chipset does not require firmware.<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Wireless chipset firmware packages (for cards which require them) are pre-installed under {{ic|/usr/lib/firmware}} in the live environment (on CD/USB stick) '''but must be explicitly installed to your actual system to provide wireless functionality after you reboot into it!''' Package installation is covered later in this guide. Ensure installation of both your wireless module and firmware before rebooting! See [[Wireless Setup]] if you are unsure about the requirement of corresponding firmware installation for your particular chipset.}}<br />
<br />
Next, use {{Pkg|netctl}}'s {{ic|wifi-menu}} to connect to a network:<br />
<br />
# wifi-menu wlp3s0<br />
<br />
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Wireless Setup]] page.<br />
<br />
Alternatively, use {{ic|iw dev wlp3s0 scan <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep SSID}} to scan for available networks, then connect to a network with:<br />
<br />
# wpa_supplicant -B -i wlp3s0 -c <(wpa_passphrase "''ssid''" "''psk''")<br />
<br />
You need to replace ''ssid'' with the name of your network (e.g. "Linksys etc...") and ''psk'' with your wireless password, '''leaving the quotes around the network name and password.'''<br />
<br />
Finally, you have to give your interface an IP address. This can be set manually or using the dhcp:<br />
<br />
# dhcpd wlp3s0<br />
<br />
==== Analog modem, ISDN or PPoE DSL ====<br />
<br />
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see [[Direct Modem Connection]].<br />
<br />
==== Behind a proxy server ====<br />
<br />
If you are behind a proxy server, you will need to export the {{ic|http_proxy}} and {{ic|ftp_proxy}} environment variables. See [[Proxy settings]] for more information.<br />
<br />
=== Prepare the storage drive ===<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Partitioning can destroy data. You are '''strongly''' cautioned and advised to backup any critical data before proceeding.}}<br />
<br />
Absolute beginners are encouraged to use a graphical partitioning tool. [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/download.php GParted] is a good example, and is [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php provided as a "live" CD]. It is also included on live CDs of most Linux distributions such as [[Wikipedia:Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] and [[Wikipedia:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]]. A drive should first be [[partitioning|partitioned]] and the partitions should be formatted with a [[File Systems|file system]] before rebooting.<br />
<br />
The recommendation for a system that will boot via UEFI rather than MBR legacy boot is to format the drive using a GPT partition table. This means that if the drive was previously already partitioned with an MBR (MSDOS) partition table it will now have a new partition table created which will destroy all other data on the drive. Once the new partition table has been created on a drive, only then can individual partitions be created with any chosen format type. When using Gparted, selecting the option to create a new partition table gives an "msdos" partition table by default. If you are intending to follow the advice to create a GPT partition table then you need to choose "Advanced" and then select "gpt" from the drop-down menu. This cannot be done if you have a pre-existing Windows installation on the drive which you wish not to destroy. It is therefore extremely important to not change the partition table to GPT if you intend on having a dual boot system. Leave the Windows install untouched and try to get the Linux install working with UEFI on a drive that contains an MBR (legacy) partition table. <br />
<br />
In addition, some newer computers come pre-installed with Windows 8 which will be using Secure Boot. Arch Linux currently does not support Secure Boot, but some Windows 8 installations have been seen not to boot if Secure Boot is turned off in the BIOS. In some cases it is necessary to turn off both Secure Boot as well as Fastboot in the BIOS options in order to allow Windows 8 to boot without Secure Boot. However there are potential security risks in turning off Secure Boot for booting up Windows 8. Therefore, it may be a better option to keep the Windows 8 install intact and have an independent hard drive for the Linux install - which can then be partitioned from scratch using a GPT partition table. Once that is done, creating several ext4/FAT32/swap partitions on the second drive may be a better way forward if the computer has two drives available. This is often not easy or possible on a small laptop. Currently, Secure Boot is still not in a fully stable state for reliable operation, even for Linux distributions that support it.<br />
<br />
See [[Swap]] for details if you wish to set up a swap partition or swap file. A swap file is easier to resize than a partition and can be created at any point after installation, but cannot be used with a Btrfs filesystem.<br />
<br />
If you have already done so, proceed to [[#Mount the partitions|Mount the partitions]].<br />
<br />
Otherwise, see the following example.<br />
<br />
==== Example ====<br />
<br />
The Arch Linux install media includes the following partitioning tools: {{ic|fdisk}}, {{ic|gdisk}}, {{ic|cfdisk}}, {{ic|cgdisk}}, {{ic|parted}}.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Use the {{ic|lsblk}} command to list the hard disks attached to your system, along with the sizes of their existing partitions. This will help you to be confident you are partitioning the right disk.}}<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[UEFI]] boot:|<br />
* If you have a UEFI motherboard, you will need to create an extra [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#EFI_System_Partition|UEFI System Partition]].<br />
* It is recommended to always use GPT for UEFI boot, as some UEFI firmwares do not allow UEFI-MBR boot.}}<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[GPT]] partitioning:|<br />
* If you are not dual booting with Windows, then it is advisable to use GPT instead of MBR. Read [[GPT]] for a list of advantages.<br />
* If you have a BIOS motherboard (or plan on booting in BIOS compatibility mode) and you want to setup GRUB on a GPT-partitioned drive, you will need to create an extra [[GRUB#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|BIOS Boot Partition]] of size 1007 KiB and {{ic|EF02}} type code. Syslinux does not need one.<br />
* Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you are installing to a USB flash key, see [[Installing Arch Linux on a USB key]].}}<br />
<br />
The example system will contain a 15 GB root partition, and a [[Partitioning#/home|home]] partition for the remaining space. Choose either [[MBR]] or [[GPT]]. Do not choose both!<br />
<br />
It should be emphasized that partitioning is a personal choice and that this example is only for illustrative purposes. See [[Partitioning]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''MBR'''<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ic|cfdisk&nbsp;/dev/sda}}<br />
| '''Root:'''<br />
<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – type in "15360" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Beginning – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Bootable.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
'''Home:'''<br />
<br />
* Press the down arrow to move to the free space area.<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''GPT'''<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ic|cgdisk&nbsp;/dev/sda}}<br />
| '''Root:'''<br />
<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector (2048) – type in "15G" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name.<br />
|-<br />
| '''Home:'''<br />
<br />
* Press the down arrow a couple of times to move to the larger free space area.<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size; for example "30G") – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
If you chose MBR, here is what it should look like:<br />
<br />
Name Flags Part Type FS Type [Label] Size (MB)<br />
-----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
sda1 Boot Primary Linux 15360<br />
sda2 Primary Linux 133000*<br />
<br />
If you chose GPT, here is what it should look like:<br />
<br />
Part. # Size Partition Type Partition Name<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------<br />
1007.0 KiB free space<br />
1 15.0 GiB Linux filesystem<br />
2 123.45 GiB Linux filesystem<br />
<br />
Double check and make sure that you are happy with the partition sizes as well as the partition table layout before continuing.<br />
<br />
If you would like to start over, you can simply select Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without saving changes and then restart cfdisk (or cgdisk).<br />
<br />
If you are satisfied, choose Write (or press {{Keypress|Shift+W}}) to finalize and to write the partition table to the drive. Type "yes" and choose Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without making any more changes.<br />
<br />
Simply partitioning is not enough; the partitions also need a [[File Systems|filesystem]]. To format the partitions with an ext4 filesystem:<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Double check and triple check that it is actually {{ic|/dev/sda1}} and {{ic|/dev/sda2}} that you want to format. You can use {{ic|lsblk}} to help with this.}}<br />
<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2<br />
<br />
If you have made a partition dedicated to swap (code 82), do not forget to format and activate it with:<br />
<br />
# mkswap /dev/sda''X''<br />
# swapon /dev/sda''X''<br />
<br />
For UEFI, you should format the ESP partition (usually sda1) with:<br />
# mkfs.vfat -F32 /dev/sda1<br />
<br />
=== Mount the partitions ===<br />
<br />
Each partition is identified with a number suffix. For example, {{ic|sda1}} specifies the first partition of the first drive, while {{ic|sda}} designates the entire drive.<br />
<br />
To display the current partition layout:<br />
<br />
# lsblk /dev/sda<br />
<br />
{{Note|Do not mount more than one partition to the same directory. And pay attention, because the mounting order is important.}}<br />
<br />
First, mount the root partition on {{ic|/mnt}}. Following the example above (yours may be different), it would be:<br />
<br />
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt<br />
<br />
Then mount the home partition and any other separate partition ({{ic|/boot}}, {{ic|/var}}, etc), if you have any:<br />
<br />
# mkdir /mnt/home<br />
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/home<br />
<br />
In case you have a UEFI motherboard, mount the UEFI partition:<br />
<br />
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot<br />
# mount /dev/sda''X'' /mnt/boot<br />
<br />
=== Select a mirror ===<br />
<br />
Before installing, you may want to edit the {{ic|mirrorlist}} file and place your preferred mirror first. A copy of this file will be installed on your new system by {{ic|pacstrap}} as well, so it is worth getting it right.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist|<br />
##<br />
## Arch Linux repository mirrorlist<br />
## Sorted by mirror score from mirror status page<br />
## Generated on 2012-MM-DD<br />
##<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Server = http://mirror.example.xyz/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch</nowiki><br />
...}}<br />
<br />
* {{Keypress|Alt+6}} to copy a {{ic|Server}} line.<br />
* {{Keypress|PageUp}} key to scroll up.<br />
* {{Keypress|Ctrl+U}} to paste it at the top of the list.<br />
* {{Keypress|Ctrl+X}} to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press {{Keypress|Y}} and {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the same filename.<br />
<br />
If you want, you can make it the ''only'' mirror available by getting rid of everything else (using {{Keypress|Ctrl+K}}), but it is usually a good idea to have a few more, in case the first one goes offline.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|<br />
* Use the [https://www.archlinux.org/mirrorlist/ Mirrorlist Generator] to get an updated list for your country. HTTP mirrors are faster than FTP, because of something called [[Wikipedia:Keepalive|keepalive]]. With FTP, pacman has to send out a signal each time it downloads a package, resulting in a brief pause. For other ways to generate a mirror list, see [[Mirrors#Sorting mirrors|Sorting mirrors]] and [[Reflector]].<br />
* [https://archlinux.org/mirrors/status/ Arch Linux MirrorStatus] reports various aspects about the mirrors such as network problems with mirrors, data collection problems, the last time mirrors have been synced, etc.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|<br />
* Whenever in the future you change your list of mirrors, always remember to force pacman to refresh all package lists with {{ic|pacman -Syy}}. This is considered to be good practice and will avoid possible headaches. See [[Mirrors]] for more information.<br />
* If you are using an older installation medium, your mirrorlist might be outdated, which might lead to problems when updating Arch Linux (see {{Bug|22510}}). Therefore it is advised to obtain the latest mirror information as described above.<br />
* Some issues have been reported in the [https://bbs.archlinux.org/ Arch Linux forums] regarding network problems that prevent pacman from updating/synchronizing repositories (see [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id&#61;68944] and [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id&#61;65728]). When installing Arch Linux natively, these issues have been resolved by replacing the default pacman file downloader with an alternative (see [[Improve Pacman Performance]] for more details). When installing Arch Linux as a guest OS in [[VirtualBox]], this issue has also been addressed by using "Host interface" instead of "NAT" in the machine properties.}}<br />
<br />
=== Install the base system ===<br />
<br />
The base system is installed using the [https://github.com/falconindy/arch-install-scripts/blob/master/pacstrap.in pacstrap] script.<br />
<br />
The {{ic|-i}} switch can be omitted if you wish to install every package from the ''base'' group without prompting.<br />
<br />
# pacstrap -i /mnt base<br />
<br />
{{Note|If pacman fails to verify your packages, check the system time with {{ic|cal}}. If the system date is invalid (e.g. it shows the year 2010), signing keys will be considered expired (or invalid), signature checks on packages will fail and installation will be interrupted. Make sure to correct the system time, either by doing so manually or with the {{Pkg|ntp}} client, and retry running the pacstrap command. Refer to [[Time]] page for more information on correcting system time.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If pacman complains that {{ic|error: failed to commit transaction (invalid or corrupted package)}}, run the following command:<br />
# pacman-key --init && pacman-key --populate archlinux<br />
}}<br />
<br />
This will give you a basic Arch system. Other packages can be installed later using [[pacman]].<br />
<br />
=== Generate an fstab ===<br />
<br />
Generate an [[fstab]] file with the following command. UUIDs will be used because they have certain advantages (see [[fstab#Identifying filesystems]]). If you would prefer to use labels instead, replace the {{ic|-U}} option with {{ic|-L}}.<br />
<br />
# genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
# nano /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
<br />
{{Warning|The fstab file should always be checked after generating it. If you encounter errors running genfstab or later in the install process, do '''not''' run genfstab again; just edit the fstab file.}}<br />
<br />
A few considerations:<br />
<br />
* The last field determines the order that in which partitions are checked at start up : {{ic|1}} , {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}} (see [[fstab#Field definitions]]).<br />
* Only the root ({{ic|/}}) partition needs {{ic|1}} for the last field. Everything else should have either {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}}.<br />
* You will normally want your ''swap'' partition to have {{ic|0}} i.e. 'do not check'.<br />
<br />
=== Chroot and configure the base system ===<br />
<br />
Next, we [[chroot]] into our newly installed system:<br />
<br />
# arch-chroot /mnt<br />
<br />
{{Note|Use {{ic|arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash}} to chroot into a bash shell.}}<br />
At this stage of the installation, you will configure the primary configuration files of your Arch Linux base system. These can either be created if they do not exist, or edited if you wish to change the defaults.<br />
<br />
Closely following and understanding these steps is of key importance to ensure a properly configured system.<br />
<br />
==== Locale ====<br />
<br />
Locales are used by '''glibc''' and other locale-aware programs or libraries for rendering text, correctly displaying regional monetary values, time and date formats, alphabetic idiosyncrasies, and other locale-specific standards.<br />
<br />
There are two files that need editing: {{ic|locale.gen}} and {{ic|locale.conf}}.<br />
<br />
* The {{ic|locale.gen}} file is empty by default (everything is commented out) and you need to remove the {{ic|#}} in front of the line(s) you want. You may uncomment more lines than just English (US), as long as you choose their {{ic|UTF-8}} encoding:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/locale.gen|<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
<br />
This will run on every '''glibc''' upgrade, generating all the locales specified in {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}.<br />
<br />
* The {{ic|locale.conf}} file does not exist by default. Setting only {{ic|LANG}} should be enough. It will act as the default value for all other variables.<br />
<br />
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you set some other language than English (US) at the beginning of the install, the above commands would be something like:<br />
# echo LANG<nowiki>=</nowiki>de_DE.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG<nowiki>=</nowiki>de_DE.UTF-8<br />
}}<br />
<br />
To use other locales for other {{ic|LC_*}} variables, run {{ic|locale}} to see the available options and add them to {{ic|locale.conf}}. It is not recommended to set the {{ic|LC_ALL}} variable. An advanced example can be found [[Locale#Setting_system-wide_locale|here]].<br />
<br />
==== Console font and keymap ====<br />
<br />
If you set a keymap at [[#Change_the_language|the beginning]] of the install process, load it now, as well, because the environment has changed. For example:<br />
<br />
# loadkeys ''de-latin1''<br />
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16<br />
<br />
To make them available after reboot, edit {{ic|vconsole.conf}}:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/vconsole.conf|2=<br />
KEYMAP=de-latin1<br />
FONT=Lat2-Terminus16<br />
}}<br />
<br />
* {{ic|KEYMAP}} – Please note that this setting is only valid for your TTYs, not any graphical window managers or Xorg.<br />
<br />
* {{ic|FONT}} – Available alternate console fonts reside in {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/}}. The default (blank) is safe, but some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. It is recommended that you change it to {{ic|Lat2-Terminus16}}, because according to {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/README.Lat2-Terminus16}}, it claims to support "about 110 language sets".<br />
<br />
* Possible option {{ic|FONT_MAP}} – Defines the console map to load at boot. Read {{ic|man setfont}}. Removing it or leaving it blank is safe.<br />
<br />
See [[Fonts#Console_fonts|Console fonts]] and {{ic|man vconsole.conf}} for more information.<br />
<br />
==== Time zone ====<br />
<br />
Available time zones and subzones can be found in the {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>}} directories.<br />
<br />
To view the available <Zone>, check the directory {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/}}:<br />
<br />
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/<br />
<br />
Similarly, you can check the contents of directories belonging to a <SubZone>:<br />
<br />
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe<br />
<br />
Create a symbolic link {{ic|/etc/localtime}} to your zone file {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>}} using this command:<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone> /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Minsk /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
==== Hardware clock ====<br />
<br />
Set the hardware clock mode uniformly between your operating systems. Otherwise, they may overwrite the hardware clock and cause time shifts.<br />
<br />
You can generate {{ic|/etc/adjtime}} automatically by using one of the following commands:<br />
<br />
* '''UTC''' (recommended)<br />
<br />
: {{Note|Using [[Wikipedia:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] for the hardware clock does not mean that software will display time in UTC.}}<br />
<br />
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --utc}}<br />
<br />
To synchronize your "UTC" time over the internet, see [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]].<br />
<br />
* '''localtime''' (discouraged; used by default in Windows)<br />
<br />
: {{Warning|Using ''localtime'' may lead to several known and unfixable bugs. However, there are no plans to drop support for ''localtime''.}}<br />
<br />
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --localtime}}<br />
<br />
If you have (or planning on having) a dual boot setup with Windows:<br />
<br />
* Recommended: Set both Arch Linux and Windows to use UTC. A quick [[Time#UTC in Windows|registry fix]] is needed. Also, be sure to prevent Windows from synchronizing the time on-line, because the hardware clock will default back to ''localtime''.<br />
<br />
* Not recommended: Set Arch Linux to ''localtime'' and disable any time-related services, like [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]] . This will let Windows take care of hardware clock corrections and you will need to remember to boot into Windows at least two times a year (in Spring and Autumn) when [[Wikipedia:Daylight saving time|DST]] kicks in. So please do not ask on the forums why the clock is one hour behind or ahead if you usually go for days or weeks without booting into Windows.<br />
<br />
==== Kernel modules ====<br />
<br />
{{Tip|This is just an example, you do not need to set it. All needed modules are automatically loaded by udev, so you will rarely need to add something here. Only add modules that you know are missing.}}<br />
<br />
For kernel modules to load during boot, place a {{ic|*.conf}} file in {{ic|/etc/modules-load.d/}}, with a name based on the program that uses them.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/modules-load.d/virtio-net.conf|<br />
# Load 'virtio-net.ko' at boot.<br />
<br />
virtio-net}}<br />
<br />
If there are more modules to load per {{ic|*.conf}}, the module names can be separated by newlines. A good example are the [[VirtualBox#Arch Linux guests|VirtualBox Guest Additions]].<br />
<br />
Empty lines and lines starting with {{ic|#}} or {{ic|;}} are ignored.<br />
<br />
==== Hostname ====<br />
<br />
Set the [[Wikipedia:hostname|hostname]] to your liking (e.g. ''arch''):<br />
<br />
# echo ''myhostname'' > /etc/hostname<br />
<br />
{{Note|There is no need to edit {{ic|/etc/hosts}}.}}<br />
<br />
=== Configure the network ===<br />
<br />
You need to configure the network again, but this time for your newly installed environment. The procedure and prerequisites are very similar to the one described [[#Establish an internet connection|above]], except we are going to make it persistent and automatically run at boot.<br />
<br />
{{Note|For more in-depth information on network configration, visit [[Network Configuration]] and [[Wireless Setup]].}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you would like to use the old interface naming scheme (ie. eth* and wlan*) you can accomplish this by creating an empty file at {{ic|/etc/udev/rules.d/80-net-name-slot.rules}} which will mask the file of the same name located under {{ic|/usr/lib/udev/rules.d}} (alternatively, instead of an empty file, using a symlink to {{ic|/dev/null}} is also an acceptable masking method).}}<br />
<br />
==== Wired ====<br />
<br />
===== Dynamic IP =====<br />
<br />
; Using dhcpcd<br />
<br />
If you only use a single fixed wired network connection, you do not need a network management service and can simply enable the {{ic|dhcpcd}} service. Here, {{ic|''interface_name''}} is your wired interface:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable dhcpcd@''interface_name''.service<br />
<br />
; Using netctl<br />
<br />
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/ethernet-dhcp my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
Enable the {{ic|my-network}} profile:<br />
<br />
# netctl enable my-network<br />
<br />
; Using netctl-ifplugd<br />
<br />
Alternatively, you can use {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}, which gracefully handles dynamic connections to new networks:<br />
<br />
Install {{Pkg|ifplugd}}, which is required for {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S ifplugd<br />
<br />
Then enable for interface that you want:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable netctl-ifplugd@<interface>.service<br />
<br />
{{Tip|[[Netctl]] also provides {{ic|netctl-auto}}, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunction with {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}.}}<br />
<br />
===== Static IP =====<br />
<br />
; Using netctl<br />
<br />
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/ethernet-static my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}, {{ic|Address}}, {{ic|Gateway}} and {{ic|DNS}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
* Notice the {{ic|/24}} in {{ic|Address}} which is the [[wikipedia:Classless Inter-Domain Routing#CIDR notation|CIDR notation]] of a {{ic|255.255.255.0}} netmask<br />
<br />
Enable above created profile to start it at every boot:<br />
<br />
# netctl enable my-network<br />
<br />
==== Wireless ====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If your wireless adapter requires a firmware (as described in the above [[#Wireless|Establish an internet connection]] section and also [[Wireless Setup#Drivers and firmware|here]]), install the package containing your firmware. Most of the time, the {{Pkg|linux-firmware}} package will contain the needed firmware. Though for some devices, the required firmware might be in its own package. For example:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S zd1211-firmware}}<br />
See [[Wireless Setup]] for more info.}}<br />
<br />
Install {{pkg|iw}}, {{pkg|wpa_supplicant}} and {{pkg|wpa_actiond}} which you will need to connect to a network:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S iw wpa_supplicant wpa_actiond<br />
<br />
===== Adding wireless networks =====<br />
; Using wifi-menu<br />
<br />
Install {{pkg|dialog}}, which is required for {{ic|wifi-menu}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S dialog<br />
<br />
After finishing the rest of this installation and rebooting, you can connect to the network with {{ic|wifi-menu ''interface_name''}} (where {{ic|''interface_name''}} is the interface of your wireless chipset).<br />
<br />
# wifi-menu ''interface_name''<br />
<br />
{{Warning|This must be done *after* your reboot when you are no longer chrooted. The process spawned by this command will conflict with the one you have running outside of the chroot. Alternatively, you could just configure a network profile manually using the following templates so that you do not have to worry about using {{ic|wifi-menu}} at all.}}<br />
<br />
; Using manual netctl profiles<br />
<br />
Copy a network profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/wireless-wpa my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}, {{ic|ESSID}} and {{ic|Key}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
===== Connect automatically to known networks =====<br />
Enable the {{ic|netctl-auto}} service, which will connect to known networks and gracefully handle roaming and disconnects:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable netctl-auto@''interface_name''.service<br />
<br />
{{Tip|[[Netctl]] also provides {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunction with {{ic|netctl-auto}}.}}<br />
<br />
==== Analog modem, ISDN or PPoE DSL ====<br />
<br />
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see [[Direct Modem Connection]].<br />
<br />
=== Create an initial ramdisk environment ===<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Most users can skip this step and use the defaults provided in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}}. The initramfs image (from the {{ic|/boot}} folder) has already been generated based on this file when the {{Pkg|linux}} package (the Linux kernel) was installed earlier with {{ic|pacstrap}}.}}<br />
<br />
Here you need to set the right [[Mkinitcpio#HOOKS|hooks]] if the root is on a USB drive, if you use RAID, LVM, or if {{ic|/usr}} is on a separate partition.<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|/etc/mkinitcpio.conf}} as needed and re-generate the initramfs image with:<br />
<br />
# mkinitcpio -p linux<br />
<br />
{{Note|Arch VPS installations on QEMU (e.g. when using {{ic|virt-manager}}) may need {{ic|virtio}} modules in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}} to be able to boot.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/mkinitcpio.conf|2=<br />
MODULES="virtio virtio_blk virtio_pci virtio_net"}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Set the root password ===<br />
<br />
Set the root password with:<br />
<br />
# passwd<br />
<br />
=== Install and configure a bootloader ===<br />
<br />
==== For BIOS motherboards ====<br />
<br />
For BIOS systems, two bootloaders are available: Syslinux and GRUB. Choose the bootloader as per your convenience.<br />
<br />
* Syslinux is (currently) limited to loading only files from the partition where it was installed. Its configuration file is considered to be easier to understand. An example configuration can be found [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=1109328#p1109328 here].<br />
<br />
* GRUB is more feature-rich and supports more complex scenarios. Its configuration file(s) is more similar to a scripting language, which may be difficult for beginners to manually write. It is recommended that they automatically generate one.<br />
<br />
{{Note|Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}}<br />
<br />
===== Syslinux =====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you opted for a GUID partition table for your hard drive earlier, you need to install the {{Pkg|gptfdisk}} package now for this next step to work, assuming you haven't installed it already.}}<br />
<br />
Install the {{Pkg|syslinux}} package and then use the {{ic|syslinux-install_update}} script to automatically ''install'' the bootloader ({{ic|-i}}), mark the partition ''active'' by setting the boot flag ({{ic|-a}}), and install the ''MBR'' boot code ({{ic|-m}}):<br />
<br />
# pacman -S syslinux<br />
# syslinux-install_update -i -a -m<br />
<br />
Configure {{ic|syslinux.cfg}} to point to the right root partition. This step is vital. If it points to the wrong partition, Arch Linux will not boot. Change {{ic|/dev/sda3}} to reflect your root partition ''(if you partitioned your drive as in [[#Prepare the storage drive|the example]], your root partition is sda1)''. Do the same for the fallback entry.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg|2=<br />
...<br />
LABEL arch<br />
...<br />
APPEND root=/dev/sda3 ro<br />
...}}<br />
<br />
For more information on configuring and using Syslinux, see [[Syslinux]].<br />
<br />
===== GRUB =====<br />
<br />
Install the {{Pkg|grub-bios}} package and then run {{ic|grub-install}} to install the bootloader:<br />
<br />
{{Note|Change {{ic|/dev/sda}} to reflect the drive you installed Arch on. Do not append a partition number (do not use {{ic|sda''X''}}).}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|For GPT-partitioned drives on BIOS motherboards, you also need a "BIOS Boot Partition". See [[GRUB#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|GPT-specific instructions]] and [[GRUB#Install_to_GPT_BIOS_boot_partition|Install to GPT BIOS boot partition]] in the GRUB page.}}<br />
<br />
# pacman -S grub-bios<br />
# grub-install --recheck /dev/sda<br />
# cp /usr/share/locale/en\@quot/LC_MESSAGES/grub.mo /boot/grub/locale/en.mo<br />
<br />
{{Note| If it is an installation on virtualbox as guest, while running grub-install command as in above, you might get an error like "/usr/sbin/grub-bios-setup: warning: this GPT partition label contains no BIOS Boot Partition; embedding won't be possible". Executing {{ic|parted -s /dev/sda set 1 bios_grub on}} and then retrying ''grub-install'' should solve the problem.}}<br />
<br />
While using a manually created {{ic|grub.cfg}} is absolutely fine, it is recommended that beginners automatically generate one:<br />
<br />
{{Tip|To automatically search for other operating systems on your computer, install {{Pkg|os-prober}} ({{ic|pacman -S os-prober}}) before running the next command.}}<br />
<br />
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg<br />
<br />
For more information on configuring and using GRUB, see [[GRUB]].<br />
<br />
==== For UEFI motherboards ====<br />
<br />
For UEFI boot, the drive needs to be GPT-partitioned and an "[[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#EFI System Partition|UEFI System Partition]]" (512 MiB or larger, type {{ic|EF00}}, formatted with FAT32) must be present and mounted on {{ic|/boot}}. If you have followed this guide from the beginning, you have already done all of these.<br />
<br />
===== EFISTUB =====<br />
<br />
The Linux kernel can act as its own bootloader using EFISTUB. This is the UEFI boot method recommended by developers and simpler than using a separate bootloader.<br />
<br />
1. Install efibootmgr:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S efibootmgr<br />
<br />
2. Add Arch Linux boot entry, replacing '''sdaX''' with your root partition, usually '''sda2''':<br />
<br />
# efibootmgr -c -L "Arch Linux" -l /vmlinuz-linux -u "root=/dev/'''sdaX''' ro quiet initrd=/initramfs-linux.img"<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some systems, the above command will not work properly. It will execute without any visible error, but the UEFI boot menu will not have been correctly updated with a new entry. To determine whether the command executed properly, run {{ic|efibootmgr}} without any arguments and see if a new entry has appeared in the list displayed. If there is no new entry, then it will not be possible to boot Arch upon reboot, as the UEFI boot menu has been left unchanged. In this case, you will instead have to enter the UEFI shell and manually add an entry to the UEFI boot menu with the {{ic|bcfg}} command, as described [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#bcfg|here]].}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some ASUS motherboards, there is an EFI bug that always reports {{ic|MaxVariableSize&#61;0}}. Combined with a recent kernel that enforces checks on this value, this prevents {{ic|efibootmgr}} from setting new EFI variables. These motherboards do not support the UEFI Shell v2, so you cannot use the {{ic|bcfg}} method either. To work around this, add {{ic|efi_no_storage_paranoia}} to the kernel command line. You can do this by pressing "e" at the bootloader menu.}}<br />
<br />
===== Gummiboot Loader =====<br />
<br />
If you want to use a bootloader for dualbooting with other operating systems, gummiboot is the recommended loader. Download it, and let it install itself to {{ic|/boot}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S gummiboot<br />
# gummiboot install<br />
<br />
You will need to manually create a configuration file to add an entry for Arch Linux to the gummiboot loader. Create {{ic|/boot/loader/entries/arch.conf}} and add the following contents, replacing '''sdaX''' with your root partition, usually '''sda2''':<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf|2=<br />
title Arch Linux<br />
linux /vmlinuz-linux<br />
initrd /initramfs-linux.img<br />
options root=/dev/'''sdaX''' ro<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Use efibootmgr to add gummibot to NVRAM:<br />
# efibootmgr -c -w -l '\EFI\gummiboot\gummibootx64.efi' -L "Gummiboot"<br />
<br />
{{Note|You will see error during gummiboot install, it fails to add itself to NVRAM because of a bug https://bugs.archlinux.org/task/34292. Hence why manually adding entry with efibootmgr is preferred method.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|Read more about: [[Gummiboot]]. For other bootloaders see [[UEFI Bootloaders]].}}<br />
<br />
===== NVRAM Issue =====<br />
<br />
On some UEFI motherboards like the Intel Z77 boards, adding entries with efibootmgr or bcfg from efi shell will not work because they don't show up on the boot menu list after being added to NVRAM.<br />
<br />
To solve this you have to trick the UEFI firmware that Windows boot manager is present on the ESP partition.<br />
<br />
<br />
Copy the bootx64.efi file from USB drive as bootmgfw.efi efi file to your ESP partition by booting into EFI shell and typing:<br />
<br />
FS1:<br />
cd EFI<br />
mkdir Microsoft<br />
cd Microsoft<br />
mkdir Boot<br />
cp FS0:\EFI\BOOT\bootx64.efi FS1:\EFI\Microsoft\Boot\bootmgfw.efi<br />
<br />
After reboot any entries added to NVRAM should show up in the boot menu.<br />
<br />
=== Unmount the partitions and reboot ===<br />
<br />
Exit from the chroot environment:<br />
<br />
# exit<br />
<br />
Since the partitions are mounted under {{ic|/mnt}}, we use the following command to unmount them:<br />
<br />
# umount /mnt/{boot,home,}<br />
<br />
Reboot the computer:<br />
<br />
# reboot<br />
<br />
{{Tip|If you face error "/sbin/init does not exist" on next boot, look for systemd binary path and pass it as kernel argument while booting up. For example, "init &#61; /usr/lib/systemd/systemd" }}<br />
{{Tip|Be sure to remove the installation media, otherwise you will boot back into it.}}<noinclude><br />
{{Beginners' Guide navigation}}</noinclude></div>Dislikeyouhttps://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Dislikeyou&diff=263995User talk:Dislikeyou2013-06-23T19:56:48Z<p>Dislikeyou: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Note|A fast guide for installing Arch on UEFI motherboards. For lazy people. This page is in progress....}}<br />
<br />
Do these steps in order...<br />
<br />
{{Note|This guide is created for my own system, if you use WiFI, have built in sound card, US keyboard etc.. then you should skip those parts of this guide and look here for your needs: [[Beginners'_Guide]] and [[Installation_Guide]].}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Test Internet Connection =====<br />
# ping -c 3 www.google.com<br />
<br />
<br />
===== List HDD's / Partitions =====<br />
# lsblk<br />
# lsblk -f /dev/sda<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Partition HDD =====<br />
# cgdisk /dev/sda<br />
<br />
{{Note|You can use {{ic|lsblk}} to list all HDD's on your PC or use {{ic|lsblk -f /dev/sda}} to list partitions}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|First create a 50MB or more in size EFI partition and then use the remaining size to create a root partition with the Linux Filesystem.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|You can also create a home partition but you don't have to.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Format Partitions =====<br />
# mkfs.vfat -F32 /dev/sda1<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2<br />
<br />
{{Note|{{ic|sda1}} EFI partition {{ic|sda2}} root partition}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Mount Partitions =====<br />
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt<br />
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot<br />
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Edit Repo Mirrors =====<br />
# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist<br />
<br />
{{Note|{{ic|CTRL+K}} Cut {{ic|CTRL+U}} Paste {{ic|CTRL+X}} Exit}}<br />
{{Note|Move the mirror for your or closest country to the top, for fastest download speeds.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Install System =====<br />
# pacstrap -i /mnt base base-devel<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Generate Fstab =====<br />
# genfstab -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
# nano /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
{{Note|You don't have to edit fstab but I recommend doing it to make it look better cosmetically.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Chroot =====<br />
# arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Configure Locale =====<br />
# nano /etc/locale.gen<br />
Uncomment {{ic|en_US.UTF-8}}<br />
# locale-gen<br />
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Configure Clock/Time =====<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Stockholm /etc/localtime<br />
# hwclock --systohc --utc<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Enable Multilib Repo =====<br />
# nano /etc/pacman.conf<br />
Uncomment {{ic|[multilib]}}<br />
# pacman -Sy<br />
{{Note|Enable only if you want to use 32 bit libs / software.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Add Users =====<br />
# passwd<br />
# useradd -m -g users -G wheel,storage,power -s /bin/bash arch<br />
# passwd arch<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Allow users to use Sudo command ===== <br />
# pacman -S sudo<br />
# EDITOR=nano visudo<br />
Uncomment "%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL"<br />
<br />
<br />
===== EFI Stub Loader =====<br />
# pacman -S efibootmgr<br />
# efibootmgr -c -L "Arch Linux" -l /vmlinuz-linux -u "root=/dev/sda2 ro quiet initrd=/initramfs-linux.img"<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Exit Chroot =====<br />
# exit<br />
# umount /mnt<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Setup Static IP Network =====<br />
# ip link<br />
# systemctl stop dhcpcd.service<br />
# ip link set "nic"<br />
# ip addr add 192.168.0.1/24 dev "nic"<br />
# ip route add default via 192.168.0.1<br />
# nano /etc/resolv.conf<br />
<br />
Add:<br />
# Google nameservers<br />
nameserver 8.8.8.8<br />
nameserver 8.8.4.4<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Install Nvidia Drivers =====<br />
# pacman -S nvidia<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Install XINIT =====<br />
# pacman -S xorg-xinit<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Install XFCE =====<br />
# pacman -S xfce4<br />
# pacman -S xfce4-goodies<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Auto StartX =====<br />
$ cp /etc/skel/.bash_profile ~/.bash_profile<br />
# nano ~/.bash_profile<br />
Add:<br />
[[ -z $DISPLAY && $XDG_VTNR -eq 1 ]] && exec startxfce4<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Replace FAM with Gamin =====<br />
# pacman -Rd fam<br />
# nano /etc/rc.conf [DAEMONS fam] *<br />
# pacman -S gamin<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Enable Auto Log In =====<br />
# cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/getty@.service /etc/systemd/system/autologin@.service<br />
<br />
ExecStart=-/sbin/agetty --noclear -a USERNAME %I 38400<br />
Type=simple<br />
<br />
# systemctl daemon-reload<br />
# systemctl disable getty@tty1<br />
# systemctl enable autologin@tty1<br />
# systemctl start autologin@tty1<br />
# systemctl enable multi-user.target<br />
# systemctl stop autologin@tty1.service<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Setup Keyboard =====<br />
# nano /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/10-keyboard.conf<br />
<br />
Section "InputClass"<br />
Identifier "Keyboard Defaults"<br />
MatchIsKeyboard "yes"<br />
Option "XkbModel" "pc101"<br />
Option "XkbLayout" "se"<br />
EndSection<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Change Default Sound Device =====<br />
# nano /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf<br />
<br />
Add:<br />
<br />
options snd slots=snd_usb_audio<br />
options snd_usb_audio index=0<br />
<br />
$ speaker-test -c 2 test if speakers working<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}<br />
<br />
===== Other Stuff =====<br />
<br />
Bash Completion<br />
# pacman -S bash-completion<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}</div>Dislikeyouhttps://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Dislikeyou&diff=263994User talk:Dislikeyou2013-06-23T19:48:17Z<p>Dislikeyou: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Note|A fast guide for installing Arch on UEFI motherboards. For lazy people. This page is in progress....}}<br />
<br />
Do these steps in order...<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Test Internet Connection =====<br />
# ping -c 3 www.google.com<br />
<br />
<br />
===== List HDD's / Partitions =====<br />
# lsblk<br />
# lsblk -f /dev/sda<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Partition HDD =====<br />
# cgdisk /dev/sda<br />
<br />
{{Note|You can use {{ic|lsblk}} to list all HDD's on your PC or use {{ic|lsblk -f /dev/sda}} to list partitions}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|First create a 50MB or more in size EFI partition and then use the remaining size to create a root partition with the Linux Filesystem.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|You can also create a home partition but you don't have to.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Format Partitions =====<br />
# mkfs.vfat -F32 /dev/sda1<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2<br />
<br />
{{Note|{{ic|sda1}} EFI partition {{ic|sda2}} root partition}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Mount Partitions =====<br />
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt<br />
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot<br />
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Edit Repo Mirrors =====<br />
# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist<br />
<br />
{{Note|{{ic|CTRL+K}} Cut {{ic|CTRL+U}} Paste {{ic|CTRL+X}} Exit}}<br />
{{Note|Move the mirror for your or closest country to the top, for fastest download speeds.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Install System =====<br />
# pacstrap -i /mnt base base-devel<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Generate Fstab =====<br />
# genfstab -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
# nano /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
{{Note|You don't have to edit fstab but I recommend doing it to make it look better cosmetically.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Chroot =====<br />
# arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Configure Locale =====<br />
# nano /etc/locale.gen<br />
Uncomment {{ic|en_US.UTF-8}}<br />
# locale-gen<br />
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Configure Clock/Time =====<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Stockholm /etc/localtime<br />
# hwclock --systohc --utc<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Enable Multilib Repo =====<br />
# nano /etc/pacman.conf<br />
Uncomment {{ic|[multilib]}}<br />
# pacman -Sy<br />
{{Note|Enable only if you want to use 32 bit libs / software.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Add Users =====<br />
# passwd<br />
# useradd -m -g users -G wheel,storage,power -s /bin/bash arch<br />
# passwd arch<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Allow users to use Sudo command ===== <br />
# pacman -S sudo<br />
# EDITOR=nano visudo<br />
Uncomment "%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL"<br />
<br />
<br />
===== EFI Stub Loader =====<br />
# pacman -S efibootmgr<br />
# efibootmgr -c -L "Arch Linux" -l /vmlinuz-linux -u "root=/dev/sda2 ro quiet initrd=/initramfs-linux.img"<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Exit Chroot =====<br />
# exit<br />
# umount /mnt<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Setup Static IP Network =====<br />
# ip link<br />
# systemctl stop dhcpcd.service<br />
# ip link set "nic"<br />
# ip addr add 192.168.0.1/24 dev "nic"<br />
# ip route add default via 192.168.0.1<br />
# nano /etc/resolv.conf<br />
<br />
Add:<br />
# Google nameservers<br />
nameserver 8.8.8.8<br />
nameserver 8.8.4.4<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Install Nvidia Drivers =====<br />
# pacman -S nvidia<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Install XINIT =====<br />
# pacman -S xorg-xinit<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Install XFCE =====<br />
# pacman -S xfce4<br />
# pacman -S xfce4-goodies<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Auto StartX =====<br />
$ cp /etc/skel/.bash_profile ~/.bash_profile<br />
# nano ~/.bash_profile<br />
Add:<br />
[[ -z $DISPLAY && $XDG_VTNR -eq 1 ]] && exec startxfce4<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Replace FAM with Gamin =====<br />
# pacman -Rd fam<br />
# nano /etc/rc.conf [DAEMONS fam] *<br />
# pacman -S gamin<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Enable Auto Log In =====<br />
# cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/getty@.service /etc/systemd/system/autologin@.service<br />
<br />
ExecStart=-/sbin/agetty --noclear -a USERNAME %I 38400<br />
Type=simple<br />
<br />
# systemctl daemon-reload<br />
# systemctl disable getty@tty1<br />
# systemctl enable autologin@tty1<br />
# systemctl start autologin@tty1<br />
# systemctl enable multi-user.target<br />
# systemctl stop autologin@tty1.service<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Setup Keyboard =====<br />
# nano /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/10-keyboard.conf<br />
<br />
Section "InputClass"<br />
Identifier "Keyboard Defaults"<br />
MatchIsKeyboard "yes"<br />
Option "XkbModel" "pc101"<br />
Option "XkbLayout" "se"<br />
EndSection<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Change Default Sound Device =====<br />
# nano /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf<br />
<br />
Add:<br />
<br />
options snd slots=snd_usb_audio<br />
options snd_usb_audio index=0<br />
<br />
$ speaker-test -c 2 test if speakers working<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Other Stuff =====<br />
<br />
Bash Completion<br />
# pacman -S bash-completion<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}</div>Dislikeyouhttps://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Dislikeyou&diff=263990User talk:Dislikeyou2013-06-23T19:00:04Z<p>Dislikeyou: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Note|A fast guide for installing Arch on UEFI motherboards. For lazy people. This page is in progress....}}<br />
<br />
Do these steps in order...<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Test Internet Connection =====<br />
# ping -c 3 www.google.com<br />
<br />
<br />
List HDD's / Partitions:<br />
# lsblk<br />
# lsblk -f /dev/sda<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Partition HDD =====<br />
# cgdisk /dev/sda<br />
<br />
{{Note|You can use {{ic|lsblk}} to list all HDD's on your PC or use {{ic|lsblk -f /dev/sda}} to list partitions}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|First create a 50MB or more in size EFI partition and then use the remaining size to create a root partition with the Linux Filesystem.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|You can also create a home partition but you don't have to.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Format Partitions =====<br />
# mkfs.vfat -F32 /dev/sda1<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2<br />
<br />
{{Note|{{ic|sda1}} EFI partition {{ic|sda2}} root partition}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Mount Partitions =====<br />
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt<br />
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot<br />
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Edit Repo Mirrors =====<br />
# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist<br />
<br />
{{Note|{{ic|CTRL+K}} Cut {{ic|CTRL+U}} Paste {{ic|CTRL+X}} Exit}}<br />
{{Note|Move the mirror for your or closest country to the top, for fastest download speeds.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Install System =====<br />
# pacstrap -i /mnt base base-devel<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Generate Fstab =====<br />
# genfstab -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
# nano /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
{{Note|You don't have to edit fstab but I recommend doing it to make it look better cosmetically.}}<br />
<br />
===== Chroot =====<br />
# arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash<br />
<br />
===== Configure Locale =====<br />
# nano /etc/locale.gen<br />
Uncomment {{ic|en_US.UTF-8}}<br />
# locale-gen<br />
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Configure Clock/Time =====<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Stockholm /etc/localtime<br />
# hwclock --systohc --utc<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Enable Multilib Repo =====<br />
# nano /etc/pacman.conf<br />
Uncomment {{ic|[multilib]}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|Enable only if you want to use 32 bit libs / Software.}}<br />
<br />
Sync<br />
# pacman -Sy<br />
<br />
<br />
Add Users<br />
# passwd<br />
# useradd -m -g users -G wheel,storage,power -s /bin/bash arch<br />
# passwd arch<br />
<br />
Sudo<br />
# pacman -S sudo<br />
# EDITOR=nano visudo<br />
Uncomment "%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL"<br />
<br />
<br />
EFI Stub Loader<br />
# pacman -S efibootmgr<br />
# efibootmgr -c -L "Arch Linux" -l /vmlinuz-linux -u "root=/dev/sda2 ro quiet initrd=/initramfs-linux.img"<br />
<br />
<br />
Exit Chroot<br />
# exit<br />
# umount /mnt<br />
<br />
<br />
Setup Network<br />
# ip link<br />
# systemctl stop dhcpcd.service<br />
# ip link set "nic"<br />
# ip addr add 192.168.0.1/24 dev "nic"<br />
# ip route add default via 192.168.0.1<br />
# nano /etc/resolv.conf<br />
<br />
Add:<br />
# Google nameservers<br />
nameserver 8.8.8.8<br />
nameserver 8.8.4.4<br />
<br />
<br />
Install Nvidia Drivers <br />
# pacman -S nvidia<br />
<br />
<br />
Install XINIT<br />
# pacman -S xorg-xinit<br />
<br />
<br />
Install XFCE<br />
# pacman -S xfce4<br />
# pacman -S xfce4-goodies<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
StartX Auto<br />
$ cp /etc/skel/.bash_profile ~/.bash_profile<br />
# nano ~/.bash_profile<br />
Add:<br />
[[ -z $DISPLAY && $XDG_VTNR -eq 1 ]] && exec startxfce4<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Install Gamin<br />
# pacman -Rd fam<br />
# nano /etc/rc.conf [DAEMONS fam] *<br />
# pacman -S gamin<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Auto Log In<br />
# cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/getty@.service /etc/systemd/system/autologin@.service<br />
<br />
ExecStart=-/sbin/agetty --noclear -a USERNAME %I 38400<br />
Type=simple<br />
<br />
# systemctl daemon-reload<br />
# systemctl disable getty@tty1<br />
# systemctl enable autologin@tty1<br />
# systemctl start autologin@tty1<br />
# systemctl enable multi-user.target<br />
# systemctl stop autologin@tty1.service<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Setup Keyboard<br />
# nano /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/10-keyboard.conf<br />
<br />
Section "InputClass"<br />
Identifier "Keyboard Defaults"<br />
MatchIsKeyboard "yes"<br />
Option "XkbModel" "pc101"<br />
Option "XkbLayout" "se"<br />
EndSection<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Change Default Sound Device<br />
# nano /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf<br />
<br />
Add:<br />
<br />
options snd slots=snd_usb_audio<br />
options snd_usb_audio index=0<br />
<br />
$ speaker-test -c 2 test if speakers working<br />
<br />
<br />
Bash Completion<br />
# pacman -S bash-completion<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}</div>Dislikeyouhttps://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Dislikeyou&diff=263987User talk:Dislikeyou2013-06-23T18:45:39Z<p>Dislikeyou: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Note|A fast guide for installing Arch on UEFI motherboards. For lazy people. This page is in progress....}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Do these steps in order...<br />
<br />
<br />
Test Internet Connection:<br />
# ping -c 3 www.google.com<br />
<br />
<br />
List HDD's / Partitions:<br />
# lsblk<br />
# lsblk -f /dev/sda<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Partition HDD:<br />
# cgdisk /dev/sda<br />
<br />
{{Note|You can use {{ic|lsblk}} to list all HDD's on your PC or use {{ic|lsblk -f /dev/sda}} to list partitions}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|First create a 50MB or more in size EFI partition and then use the remaining size to create a root partition with the Linux Filesystem.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|You can also create a home partition but you don't have to.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Format Partitions:<br />
# mkfs.vfat -F32 /dev/sda1<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2<br />
<br />
{{Note|{{ic|sda1}} EFI partition {{ic|sda2}} root partition}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Mount Partitions<br />
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt<br />
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot<br />
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot<br />
<br />
<br />
Edit Repo Mirrors<br />
# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist<br />
<br />
{{Note|{{ic|CTRL+K}} Cut {{ic|CTRL+U}} Paste {{ic|CTRL+X}} Exit}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Install System<br />
# pacstrap -i /mnt base base-devel<br />
<br />
<br />
Generate Fstab<br />
# genfstab -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
# nano /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
{{Note|You don't have to edit fstab but you can do it to make it looks better.}}<br />
<br />
Chroot<br />
# arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash<br />
<br />
<br />
Configure Locale<br />
# nano /etc/locale.gen<br />
Uncomment en_US.UTF-8<br />
# locale-gen<br />
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8<br />
<br />
<br />
Setup Time<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Stockholm /etc/localtime<br />
# hwclock --systohc --utc<br />
<br />
<br />
Enable Multilib Repo<br />
# nano /etc/pacman.conf<br />
Uncomment "[multilib]"<br />
<br />
<br />
Sync<br />
# pacman -Sy<br />
<br />
<br />
Add Users<br />
# passwd<br />
# useradd -m -g users -G wheel,storage,power -s /bin/bash arch<br />
# passwd arch<br />
<br />
Sudo<br />
# pacman -S sudo<br />
# EDITOR=nano visudo<br />
Uncomment "%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL"<br />
<br />
<br />
EFI Stub Loader<br />
# pacman -S efibootmgr<br />
# efibootmgr -c -L "Arch Linux" -l /vmlinuz-linux -u "root=/dev/sda2 ro quiet initrd=/initramfs-linux.img"<br />
<br />
<br />
Exit Chroot<br />
# exit<br />
# umount /mnt<br />
<br />
<br />
Setup Network<br />
# ip link<br />
# systemctl stop dhcpcd.service<br />
# ip link set "nic"<br />
# ip addr add 192.168.0.1/24 dev "nic"<br />
# ip route add default via 192.168.0.1<br />
# nano /etc/resolv.conf<br />
<br />
Add:<br />
# Google nameservers<br />
nameserver 8.8.8.8<br />
nameserver 8.8.4.4<br />
<br />
<br />
Install Nvidia Drivers <br />
# pacman -S nvidia<br />
<br />
<br />
Install XINIT<br />
# pacman -S xorg-xinit<br />
<br />
<br />
Install XFCE<br />
# pacman -S xfce4<br />
# pacman -S xfce4-goodies<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
StartX Auto<br />
$ cp /etc/skel/.bash_profile ~/.bash_profile<br />
# nano ~/.bash_profile<br />
Add:<br />
[[ -z $DISPLAY && $XDG_VTNR -eq 1 ]] && exec startxfce4<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Install Gamin<br />
# pacman -Rd fam<br />
# nano /etc/rc.conf [DAEMONS fam] *<br />
# pacman -S gamin<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Auto Log In<br />
# cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/getty@.service /etc/systemd/system/autologin@.service<br />
<br />
ExecStart=-/sbin/agetty --noclear -a USERNAME %I 38400<br />
Type=simple<br />
<br />
# systemctl daemon-reload<br />
# systemctl disable getty@tty1<br />
# systemctl enable autologin@tty1<br />
# systemctl start autologin@tty1<br />
# systemctl enable multi-user.target<br />
# systemctl stop autologin@tty1.service<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Setup Keyboard<br />
# nano /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/10-keyboard.conf<br />
<br />
Section "InputClass"<br />
Identifier "Keyboard Defaults"<br />
MatchIsKeyboard "yes"<br />
Option "XkbModel" "pc101"<br />
Option "XkbLayout" "se"<br />
EndSection<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Change Default Sound Device<br />
# nano /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf<br />
<br />
Add:<br />
<br />
options snd slots=snd_usb_audio<br />
options snd_usb_audio index=0<br />
<br />
$ speaker-test -c 2 test if speakers working<br />
<br />
<br />
Bash Completion<br />
# pacman -S bash-completion<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}</div>Dislikeyouhttps://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Dislikeyou&diff=263986User talk:Dislikeyou2013-06-23T18:37:05Z<p>Dislikeyou: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Note|A fast guide for installing Arch on UEFI motherboards. For lazy people. This page is in progress....}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Do these steps in order...<br />
<br />
<br />
Test Internet Connection:<br />
# ping -c 3 www.google.com<br />
<br />
<br />
List HDD's / Partitions:<br />
# lsblk<br />
# lsblk -f /dev/sda<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Partition HDD:<br />
# cgdisk /dev/sda<br />
<br />
{{Note|You can use {{ic|lsblk}} to list all HDD's on your PC or use {{ic|lsblk -f /dev/sda}} to list partitions}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|First create a 50MB or more in size EFI partition and then use the remaining size to create a root partition with the Linux Filesystem.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|You can also create a home partition but you don't have to.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Format Partitions:<br />
# mkfs.vfat -F32 /dev/sda1<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2<br />
<br />
{{Note|{{ic|sda1}} EFI partition {{ic|sda2}} root partition}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Mount Partitions<br />
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt<br />
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot<br />
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot<br />
<br />
<br />
Edit Repo Mirrors<br />
# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist<br />
<br />
{{Note|{{ic|CTRL+K}} Cut {{ic|CTRL+U}} Paste /{{ic|CTRL+X}} Exit}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Install System<br />
# pacstrap -i /mnt base base-devel<br />
<br />
<br />
Generate Fstab<br />
# genfstab -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
# nano /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
{{Note|You don't have to edit fstab but you can do it to make it looks better.}}<br />
<br />
Chroot<br />
# arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash<br />
<br />
<br />
Configure Locale<br />
# nano /etc/locale.gen<br />
Uncomment en_US.UTF-8<br />
# locale-gen<br />
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8<br />
<br />
<br />
Setup Time<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Stockholm /etc/localtime<br />
# hwclock --systohc --utc<br />
<br />
<br />
Enable Multilib Repo<br />
# nano /etc/pacman.conf<br />
Uncomment "[multilib]"<br />
<br />
<br />
Sync<br />
# pacman -Sy<br />
<br />
<br />
Add Users<br />
# passwd<br />
# useradd -m -g users -G wheel,storage,power -s /bin/bash arch<br />
# passwd arch<br />
<br />
Sudo<br />
# pacman -S sudo<br />
# EDITOR=nano visudo<br />
Uncomment "%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL"<br />
<br />
<br />
EFI Stub Loader<br />
# pacman -S efibootmgr<br />
# efibootmgr -c -L "Arch Linux" -l /vmlinuz-linux -u "root=/dev/sda2 ro quiet initrd=/initramfs-linux.img"<br />
<br />
<br />
Exit Chroot<br />
# exit<br />
# umount /mnt<br />
<br />
<br />
Setup Network<br />
# ip link<br />
# systemctl stop dhcpcd.service<br />
# ip link set "nic"<br />
# ip addr add 192.168.0.1/24 dev "nic"<br />
# ip route add default via 192.168.0.1<br />
# nano /etc/resolv.conf<br />
<br />
Add:<br />
# Google nameservers<br />
nameserver 8.8.8.8<br />
nameserver 8.8.4.4<br />
<br />
<br />
Install Nvidia Drivers <br />
# pacman -S nvidia<br />
<br />
<br />
Install XINIT<br />
# pacman -S xorg-xinit<br />
<br />
<br />
Install XFCE<br />
# pacman -S xfce4<br />
# pacman -S xfce4-goodies<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
StartX Auto<br />
$ cp /etc/skel/.bash_profile ~/.bash_profile<br />
# nano ~/.bash_profile<br />
Add:<br />
[[ -z $DISPLAY && $XDG_VTNR -eq 1 ]] && exec startxfce4<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Install Gamin<br />
# pacman -Rd fam<br />
# nano /etc/rc.conf [DAEMONS fam] *<br />
# pacman -S gamin<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Auto Log In<br />
# cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/getty@.service /etc/systemd/system/autologin@.service<br />
<br />
ExecStart=-/sbin/agetty --noclear -a USERNAME %I 38400<br />
Type=simple<br />
<br />
# systemctl daemon-reload<br />
# systemctl disable getty@tty1<br />
# systemctl enable autologin@tty1<br />
# systemctl start autologin@tty1<br />
# systemctl enable multi-user.target<br />
# systemctl stop autologin@tty1.service<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Setup Keyboard<br />
# nano /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/10-keyboard.conf<br />
<br />
Section "InputClass"<br />
Identifier "Keyboard Defaults"<br />
MatchIsKeyboard "yes"<br />
Option "XkbModel" "pc101"<br />
Option "XkbLayout" "se"<br />
EndSection<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Change Default Sound Device<br />
# nano /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf<br />
<br />
Add:<br />
<br />
options snd slots=snd_usb_audio<br />
options snd_usb_audio index=0<br />
<br />
$ speaker-test -c 2 test if speakers working<br />
<br />
<br />
Bash Completion<br />
# pacman -S bash-completion<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}</div>Dislikeyouhttps://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Dislikeyou&diff=263985User talk:Dislikeyou2013-06-23T18:35:56Z<p>Dislikeyou: Created page with "{{Note|A fast guide for installing Arch on UEFI motherboards. For those people that does not like to read much. This page is in progress....}} Do these steps in order... T..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Note|A fast guide for installing Arch on UEFI motherboards. For those people that does not like to read much. This page is in progress....}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Do these steps in order...<br />
<br />
<br />
Test Internet Connection:<br />
# ping -c 3 www.google.com<br />
<br />
<br />
List HDD's / Partitions:<br />
# lsblk<br />
# lsblk -f /dev/sda<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Partition HDD:<br />
# cgdisk /dev/sda<br />
<br />
{{Note|You can use {{ic|lsblk}} to list all HDD's on your PC or use {{ic|lsblk -f /dev/sda}} to list partitions}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|First create a 50MB or more in size EFI partition and then use the remaining size to create a root partition with the Linux Filesystem.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|You can also create a home partition but you don't have to.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Format Partitions:<br />
# mkfs.vfat -F32 /dev/sda1<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2<br />
<br />
{{Note|{{ic|sda1}} EFI partition {{ic|sda2}} root partition}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Mount Partitions<br />
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt<br />
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot<br />
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot<br />
<br />
<br />
Edit Repo Mirrors<br />
# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist<br />
<br />
{{Note|{{ic|CTRL+K}} Cut {{ic|CTRL+U}} Paste /{{ic|CTRL+X}} Exit}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Install System<br />
# pacstrap -i /mnt base base-devel<br />
<br />
<br />
Generate Fstab<br />
# genfstab -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
# nano /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
{{Note|You don't have to edit fstab but you can do it to make it looks better.}}<br />
<br />
Chroot<br />
# arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash<br />
<br />
<br />
Configure Locale<br />
# nano /etc/locale.gen<br />
Uncomment en_US.UTF-8<br />
# locale-gen<br />
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8<br />
<br />
<br />
Setup Time<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Stockholm /etc/localtime<br />
# hwclock --systohc --utc<br />
<br />
<br />
Enable Multilib Repo<br />
# nano /etc/pacman.conf<br />
Uncomment "[multilib]"<br />
<br />
<br />
Sync<br />
# pacman -Sy<br />
<br />
<br />
Add Users<br />
# passwd<br />
# useradd -m -g users -G wheel,storage,power -s /bin/bash arch<br />
# passwd arch<br />
<br />
Sudo<br />
# pacman -S sudo<br />
# EDITOR=nano visudo<br />
Uncomment "%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL"<br />
<br />
<br />
EFI Stub Loader<br />
# pacman -S efibootmgr<br />
# efibootmgr -c -L "Arch Linux" -l /vmlinuz-linux -u "root=/dev/sda2 ro quiet initrd=/initramfs-linux.img"<br />
<br />
<br />
Exit Chroot<br />
# exit<br />
# umount /mnt<br />
<br />
<br />
Setup Network<br />
# ip link<br />
# systemctl stop dhcpcd.service<br />
# ip link set "nic"<br />
# ip addr add 192.168.0.1/24 dev "nic"<br />
# ip route add default via 192.168.0.1<br />
# nano /etc/resolv.conf<br />
<br />
Add:<br />
# Google nameservers<br />
nameserver 8.8.8.8<br />
nameserver 8.8.4.4<br />
<br />
<br />
Install Nvidia Drivers <br />
# pacman -S nvidia<br />
<br />
<br />
Install XINIT<br />
# pacman -S xorg-xinit<br />
<br />
<br />
Install XFCE<br />
# pacman -S xfce4<br />
# pacman -S xfce4-goodies<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
StartX Auto<br />
$ cp /etc/skel/.bash_profile ~/.bash_profile<br />
# nano ~/.bash_profile<br />
Add:<br />
[[ -z $DISPLAY && $XDG_VTNR -eq 1 ]] && exec startxfce4<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Install Gamin<br />
# pacman -Rd fam<br />
# nano /etc/rc.conf [DAEMONS fam] *<br />
# pacman -S gamin<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Auto Log In<br />
# cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/getty@.service /etc/systemd/system/autologin@.service<br />
<br />
ExecStart=-/sbin/agetty --noclear -a USERNAME %I 38400<br />
Type=simple<br />
<br />
# systemctl daemon-reload<br />
# systemctl disable getty@tty1<br />
# systemctl enable autologin@tty1<br />
# systemctl start autologin@tty1<br />
# systemctl enable multi-user.target<br />
# systemctl stop autologin@tty1.service<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Setup Keyboard<br />
# nano /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/10-keyboard.conf<br />
<br />
Section "InputClass"<br />
Identifier "Keyboard Defaults"<br />
MatchIsKeyboard "yes"<br />
Option "XkbModel" "pc101"<br />
Option "XkbLayout" "se"<br />
EndSection<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Change Default Sound Device<br />
# nano /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf<br />
<br />
Add:<br />
<br />
options snd slots=snd_usb_audio<br />
options snd_usb_audio index=0<br />
<br />
$ speaker-test -c 2 test if speakers working<br />
<br />
<br />
Bash Completion<br />
# pacman -S bash-completion<br />
{{Note|This is optional.}}</div>Dislikeyouhttps://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=Beginners%27_guide&diff=263961Beginners' guide2013-06-23T13:36:32Z<p>Dislikeyou: /* For UEFI motherboards */</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
[[Category:Getting and installing Arch]]<br />
[[Category:About Arch]]<br />
[[ar:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[da:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[es:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[hr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[hu:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[it:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ja:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ko:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[nl:Beginners' Guide/Installatie]]<br />
[[pl:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[pt:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ro:Ghidul începătorilor/Instalare]]<br />
[[ru:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[sr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[zh-CN:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[zh-TW:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
{{Tip|This is part of a multi-page article for The Beginners' Guide. '''[[Beginners' Guide|Click here]]''' if you would rather read the guide in its entirety.}}<br />
</noinclude><br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
You are now presented with a shell prompt, automatically logged in as root.<br />
<br />
=== Change the language ===<br />
<br />
{{Tip|These are optional for the majority of users. Useful only if you plan on writing in your own language in any of the configuration files, if you use diacritical marks in the Wi-Fi password, or if you would like to receive system messages (e.g. possible errors) in your own language.}}<br />
<br />
By default, the keyboard layout is set to {{ic|us}}. If you have a non-[[Wikipedia:File:KB United States-NoAltGr.svg|US]] keyboard layout, run:<br />
<br />
# loadkeys ''layout''<br />
<br />
...where ''layout'' can be {{ic|fr}}, {{ic|uk}}, {{ic|dvorak}}, {{ic|be-latin1}}, etc. See [[KEYMAP#Keyboard layouts|here]] for a comprehensive list.<br />
<br />
The font should also be changed, because most languages use more glyphs than the 26 letter [[Wikipedia:English alphabet|English alphabet]]. Otherwise some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. Note that the name is case-sensitive, so please type it ''exactly'' as you see it:<br />
<br />
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16<br />
<br />
By default, the language is set to English (US). If you would like to change the language for the install process ''(German, in this example)'', remove the {{ic|#}} in front of the [http://www.greendesktiny.com/support/knowledgebase_detail.php?ref=EUH-483 locale] you want from {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}, along with English (US). Please choose the {{ic|UTF-8}} entry.<br />
<br />
Use {{Keypress|Ctrl+X}} to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press {{Keypress|Y}} and {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the same filename.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/locale.gen|<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
# export LANG=de_DE.UTF-8<br />
<br />
Remember, {{Keypress|LAlt+LShift}} activates and deactivates the keymap.<br />
<br />
=== Establish an internet connection ===<br />
<br />
{{Warning|As of v197, udev no longer assigns network interface names according to the wlanX and ethX naming scheme. If you are coming from a different distribution or are reinstalling Arch and not aware of the new interface naming style, please do not assume that your wireless interface is named wlan0, or that your wired interface is named eth0. You can use the command {{ic|ip link}} to discover the names of your interfaces.}}<br />
<br />
The {{ic|dhcpcd}} network daemon starts automatically during boot and it will attempt to start a wired connection. Try to ping a server to see if a connection was established. For example, Google's DNS servers:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ping -c 3 www.google.com|2=<br />
PING www.l.google.com (74.125.132.105) 56(84) bytes of data.<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=1 ttl=50 time=17.0 ms<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=2 ttl=50 time=18.2 ms<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=3 ttl=50 time=16.6 ms<br />
<br />
--- www.l.google.com ping statistics ---<br />
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms<br />
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 16.660/17.320/18.254/0.678 ms}}<br />
<br />
If you get a {{ic|ping: unknown host}} error, first check if there is an issue with your cable or wireless signal strength. If not, you will need to set up the network manually, as explained below. Once a connection is established move on to [[#Prepare the storage drive|Prepare the storage drive]].<br />
<br />
==== Wired ====<br />
<br />
Follow this procedure if you need to set up a wired connection via a static IP address.<br />
<br />
First, disable the dhcpcd service which was started automatically at boot:<br />
<br />
# systemctl stop dhcpcd.service<br />
<br />
Identify the name of your Ethernet interface.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ip link|<br />
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT<br />
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00<br />
2: enp2s0f0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000<br />
link/ether 00:11:25:31:69:20 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff<br />
3: wlp3s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT qlen 1000<br />
link/ether 01:02:03:04:05:06 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff}}<br />
<br />
In this example, the Ethernet interface is {{ic|enp2s0f0}}. If you are unsure, your Ethernet interface is likely to start with the letter "e", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "w". You can also use {{ic|iwconfig}} and see which interfaces are not wireless:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iwconfig|2=<br />
enp2s0f0 no wireless extensions.<br />
wlp3s0 IEEE 802.11bgn ESSID:"NETGEAR97"<br />
Mode:Managed Frequency:2.427 GHz Access Point: 2C:B0:5D:9C:72:BF<br />
Bit Rate=65 Mb/s Tx-Power=16 dBm<br />
Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off<br />
Power Management:on<br />
Link Quality=61/70 Signal level=-49 dBm<br />
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0<br />
Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:430 Missed beacon:0<br />
lo no wireless extensions.}}<br />
<br />
In this example, neither {{ic|enp2s0f0}} nor the loopback device have wireless extensions, meaning {{ic|enp2s0f0}} is our Ethernet interface.<br />
<br />
You also need to know these settings:<br />
<br />
* Static IP address.<br />
* Subnet mask.<br />
* Gateway's IP address.<br />
* Name servers' (DNS) IP addresses.<br />
* Domain name (unless you are on a local LAN, in which case you can make it up).<br />
<br />
Activate the connected Ethernet interface (e.g. {{ic|enp2s0f0}}):<br />
<br />
# ip link set enp2s0f0 up<br />
<br />
Add the address:<br />
<br />
# ip addr add ''ip_address''/''subnetmask'' dev ''interface_name''<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
# ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev enp2s0f0<br />
<br />
For more options, run {{ic|man ip}}.<br />
<br />
Add your gateway like this, substituting your own gateway's IP address:<br />
<br />
# ip route add default via ''ip_address''<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
# ip route add default via 192.168.1.1<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|resolv.conf}}, substituting your name servers' IP addresses and your local domain name:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/resolv.conf|<br />
nameserver 61.23.173.5<br />
nameserver 61.95.849.8<br />
search example.com}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|Currently, you may include a maximum of three {{ic|nameserver}} lines.}}<br />
<br />
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Network Configuration]] page.<br />
<br />
==== Wireless ====<br />
<br />
Follow this procedure if you need wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi) during the installation process.<br />
<br />
First, identify the name of your wireless interface.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iw dev|2=<br />
phy#0<br />
Interface wlp3s0<br />
ifindex 3<br />
wdev 0x1<br />
addr 00:21:6a:5e:52:bc<br />
type managed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In this example, {{ic|wlp3s0}} is the available wireless interface. If you are unsure, your wireless interface is likely to start with the letter "w", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "e". <br />
<br />
{{Note|If you do not see output similar to this, then your wireless driver has not been loaded. If this is the case, you must load the driver yourself. Please see [[Wireless Setup]] for more detailed information.}}<br />
<br />
Bring the interface up with:<br />
<br />
# ip link set wlp3s0 up<br />
<br />
A small percentage of wireless chipsets also require firmware, in addition to a corresponding driver. If you get output like {{ic|SIOCSIFFLAGS: No such file or directory}}, this means you will need to manually load the firmware. If unsure, invoke {{ic|dmesg}} to query the kernel log for a firmware request from the wireless chipset. For example, if you have an Intel chipset which requires and has requested firmware from the kernel at boot:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# dmesg <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep firmware|<br />
firmware: requesting iwlwifi-5000-1.ucode}}<br />
<br />
If there is no output, it may be concluded that the system's wireless chipset does not require firmware.<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Wireless chipset firmware packages (for cards which require them) are pre-installed under {{ic|/usr/lib/firmware}} in the live environment (on CD/USB stick) '''but must be explicitly installed to your actual system to provide wireless functionality after you reboot into it!''' Package installation is covered later in this guide. Ensure installation of both your wireless module and firmware before rebooting! See [[Wireless Setup]] if you are unsure about the requirement of corresponding firmware installation for your particular chipset.}}<br />
<br />
Next, use {{Pkg|netctl}}'s {{ic|wifi-menu}} to connect to a network:<br />
<br />
# wifi-menu wlp3s0<br />
<br />
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Wireless Setup]] page.<br />
<br />
Alternatively, use {{ic|iw dev wlp3s0 scan <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep SSID}} to scan for available networks, then connect to a network with:<br />
<br />
# wpa_supplicant -B -i wlp3s0 -c <(wpa_passphrase "''ssid''" "''psk''")<br />
<br />
You need to replace ''ssid'' with the name of your network (e.g. "Linksys etc...") and ''psk'' with your wireless password, '''leaving the quotes around the network name and password.'''<br />
<br />
Finally, you have to give your interface an IP address. This can be set manually or using the dhcp:<br />
<br />
# dhcpd wlp3s0<br />
<br />
==== Analog modem, ISDN or PPoE DSL ====<br />
<br />
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see [[Direct Modem Connection]].<br />
<br />
==== Behind a proxy server ====<br />
<br />
If you are behind a proxy server, you will need to export the {{ic|http_proxy}} and {{ic|ftp_proxy}} environment variables. See [[Proxy settings]] for more information.<br />
<br />
=== Prepare the storage drive ===<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Partitioning can destroy data. You are '''strongly''' cautioned and advised to backup any critical data before proceeding.}}<br />
<br />
Absolute beginners are encouraged to use a graphical partitioning tool. [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/download.php GParted] is a good example, and is [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php provided as a "live" CD]. It is also included on live CDs of most Linux distributions such as [[Wikipedia:Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] and [[Wikipedia:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]]. A drive should first be [[partitioning|partitioned]] and the partitions should be formatted with a [[File Systems|file system]] before rebooting.<br />
<br />
The recommendation for a system that will boot via UEFI rather than MBR legacy boot is to format the drive using a GPT partition table. This means that if the drive was previously already partitioned with an MBR (MSDOS) partition table it will now have a new partition table created which will destroy all other data on the drive. Once the new partition table has been created on a drive, only then can individual partitions be created with any chosen format type. When using Gparted, selecting the option to create a new partition table gives an "msdos" partition table by default. If you are intending to follow the advice to create a GPT partition table then you need to choose "Advanced" and then select "gpt" from the drop-down menu. This cannot be done if you have a pre-existing Windows installation on the drive which you wish not to destroy. It is therefore extremely important to not change the partition table to GPT if you intend on having a dual boot system. Leave the Windows install untouched and try to get the Linux install working with UEFI on a drive that contains an MBR (legacy) partition table. <br />
<br />
In addition, some newer computers come pre-installed with Windows 8 which will be using Secure Boot. Arch Linux currently does not support Secure Boot, but some Windows 8 installations have been seen not to boot if Secure Boot is turned off in the BIOS. In some cases it is necessary to turn off both Secure Boot as well as Fastboot in the BIOS options in order to allow Windows 8 to boot without Secure Boot. However there are potential security risks in turning off Secure Boot for booting up Windows 8. Therefore, it may be a better option to keep the Windows 8 install intact and have an independent hard drive for the Linux install - which can then be partitioned from scratch using a GPT partition table. Once that is done, creating several ext4/FAT32/swap partitions on the second drive may be a better way forward if the computer has two drives available. This is often not easy or possible on a small laptop. Currently, Secure Boot is still not in a fully stable state for reliable operation, even for Linux distributions that support it.<br />
<br />
See [[Swap]] for details if you wish to set up a swap partition or swap file. A swap file is easier to resize than a partition and can be created at any point after installation, but cannot be used with a Btrfs filesystem.<br />
<br />
If you have already done so, proceed to [[#Mount the partitions|Mount the partitions]].<br />
<br />
Otherwise, see the following example.<br />
<br />
==== Example ====<br />
<br />
The Arch Linux install media includes the following partitioning tools: {{ic|fdisk}}, {{ic|gdisk}}, {{ic|cfdisk}}, {{ic|cgdisk}}, {{ic|parted}}.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Use the {{ic|lsblk}} command to list the hard disks attached to your system, along with the sizes of their existing partitions. This will help you to be confident you are partitioning the right disk.}}<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[UEFI]] boot:|<br />
* If you have a UEFI motherboard, you will need to create an extra [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#EFI_System_Partition|UEFI System Partition]].<br />
* It is recommended to always use GPT for UEFI boot, as some UEFI firmwares do not allow UEFI-MBR boot.}}<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[GPT]] partitioning:|<br />
* If you are not dual booting with Windows, then it is advisable to use GPT instead of MBR. Read [[GPT]] for a list of advantages.<br />
* If you have a BIOS motherboard (or plan on booting in BIOS compatibility mode) and you want to setup GRUB on a GPT-partitioned drive, you will need to create an extra [[GRUB#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|BIOS Boot Partition]] of size 1007 KiB and {{ic|EF02}} type code. Syslinux does not need one.<br />
* Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you are installing to a USB flash key, see [[Installing Arch Linux on a USB key]].}}<br />
<br />
The example system will contain a 15 GB root partition, and a [[Partitioning#/home|home]] partition for the remaining space. Choose either [[MBR]] or [[GPT]]. Do not choose both!<br />
<br />
It should be emphasized that partitioning is a personal choice and that this example is only for illustrative purposes. See [[Partitioning]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''MBR'''<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ic|cfdisk&nbsp;/dev/sda}}<br />
| '''Root:'''<br />
<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – type in "15360" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Beginning – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Bootable.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
'''Home:'''<br />
<br />
* Press the down arrow to move to the free space area.<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''GPT'''<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ic|cgdisk&nbsp;/dev/sda}}<br />
| '''Root:'''<br />
<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector (2048) – type in "15G" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name.<br />
|-<br />
| '''Home:'''<br />
<br />
* Press the down arrow a couple of times to move to the larger free space area.<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size; for example "30G") – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
If you chose MBR, here is what it should look like:<br />
<br />
Name Flags Part Type FS Type [Label] Size (MB)<br />
-----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
sda1 Boot Primary Linux 15360<br />
sda2 Primary Linux 133000*<br />
<br />
If you chose GPT, here is what it should look like:<br />
<br />
Part. # Size Partition Type Partition Name<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------<br />
1007.0 KiB free space<br />
1 15.0 GiB Linux filesystem<br />
2 123.45 GiB Linux filesystem<br />
<br />
Double check and make sure that you are happy with the partition sizes as well as the partition table layout before continuing.<br />
<br />
If you would like to start over, you can simply select Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without saving changes and then restart cfdisk (or cgdisk).<br />
<br />
If you are satisfied, choose Write (or press {{Keypress|Shift+W}}) to finalize and to write the partition table to the drive. Type "yes" and choose Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without making any more changes.<br />
<br />
Simply partitioning is not enough; the partitions also need a [[File Systems|filesystem]]. To format the partitions with an ext4 filesystem:<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Double check and triple check that it is actually {{ic|/dev/sda1}} and {{ic|/dev/sda2}} that you want to format. You can use {{ic|lsblk}} to help with this.}}<br />
<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2<br />
<br />
If you have made a partition dedicated to swap (code 82), do not forget to format and activate it with:<br />
<br />
# mkswap /dev/sda''X''<br />
# swapon /dev/sda''X''<br />
<br />
For UEFI, you should format the ESP partition (usually sda1) with:<br />
# mkfs.vfat -F32 /dev/sda1<br />
<br />
=== Mount the partitions ===<br />
<br />
Each partition is identified with a number suffix. For example, {{ic|sda1}} specifies the first partition of the first drive, while {{ic|sda}} designates the entire drive.<br />
<br />
To display the current partition layout:<br />
<br />
# lsblk /dev/sda<br />
<br />
{{Note|Do not mount more than one partition to the same directory. And pay attention, because the mounting order is important.}}<br />
<br />
First, mount the root partition on {{ic|/mnt}}. Following the example above (yours may be different), it would be:<br />
<br />
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt<br />
<br />
Then mount the home partition and any other separate partition ({{ic|/boot}}, {{ic|/var}}, etc), if you have any:<br />
<br />
# mkdir /mnt/home<br />
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/home<br />
<br />
In case you have a UEFI motherboard, mount the UEFI partition:<br />
<br />
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot<br />
# mount /dev/sda''X'' /mnt/boot<br />
<br />
=== Select a mirror ===<br />
<br />
Before installing, you may want to edit the {{ic|mirrorlist}} file and place your preferred mirror first. A copy of this file will be installed on your new system by {{ic|pacstrap}} as well, so it is worth getting it right.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist|<br />
##<br />
## Arch Linux repository mirrorlist<br />
## Sorted by mirror score from mirror status page<br />
## Generated on 2012-MM-DD<br />
##<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Server = http://mirror.example.xyz/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch</nowiki><br />
...}}<br />
<br />
* {{Keypress|Alt+6}} to copy a {{ic|Server}} line.<br />
* {{Keypress|PageUp}} key to scroll up.<br />
* {{Keypress|Ctrl+U}} to paste it at the top of the list.<br />
* {{Keypress|Ctrl+X}} to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press {{Keypress|Y}} and {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the same filename.<br />
<br />
If you want, you can make it the ''only'' mirror available by getting rid of everything else (using {{Keypress|Ctrl+K}}), but it is usually a good idea to have a few more, in case the first one goes offline.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|<br />
* Use the [https://www.archlinux.org/mirrorlist/ Mirrorlist Generator] to get an updated list for your country. HTTP mirrors are faster than FTP, because of something called [[Wikipedia:Keepalive|keepalive]]. With FTP, pacman has to send out a signal each time it downloads a package, resulting in a brief pause. For other ways to generate a mirror list, see [[Mirrors#Sorting mirrors|Sorting mirrors]] and [[Reflector]].<br />
* [https://archlinux.org/mirrors/status/ Arch Linux MirrorStatus] reports various aspects about the mirrors such as network problems with mirrors, data collection problems, the last time mirrors have been synced, etc.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|<br />
* Whenever in the future you change your list of mirrors, always remember to force pacman to refresh all package lists with {{ic|pacman -Syy}}. This is considered to be good practice and will avoid possible headaches. See [[Mirrors]] for more information.<br />
* If you are using an older installation medium, your mirrorlist might be outdated, which might lead to problems when updating Arch Linux (see {{Bug|22510}}). Therefore it is advised to obtain the latest mirror information as described above.<br />
* Some issues have been reported in the [https://bbs.archlinux.org/ Arch Linux forums] regarding network problems that prevent pacman from updating/synchronizing repositories (see [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id&#61;68944] and [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id&#61;65728]). When installing Arch Linux natively, these issues have been resolved by replacing the default pacman file downloader with an alternative (see [[Improve Pacman Performance]] for more details). When installing Arch Linux as a guest OS in [[VirtualBox]], this issue has also been addressed by using "Host interface" instead of "NAT" in the machine properties.}}<br />
<br />
=== Install the base system ===<br />
<br />
The base system is installed using the [https://github.com/falconindy/arch-install-scripts/blob/master/pacstrap.in pacstrap] script.<br />
<br />
The {{ic|-i}} switch can be omitted if you wish to install every package from the ''base'' group without prompting.<br />
<br />
# pacstrap -i /mnt base<br />
<br />
{{Note|If pacman fails to verify your packages, check the system time with {{ic|cal}}. If the system date is invalid (e.g. it shows the year 2010), signing keys will be considered expired (or invalid), signature checks on packages will fail and installation will be interrupted. Make sure to correct the system time, either by doing so manually or with the {{Pkg|ntp}} client, and retry running the pacstrap command. Refer to [[Time]] page for more information on correcting system time.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If pacman complains that {{ic|error: failed to commit transaction (invalid or corrupted package)}}, run the following command:<br />
# pacman-key --init && pacman-key --populate archlinux<br />
}}<br />
<br />
This will give you a basic Arch system. Other packages can be installed later using [[pacman]].<br />
<br />
=== Generate an fstab ===<br />
<br />
Generate an [[fstab]] file with the following command. UUIDs will be used because they have certain advantages (see [[fstab#Identifying filesystems]]). If you would prefer to use labels instead, replace the {{ic|-U}} option with {{ic|-L}}.<br />
<br />
# genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
# nano /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
<br />
{{Warning|The fstab file should always be checked after generating it. If you encounter errors running genfstab or later in the install process, do '''not''' run genfstab again; just edit the fstab file.}}<br />
<br />
A few considerations:<br />
<br />
* The last field determines the order that in which partitions are checked at start up : {{ic|1}} , {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}} (see [[fstab#Field definitions]]).<br />
* Only the root ({{ic|/}}) partition needs {{ic|1}} for the last field. Everything else should have either {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}}.<br />
* You will normally want your ''swap'' partition to have {{ic|0}} i.e. 'do not check'.<br />
<br />
=== Chroot and configure the base system ===<br />
<br />
Next, we [[chroot]] into our newly installed system:<br />
<br />
# arch-chroot /mnt<br />
<br />
{{Note|Use {{ic|arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash}} to chroot into a bash shell.}}<br />
At this stage of the installation, you will configure the primary configuration files of your Arch Linux base system. These can either be created if they do not exist, or edited if you wish to change the defaults.<br />
<br />
Closely following and understanding these steps is of key importance to ensure a properly configured system.<br />
<br />
==== Locale ====<br />
<br />
Locales are used by '''glibc''' and other locale-aware programs or libraries for rendering text, correctly displaying regional monetary values, time and date formats, alphabetic idiosyncrasies, and other locale-specific standards.<br />
<br />
There are two files that need editing: {{ic|locale.gen}} and {{ic|locale.conf}}.<br />
<br />
* The {{ic|locale.gen}} file is empty by default (everything is commented out) and you need to remove the {{ic|#}} in front of the line(s) you want. You may uncomment more lines than just English (US), as long as you choose their {{ic|UTF-8}} encoding:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/locale.gen|<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
<br />
This will run on every '''glibc''' upgrade, generating all the locales specified in {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}.<br />
<br />
* The {{ic|locale.conf}} file does not exist by default. Setting only {{ic|LANG}} should be enough. It will act as the default value for all other variables.<br />
<br />
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you set some other language than English (US) at the beginning of the install, the above commands would be something like:<br />
# echo LANG<nowiki>=</nowiki>de_DE.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG<nowiki>=</nowiki>de_DE.UTF-8<br />
}}<br />
<br />
To use other locales for other {{ic|LC_*}} variables, run {{ic|locale}} to see the available options and add them to {{ic|locale.conf}}. It is not recommended to set the {{ic|LC_ALL}} variable. An advanced example can be found [[Locale#Setting_system-wide_locale|here]].<br />
<br />
==== Console font and keymap ====<br />
<br />
If you set a keymap at [[#Change_the_language|the beginning]] of the install process, load it now, as well, because the environment has changed. For example:<br />
<br />
# loadkeys ''de-latin1''<br />
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16<br />
<br />
To make them available after reboot, edit {{ic|vconsole.conf}}:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/vconsole.conf|2=<br />
KEYMAP=de-latin1<br />
FONT=Lat2-Terminus16<br />
}}<br />
<br />
* {{ic|KEYMAP}} – Please note that this setting is only valid for your TTYs, not any graphical window managers or Xorg.<br />
<br />
* {{ic|FONT}} – Available alternate console fonts reside in {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/}}. The default (blank) is safe, but some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. It is recommended that you change it to {{ic|Lat2-Terminus16}}, because according to {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/README.Lat2-Terminus16}}, it claims to support "about 110 language sets".<br />
<br />
* Possible option {{ic|FONT_MAP}} – Defines the console map to load at boot. Read {{ic|man setfont}}. Removing it or leaving it blank is safe.<br />
<br />
See [[Fonts#Console_fonts|Console fonts]] and {{ic|man vconsole.conf}} for more information.<br />
<br />
==== Time zone ====<br />
<br />
Available time zones and subzones can be found in the {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>}} directories.<br />
<br />
To view the available <Zone>, check the directory {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/}}:<br />
<br />
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/<br />
<br />
Similarly, you can check the contents of directories belonging to a <SubZone>:<br />
<br />
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe<br />
<br />
Create a symbolic link {{ic|/etc/localtime}} to your zone file {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>}} using this command:<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone> /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Minsk /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
==== Hardware clock ====<br />
<br />
Set the hardware clock mode uniformly between your operating systems. Otherwise, they may overwrite the hardware clock and cause time shifts.<br />
<br />
You can generate {{ic|/etc/adjtime}} automatically by using one of the following commands:<br />
<br />
* '''UTC''' (recommended)<br />
<br />
: {{Note|Using [[Wikipedia:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] for the hardware clock does not mean that software will display time in UTC.}}<br />
<br />
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --utc}}<br />
<br />
To synchronize your "UTC" time over the internet, see [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]].<br />
<br />
* '''localtime''' (discouraged; used by default in Windows)<br />
<br />
: {{Warning|Using ''localtime'' may lead to several known and unfixable bugs. However, there are no plans to drop support for ''localtime''.}}<br />
<br />
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --localtime}}<br />
<br />
If you have (or planning on having) a dual boot setup with Windows:<br />
<br />
* Recommended: Set both Arch Linux and Windows to use UTC. A quick [[Time#UTC in Windows|registry fix]] is needed. Also, be sure to prevent Windows from synchronizing the time on-line, because the hardware clock will default back to ''localtime''.<br />
<br />
* Not recommended: Set Arch Linux to ''localtime'' and disable any time-related services, like [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]] . This will let Windows take care of hardware clock corrections and you will need to remember to boot into Windows at least two times a year (in Spring and Autumn) when [[Wikipedia:Daylight saving time|DST]] kicks in. So please do not ask on the forums why the clock is one hour behind or ahead if you usually go for days or weeks without booting into Windows.<br />
<br />
==== Kernel modules ====<br />
<br />
{{Tip|This is just an example, you do not need to set it. All needed modules are automatically loaded by udev, so you will rarely need to add something here. Only add modules that you know are missing.}}<br />
<br />
For kernel modules to load during boot, place a {{ic|*.conf}} file in {{ic|/etc/modules-load.d/}}, with a name based on the program that uses them.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/modules-load.d/virtio-net.conf|<br />
# Load 'virtio-net.ko' at boot.<br />
<br />
virtio-net}}<br />
<br />
If there are more modules to load per {{ic|*.conf}}, the module names can be separated by newlines. A good example are the [[VirtualBox#Arch Linux guests|VirtualBox Guest Additions]].<br />
<br />
Empty lines and lines starting with {{ic|#}} or {{ic|;}} are ignored.<br />
<br />
==== Hostname ====<br />
<br />
Set the [[Wikipedia:hostname|hostname]] to your liking (e.g. ''arch''):<br />
<br />
# echo ''myhostname'' > /etc/hostname<br />
<br />
{{Note|There is no need to edit {{ic|/etc/hosts}}.}}<br />
<br />
=== Configure the network ===<br />
<br />
You need to configure the network again, but this time for your newly installed environment. The procedure and prerequisites are very similar to the one described [[#Establish an internet connection|above]], except we are going to make it persistent and automatically run at boot.<br />
<br />
{{Note|For more in-depth information on network configration, visit [[Network Configuration]] and [[Wireless Setup]].}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you would like to use the old interface naming scheme (ie. eth* and wlan*) you can accomplish this by creating an empty file at {{ic|/etc/udev/rules.d/80-net-name-slot.rules}} which will mask the file of the same name located under {{ic|/usr/lib/udev/rules.d}} (alternatively, instead of an empty file, using a symlink to {{ic|/dev/null}} is also an acceptable masking method).}}<br />
<br />
==== Wired ====<br />
<br />
===== Dynamic IP =====<br />
<br />
; Using dhcpcd<br />
<br />
If you only use a single fixed wired network connection, you do not need a network management service and can simply enable the {{ic|dhcpcd}} service. Here, {{ic|''interface_name''}} is your wired interface:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable dhcpcd@''interface_name''.service<br />
<br />
; Using netctl<br />
<br />
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/ethernet-dhcp my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
Enable the {{ic|my-network}} profile:<br />
<br />
# netctl enable my-network<br />
<br />
; Using netctl-ifplugd<br />
<br />
Alternatively, you can use {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}, which gracefully handles dynamic connections to new networks:<br />
<br />
Install {{Pkg|ifplugd}}, which is required for {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S ifplugd<br />
<br />
Then enable for interface that you want:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable netctl-ifplugd@<interface>.service<br />
<br />
{{Tip|[[Netctl]] also provides {{ic|netctl-auto}}, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunction with {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}.}}<br />
<br />
===== Static IP =====<br />
<br />
; Using netctl<br />
<br />
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/ethernet-static my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}, {{ic|Address}}, {{ic|Gateway}} and {{ic|DNS}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
* Notice the {{ic|/24}} in {{ic|Address}} which is the [[wikipedia:Classless Inter-Domain Routing#CIDR notation|CIDR notation]] of a {{ic|255.255.255.0}} netmask<br />
<br />
Enable above created profile to start it at every boot:<br />
<br />
# netctl enable my-network<br />
<br />
==== Wireless ====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If your wireless adapter requires a firmware (as described in the above [[#Wireless|Establish an internet connection]] section and also [[Wireless Setup#Drivers and firmware|here]]), install the package containing your firmware. Most of the time, the {{Pkg|linux-firmware}} package will contain the needed firmware. Though for some devices, the required firmware might be in its own package. For example:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S zd1211-firmware}}<br />
See [[Wireless Setup]] for more info.}}<br />
<br />
Install {{pkg|iw}}, {{pkg|wpa_supplicant}} and {{pkg|wpa_actiond}} which you will need to connect to a network:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S iw wpa_supplicant wpa_actiond<br />
<br />
===== Adding wireless networks =====<br />
; Using wifi-menu<br />
<br />
Install {{pkg|dialog}}, which is required for {{ic|wifi-menu}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S dialog<br />
<br />
After finishing the rest of this installation and rebooting, you can connect to the network with {{ic|wifi-menu ''interface_name''}} (where {{ic|''interface_name''}} is the interface of your wireless chipset).<br />
<br />
# wifi-menu ''interface_name''<br />
<br />
{{Warning|This must be done *after* your reboot when you are no longer chrooted. The process spawned by this command will conflict with the one you have running outside of the chroot. Alternatively, you could just configure a network profile manually using the following templates so that you do not have to worry about using {{ic|wifi-menu}} at all.}}<br />
<br />
; Using manual netctl profiles<br />
<br />
Copy a network profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/wireless-wpa my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}, {{ic|ESSID}} and {{ic|Key}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
===== Connect automatically to known networks =====<br />
Enable the {{ic|netctl-auto}} service, which will connect to known networks and gracefully handle roaming and disconnects:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable netctl-auto@''interface_name''.service<br />
<br />
{{Tip|[[Netctl]] also provides {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunction with {{ic|netctl-auto}}.}}<br />
<br />
==== Analog modem, ISDN or PPoE DSL ====<br />
<br />
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see [[Direct Modem Connection]].<br />
<br />
=== Create an initial ramdisk environment ===<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Most users can skip this step and use the defaults provided in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}}. The initramfs image (from the {{ic|/boot}} folder) has already been generated based on this file when the {{Pkg|linux}} package (the Linux kernel) was installed earlier with {{ic|pacstrap}}.}}<br />
<br />
Here you need to set the right [[Mkinitcpio#HOOKS|hooks]] if the root is on a USB drive, if you use RAID, LVM, or if {{ic|/usr}} is on a separate partition.<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|/etc/mkinitcpio.conf}} as needed and re-generate the initramfs image with:<br />
<br />
# mkinitcpio -p linux<br />
<br />
{{Note|Arch VPS installations on QEMU (e.g. when using {{ic|virt-manager}}) may need {{ic|virtio}} modules in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}} to be able to boot.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/mkinitcpio.conf|2=<br />
MODULES="virtio virtio_blk virtio_pci virtio_net"}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Set the root password ===<br />
<br />
Set the root password with:<br />
<br />
# passwd<br />
<br />
=== Install and configure a bootloader ===<br />
<br />
==== For BIOS motherboards ====<br />
<br />
For BIOS systems, two bootloaders are available: Syslinux and GRUB. Choose the bootloader as per your convenience.<br />
<br />
* Syslinux is (currently) limited to loading only files from the partition where it was installed. Its configuration file is considered to be easier to understand. An example configuration can be found [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=1109328#p1109328 here].<br />
<br />
* GRUB is more feature-rich and supports more complex scenarios. Its configuration file(s) is more similar to a scripting language, which may be difficult for beginners to manually write. It is recommended that they automatically generate one.<br />
<br />
{{Note|Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}}<br />
<br />
===== Syslinux =====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you opted for a GUID partition table for your hard drive earlier, you need to install the {{Pkg|gptfdisk}} package now for this next step to work, assuming you haven't installed it already.}}<br />
<br />
Install the {{Pkg|syslinux}} package and then use the {{ic|syslinux-install_update}} script to automatically ''install'' the bootloader ({{ic|-i}}), mark the partition ''active'' by setting the boot flag ({{ic|-a}}), and install the ''MBR'' boot code ({{ic|-m}}):<br />
<br />
# pacman -S syslinux<br />
# syslinux-install_update -i -a -m<br />
<br />
Configure {{ic|syslinux.cfg}} to point to the right root partition. This step is vital. If it points to the wrong partition, Arch Linux will not boot. Change {{ic|/dev/sda3}} to reflect your root partition ''(if you partitioned your drive as in [[#Prepare the storage drive|the example]], your root partition is sda1)''. Do the same for the fallback entry.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg|2=<br />
...<br />
LABEL arch<br />
...<br />
APPEND root=/dev/sda3 ro<br />
...}}<br />
<br />
For more information on configuring and using Syslinux, see [[Syslinux]].<br />
<br />
===== GRUB =====<br />
<br />
Install the {{Pkg|grub-bios}} package and then run {{ic|grub-install}} to install the bootloader:<br />
<br />
{{Note|Change {{ic|/dev/sda}} to reflect the drive you installed Arch on. Do not append a partition number (do not use {{ic|sda''X''}}).}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|For GPT-partitioned drives on BIOS motherboards, you also need a "BIOS Boot Partition". See [[GRUB#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|GPT-specific instructions]] and [[GRUB#Install_to_GPT_BIOS_boot_partition|Install to GPT BIOS boot partition]] in the GRUB page.}}<br />
<br />
# pacman -S grub-bios<br />
# grub-install --recheck /dev/sda<br />
# cp /usr/share/locale/en\@quot/LC_MESSAGES/grub.mo /boot/grub/locale/en.mo<br />
<br />
{{Note| If it is an installation on virtualbox as guest, while running grub-install command as in above, you might get an error like "/usr/sbin/grub-bios-setup: warning: this GPT partition label contains no BIOS Boot Partition; embedding won't be possible". Executing {{ic|parted -s /dev/sda set 1 bios_grub on}} and then retrying ''grub-install'' should solve the problem.}}<br />
<br />
While using a manually created {{ic|grub.cfg}} is absolutely fine, it is recommended that beginners automatically generate one:<br />
<br />
{{Tip|To automatically search for other operating systems on your computer, install {{Pkg|os-prober}} ({{ic|pacman -S os-prober}}) before running the next command.}}<br />
<br />
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg<br />
<br />
For more information on configuring and using GRUB, see [[GRUB]].<br />
<br />
==== For UEFI motherboards ====<br />
<br />
For UEFI boot, the drive needs to be GPT-partitioned and an "[[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#EFI System Partition|UEFI System Partition]]" (512 MiB or larger, type {{ic|EF00}}, formatted with FAT32) must be present and mounted on {{ic|/boot}}. If you have followed this guide from the beginning, you have already done all of these.<br />
<br />
===== EFISTUB =====<br />
<br />
The Linux kernel can act as its own bootloader using EFISTUB. This is the UEFI boot method recommended by developers and simpler than using a separate bootloader.<br />
<br />
1. Install efibootmgr:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S efibootmgr<br />
<br />
2. Add Arch Linux boot entry, replacing '''sdaX''' with your root partition, usually '''sda2''':<br />
<br />
# efibootmgr -c -L "Arch Linux" -l /vmlinuz-linux -u "root=/dev/'''sdaX''' ro quiet initrd=/initramfs-linux.img"<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some systems, the above command will not work properly. It will execute without any visible error, but the UEFI boot menu will not have been correctly updated with a new entry. To determine whether the command executed properly, run {{ic|efibootmgr}} without any arguments and see if a new entry has appeared in the list displayed. If there is no new entry, then it will not be possible to boot Arch upon reboot, as the UEFI boot menu has been left unchanged. In this case, you will instead have to enter the UEFI shell and manually add an entry to the UEFI boot menu with the {{ic|bcfg}} command, as described [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#bcfg|here]].}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some ASUS motherboards, there is an EFI bug that always reports {{ic|MaxVariableSize&#61;0}}. Combined with a recent kernel that enforces checks on this value, this prevents {{ic|efibootmgr}} from setting new EFI variables. These motherboards do not support the UEFI Shell v2, so you cannot use the {{ic|bcfg}} method either. To work around this, add {{ic|efi_no_storage_paranoia}} to the kernel command line. You can do this by pressing "e" at the bootloader menu.}}<br />
<br />
===== Gummiboot Loader =====<br />
<br />
If you want to use a bootloader for dualbooting with other operating systems, gummiboot is the recommended loader. Download it, and let it install itself to {{ic|/boot}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S gummiboot<br />
# gummiboot install<br />
<br />
You will need to manually create a configuration file to add an entry for Arch Linux to the gummiboot loader. Create {{ic|/boot/loader/entries/arch.conf}} and add the following contents, replacing '''sdaX''' with your root partition, usually '''sda2''':<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf|2=<br />
title Arch Linux<br />
linux /vmlinuz-linux<br />
initrd /initramfs-linux.img<br />
options root=/dev/'''sdaX''' ro<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|For other bootloaders see [[UEFI Bootloaders]].}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== NVRAM Issue =====<br />
<br />
On some UEFI motherboards like the Intel Z77 boards, adding entries with efibootmgr or bcfg from efi shell will not work because they don't show up on the boot menu list after being added to NVRAM.<br />
<br />
To solve this you have to trick the UEFI firmware that Windows boot manager is present on the ESP partition.<br />
<br />
<br />
Copy the bootx64.efi file from USB drive as bootmgfw.efi efi file to your ESP partition by booting into EFI shell and typing:<br />
<br />
FS1:<br />
cd EFI<br />
mkdir Microsoft<br />
cd Microsoft<br />
mkdir Boot<br />
cp FS0:\EFI\BOOT\bootx64.efi FS1:\EFI\Microsoft\Boot\bootmgfw.efi<br />
<br />
After reboot any entries added to NVRAM should show up in the boot menu.<br />
<br />
=== Unmount the partitions and reboot ===<br />
<br />
Exit from the chroot environment:<br />
<br />
# exit<br />
<br />
Since the partitions are mounted under {{ic|/mnt}}, we use the following command to unmount them:<br />
<br />
# umount /mnt/{boot,home,}<br />
<br />
Reboot the computer:<br />
<br />
# reboot<br />
<br />
{{Tip|If you face error "/sbin/init does not exist" on next boot, look for systemd binary path and pass it as kernel argument while booting up. For example, "init &#61; /usr/lib/systemd/systemd" }}<br />
{{Tip|Be sure to remove the installation media, otherwise you will boot back into it.}}<noinclude><br />
{{Beginners' Guide navigation}}</noinclude></div>Dislikeyouhttps://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=Beginners%27_guide&diff=263959Beginners' guide2013-06-23T13:23:38Z<p>Dislikeyou: /* Example */</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
[[Category:Getting and installing Arch]]<br />
[[Category:About Arch]]<br />
[[ar:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[da:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[es:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[hr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[hu:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[it:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ja:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ko:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[nl:Beginners' Guide/Installatie]]<br />
[[pl:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[pt:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ro:Ghidul începătorilor/Instalare]]<br />
[[ru:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[sr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[zh-CN:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[zh-TW:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
{{Tip|This is part of a multi-page article for The Beginners' Guide. '''[[Beginners' Guide|Click here]]''' if you would rather read the guide in its entirety.}}<br />
</noinclude><br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
You are now presented with a shell prompt, automatically logged in as root.<br />
<br />
=== Change the language ===<br />
<br />
{{Tip|These are optional for the majority of users. Useful only if you plan on writing in your own language in any of the configuration files, if you use diacritical marks in the Wi-Fi password, or if you would like to receive system messages (e.g. possible errors) in your own language.}}<br />
<br />
By default, the keyboard layout is set to {{ic|us}}. If you have a non-[[Wikipedia:File:KB United States-NoAltGr.svg|US]] keyboard layout, run:<br />
<br />
# loadkeys ''layout''<br />
<br />
...where ''layout'' can be {{ic|fr}}, {{ic|uk}}, {{ic|dvorak}}, {{ic|be-latin1}}, etc. See [[KEYMAP#Keyboard layouts|here]] for a comprehensive list.<br />
<br />
The font should also be changed, because most languages use more glyphs than the 26 letter [[Wikipedia:English alphabet|English alphabet]]. Otherwise some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. Note that the name is case-sensitive, so please type it ''exactly'' as you see it:<br />
<br />
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16<br />
<br />
By default, the language is set to English (US). If you would like to change the language for the install process ''(German, in this example)'', remove the {{ic|#}} in front of the [http://www.greendesktiny.com/support/knowledgebase_detail.php?ref=EUH-483 locale] you want from {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}, along with English (US). Please choose the {{ic|UTF-8}} entry.<br />
<br />
Use {{Keypress|Ctrl+X}} to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press {{Keypress|Y}} and {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the same filename.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/locale.gen|<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
# export LANG=de_DE.UTF-8<br />
<br />
Remember, {{Keypress|LAlt+LShift}} activates and deactivates the keymap.<br />
<br />
=== Establish an internet connection ===<br />
<br />
{{Warning|As of v197, udev no longer assigns network interface names according to the wlanX and ethX naming scheme. If you are coming from a different distribution or are reinstalling Arch and not aware of the new interface naming style, please do not assume that your wireless interface is named wlan0, or that your wired interface is named eth0. You can use the command {{ic|ip link}} to discover the names of your interfaces.}}<br />
<br />
The {{ic|dhcpcd}} network daemon starts automatically during boot and it will attempt to start a wired connection. Try to ping a server to see if a connection was established. For example, Google's DNS servers:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ping -c 3 www.google.com|2=<br />
PING www.l.google.com (74.125.132.105) 56(84) bytes of data.<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=1 ttl=50 time=17.0 ms<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=2 ttl=50 time=18.2 ms<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=3 ttl=50 time=16.6 ms<br />
<br />
--- www.l.google.com ping statistics ---<br />
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms<br />
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 16.660/17.320/18.254/0.678 ms}}<br />
<br />
If you get a {{ic|ping: unknown host}} error, first check if there is an issue with your cable or wireless signal strength. If not, you will need to set up the network manually, as explained below. Once a connection is established move on to [[#Prepare the storage drive|Prepare the storage drive]].<br />
<br />
==== Wired ====<br />
<br />
Follow this procedure if you need to set up a wired connection via a static IP address.<br />
<br />
First, disable the dhcpcd service which was started automatically at boot:<br />
<br />
# systemctl stop dhcpcd.service<br />
<br />
Identify the name of your Ethernet interface.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ip link|<br />
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT<br />
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00<br />
2: enp2s0f0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000<br />
link/ether 00:11:25:31:69:20 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff<br />
3: wlp3s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT qlen 1000<br />
link/ether 01:02:03:04:05:06 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff}}<br />
<br />
In this example, the Ethernet interface is {{ic|enp2s0f0}}. If you are unsure, your Ethernet interface is likely to start with the letter "e", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "w". You can also use {{ic|iwconfig}} and see which interfaces are not wireless:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iwconfig|2=<br />
enp2s0f0 no wireless extensions.<br />
wlp3s0 IEEE 802.11bgn ESSID:"NETGEAR97"<br />
Mode:Managed Frequency:2.427 GHz Access Point: 2C:B0:5D:9C:72:BF<br />
Bit Rate=65 Mb/s Tx-Power=16 dBm<br />
Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off<br />
Power Management:on<br />
Link Quality=61/70 Signal level=-49 dBm<br />
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0<br />
Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:430 Missed beacon:0<br />
lo no wireless extensions.}}<br />
<br />
In this example, neither {{ic|enp2s0f0}} nor the loopback device have wireless extensions, meaning {{ic|enp2s0f0}} is our Ethernet interface.<br />
<br />
You also need to know these settings:<br />
<br />
* Static IP address.<br />
* Subnet mask.<br />
* Gateway's IP address.<br />
* Name servers' (DNS) IP addresses.<br />
* Domain name (unless you are on a local LAN, in which case you can make it up).<br />
<br />
Activate the connected Ethernet interface (e.g. {{ic|enp2s0f0}}):<br />
<br />
# ip link set enp2s0f0 up<br />
<br />
Add the address:<br />
<br />
# ip addr add ''ip_address''/''subnetmask'' dev ''interface_name''<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
# ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev enp2s0f0<br />
<br />
For more options, run {{ic|man ip}}.<br />
<br />
Add your gateway like this, substituting your own gateway's IP address:<br />
<br />
# ip route add default via ''ip_address''<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
# ip route add default via 192.168.1.1<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|resolv.conf}}, substituting your name servers' IP addresses and your local domain name:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/resolv.conf|<br />
nameserver 61.23.173.5<br />
nameserver 61.95.849.8<br />
search example.com}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|Currently, you may include a maximum of three {{ic|nameserver}} lines.}}<br />
<br />
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Network Configuration]] page.<br />
<br />
==== Wireless ====<br />
<br />
Follow this procedure if you need wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi) during the installation process.<br />
<br />
First, identify the name of your wireless interface.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iw dev|2=<br />
phy#0<br />
Interface wlp3s0<br />
ifindex 3<br />
wdev 0x1<br />
addr 00:21:6a:5e:52:bc<br />
type managed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In this example, {{ic|wlp3s0}} is the available wireless interface. If you are unsure, your wireless interface is likely to start with the letter "w", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "e". <br />
<br />
{{Note|If you do not see output similar to this, then your wireless driver has not been loaded. If this is the case, you must load the driver yourself. Please see [[Wireless Setup]] for more detailed information.}}<br />
<br />
Bring the interface up with:<br />
<br />
# ip link set wlp3s0 up<br />
<br />
A small percentage of wireless chipsets also require firmware, in addition to a corresponding driver. If you get output like {{ic|SIOCSIFFLAGS: No such file or directory}}, this means you will need to manually load the firmware. If unsure, invoke {{ic|dmesg}} to query the kernel log for a firmware request from the wireless chipset. For example, if you have an Intel chipset which requires and has requested firmware from the kernel at boot:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# dmesg <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep firmware|<br />
firmware: requesting iwlwifi-5000-1.ucode}}<br />
<br />
If there is no output, it may be concluded that the system's wireless chipset does not require firmware.<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Wireless chipset firmware packages (for cards which require them) are pre-installed under {{ic|/usr/lib/firmware}} in the live environment (on CD/USB stick) '''but must be explicitly installed to your actual system to provide wireless functionality after you reboot into it!''' Package installation is covered later in this guide. Ensure installation of both your wireless module and firmware before rebooting! See [[Wireless Setup]] if you are unsure about the requirement of corresponding firmware installation for your particular chipset.}}<br />
<br />
Next, use {{Pkg|netctl}}'s {{ic|wifi-menu}} to connect to a network:<br />
<br />
# wifi-menu wlp3s0<br />
<br />
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Wireless Setup]] page.<br />
<br />
Alternatively, use {{ic|iw dev wlp3s0 scan <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep SSID}} to scan for available networks, then connect to a network with:<br />
<br />
# wpa_supplicant -B -i wlp3s0 -c <(wpa_passphrase "''ssid''" "''psk''")<br />
<br />
You need to replace ''ssid'' with the name of your network (e.g. "Linksys etc...") and ''psk'' with your wireless password, '''leaving the quotes around the network name and password.'''<br />
<br />
Finally, you have to give your interface an IP address. This can be set manually or using the dhcp:<br />
<br />
# dhcpd wlp3s0<br />
<br />
==== Analog modem, ISDN or PPoE DSL ====<br />
<br />
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see [[Direct Modem Connection]].<br />
<br />
==== Behind a proxy server ====<br />
<br />
If you are behind a proxy server, you will need to export the {{ic|http_proxy}} and {{ic|ftp_proxy}} environment variables. See [[Proxy settings]] for more information.<br />
<br />
=== Prepare the storage drive ===<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Partitioning can destroy data. You are '''strongly''' cautioned and advised to backup any critical data before proceeding.}}<br />
<br />
Absolute beginners are encouraged to use a graphical partitioning tool. [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/download.php GParted] is a good example, and is [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php provided as a "live" CD]. It is also included on live CDs of most Linux distributions such as [[Wikipedia:Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] and [[Wikipedia:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]]. A drive should first be [[partitioning|partitioned]] and the partitions should be formatted with a [[File Systems|file system]] before rebooting.<br />
<br />
The recommendation for a system that will boot via UEFI rather than MBR legacy boot is to format the drive using a GPT partition table. This means that if the drive was previously already partitioned with an MBR (MSDOS) partition table it will now have a new partition table created which will destroy all other data on the drive. Once the new partition table has been created on a drive, only then can individual partitions be created with any chosen format type. When using Gparted, selecting the option to create a new partition table gives an "msdos" partition table by default. If you are intending to follow the advice to create a GPT partition table then you need to choose "Advanced" and then select "gpt" from the drop-down menu. This cannot be done if you have a pre-existing Windows installation on the drive which you wish not to destroy. It is therefore extremely important to not change the partition table to GPT if you intend on having a dual boot system. Leave the Windows install untouched and try to get the Linux install working with UEFI on a drive that contains an MBR (legacy) partition table. <br />
<br />
In addition, some newer computers come pre-installed with Windows 8 which will be using Secure Boot. Arch Linux currently does not support Secure Boot, but some Windows 8 installations have been seen not to boot if Secure Boot is turned off in the BIOS. In some cases it is necessary to turn off both Secure Boot as well as Fastboot in the BIOS options in order to allow Windows 8 to boot without Secure Boot. However there are potential security risks in turning off Secure Boot for booting up Windows 8. Therefore, it may be a better option to keep the Windows 8 install intact and have an independent hard drive for the Linux install - which can then be partitioned from scratch using a GPT partition table. Once that is done, creating several ext4/FAT32/swap partitions on the second drive may be a better way forward if the computer has two drives available. This is often not easy or possible on a small laptop. Currently, Secure Boot is still not in a fully stable state for reliable operation, even for Linux distributions that support it.<br />
<br />
See [[Swap]] for details if you wish to set up a swap partition or swap file. A swap file is easier to resize than a partition and can be created at any point after installation, but cannot be used with a Btrfs filesystem.<br />
<br />
If you have already done so, proceed to [[#Mount the partitions|Mount the partitions]].<br />
<br />
Otherwise, see the following example.<br />
<br />
==== Example ====<br />
<br />
The Arch Linux install media includes the following partitioning tools: {{ic|fdisk}}, {{ic|gdisk}}, {{ic|cfdisk}}, {{ic|cgdisk}}, {{ic|parted}}.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Use the {{ic|lsblk}} command to list the hard disks attached to your system, along with the sizes of their existing partitions. This will help you to be confident you are partitioning the right disk.}}<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[UEFI]] boot:|<br />
* If you have a UEFI motherboard, you will need to create an extra [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#EFI_System_Partition|UEFI System Partition]].<br />
* It is recommended to always use GPT for UEFI boot, as some UEFI firmwares do not allow UEFI-MBR boot.}}<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[GPT]] partitioning:|<br />
* If you are not dual booting with Windows, then it is advisable to use GPT instead of MBR. Read [[GPT]] for a list of advantages.<br />
* If you have a BIOS motherboard (or plan on booting in BIOS compatibility mode) and you want to setup GRUB on a GPT-partitioned drive, you will need to create an extra [[GRUB#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|BIOS Boot Partition]] of size 1007 KiB and {{ic|EF02}} type code. Syslinux does not need one.<br />
* Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you are installing to a USB flash key, see [[Installing Arch Linux on a USB key]].}}<br />
<br />
The example system will contain a 15 GB root partition, and a [[Partitioning#/home|home]] partition for the remaining space. Choose either [[MBR]] or [[GPT]]. Do not choose both!<br />
<br />
It should be emphasized that partitioning is a personal choice and that this example is only for illustrative purposes. See [[Partitioning]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''MBR'''<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ic|cfdisk&nbsp;/dev/sda}}<br />
| '''Root:'''<br />
<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – type in "15360" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Beginning – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Bootable.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
'''Home:'''<br />
<br />
* Press the down arrow to move to the free space area.<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''GPT'''<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ic|cgdisk&nbsp;/dev/sda}}<br />
| '''Root:'''<br />
<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector (2048) – type in "15G" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name.<br />
|-<br />
| '''Home:'''<br />
<br />
* Press the down arrow a couple of times to move to the larger free space area.<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size; for example "30G") – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
If you chose MBR, here is what it should look like:<br />
<br />
Name Flags Part Type FS Type [Label] Size (MB)<br />
-----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
sda1 Boot Primary Linux 15360<br />
sda2 Primary Linux 133000*<br />
<br />
If you chose GPT, here is what it should look like:<br />
<br />
Part. # Size Partition Type Partition Name<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------<br />
1007.0 KiB free space<br />
1 15.0 GiB Linux filesystem<br />
2 123.45 GiB Linux filesystem<br />
<br />
Double check and make sure that you are happy with the partition sizes as well as the partition table layout before continuing.<br />
<br />
If you would like to start over, you can simply select Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without saving changes and then restart cfdisk (or cgdisk).<br />
<br />
If you are satisfied, choose Write (or press {{Keypress|Shift+W}}) to finalize and to write the partition table to the drive. Type "yes" and choose Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without making any more changes.<br />
<br />
Simply partitioning is not enough; the partitions also need a [[File Systems|filesystem]]. To format the partitions with an ext4 filesystem:<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Double check and triple check that it is actually {{ic|/dev/sda1}} and {{ic|/dev/sda2}} that you want to format. You can use {{ic|lsblk}} to help with this.}}<br />
<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2<br />
<br />
If you have made a partition dedicated to swap (code 82), do not forget to format and activate it with:<br />
<br />
# mkswap /dev/sda''X''<br />
# swapon /dev/sda''X''<br />
<br />
For UEFI, you should format the ESP partition (usually sda1) with:<br />
# mkfs.vfat -F32 /dev/sda1<br />
<br />
=== Mount the partitions ===<br />
<br />
Each partition is identified with a number suffix. For example, {{ic|sda1}} specifies the first partition of the first drive, while {{ic|sda}} designates the entire drive.<br />
<br />
To display the current partition layout:<br />
<br />
# lsblk /dev/sda<br />
<br />
{{Note|Do not mount more than one partition to the same directory. And pay attention, because the mounting order is important.}}<br />
<br />
First, mount the root partition on {{ic|/mnt}}. Following the example above (yours may be different), it would be:<br />
<br />
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt<br />
<br />
Then mount the home partition and any other separate partition ({{ic|/boot}}, {{ic|/var}}, etc), if you have any:<br />
<br />
# mkdir /mnt/home<br />
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/home<br />
<br />
In case you have a UEFI motherboard, mount the UEFI partition:<br />
<br />
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot<br />
# mount /dev/sda''X'' /mnt/boot<br />
<br />
=== Select a mirror ===<br />
<br />
Before installing, you may want to edit the {{ic|mirrorlist}} file and place your preferred mirror first. A copy of this file will be installed on your new system by {{ic|pacstrap}} as well, so it is worth getting it right.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist|<br />
##<br />
## Arch Linux repository mirrorlist<br />
## Sorted by mirror score from mirror status page<br />
## Generated on 2012-MM-DD<br />
##<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Server = http://mirror.example.xyz/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch</nowiki><br />
...}}<br />
<br />
* {{Keypress|Alt+6}} to copy a {{ic|Server}} line.<br />
* {{Keypress|PageUp}} key to scroll up.<br />
* {{Keypress|Ctrl+U}} to paste it at the top of the list.<br />
* {{Keypress|Ctrl+X}} to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press {{Keypress|Y}} and {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the same filename.<br />
<br />
If you want, you can make it the ''only'' mirror available by getting rid of everything else (using {{Keypress|Ctrl+K}}), but it is usually a good idea to have a few more, in case the first one goes offline.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|<br />
* Use the [https://www.archlinux.org/mirrorlist/ Mirrorlist Generator] to get an updated list for your country. HTTP mirrors are faster than FTP, because of something called [[Wikipedia:Keepalive|keepalive]]. With FTP, pacman has to send out a signal each time it downloads a package, resulting in a brief pause. For other ways to generate a mirror list, see [[Mirrors#Sorting mirrors|Sorting mirrors]] and [[Reflector]].<br />
* [https://archlinux.org/mirrors/status/ Arch Linux MirrorStatus] reports various aspects about the mirrors such as network problems with mirrors, data collection problems, the last time mirrors have been synced, etc.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|<br />
* Whenever in the future you change your list of mirrors, always remember to force pacman to refresh all package lists with {{ic|pacman -Syy}}. This is considered to be good practice and will avoid possible headaches. See [[Mirrors]] for more information.<br />
* If you are using an older installation medium, your mirrorlist might be outdated, which might lead to problems when updating Arch Linux (see {{Bug|22510}}). Therefore it is advised to obtain the latest mirror information as described above.<br />
* Some issues have been reported in the [https://bbs.archlinux.org/ Arch Linux forums] regarding network problems that prevent pacman from updating/synchronizing repositories (see [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id&#61;68944] and [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id&#61;65728]). When installing Arch Linux natively, these issues have been resolved by replacing the default pacman file downloader with an alternative (see [[Improve Pacman Performance]] for more details). When installing Arch Linux as a guest OS in [[VirtualBox]], this issue has also been addressed by using "Host interface" instead of "NAT" in the machine properties.}}<br />
<br />
=== Install the base system ===<br />
<br />
The base system is installed using the [https://github.com/falconindy/arch-install-scripts/blob/master/pacstrap.in pacstrap] script.<br />
<br />
The {{ic|-i}} switch can be omitted if you wish to install every package from the ''base'' group without prompting.<br />
<br />
# pacstrap -i /mnt base<br />
<br />
{{Note|If pacman fails to verify your packages, check the system time with {{ic|cal}}. If the system date is invalid (e.g. it shows the year 2010), signing keys will be considered expired (or invalid), signature checks on packages will fail and installation will be interrupted. Make sure to correct the system time, either by doing so manually or with the {{Pkg|ntp}} client, and retry running the pacstrap command. Refer to [[Time]] page for more information on correcting system time.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If pacman complains that {{ic|error: failed to commit transaction (invalid or corrupted package)}}, run the following command:<br />
# pacman-key --init && pacman-key --populate archlinux<br />
}}<br />
<br />
This will give you a basic Arch system. Other packages can be installed later using [[pacman]].<br />
<br />
=== Generate an fstab ===<br />
<br />
Generate an [[fstab]] file with the following command. UUIDs will be used because they have certain advantages (see [[fstab#Identifying filesystems]]). If you would prefer to use labels instead, replace the {{ic|-U}} option with {{ic|-L}}.<br />
<br />
# genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
# nano /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
<br />
{{Warning|The fstab file should always be checked after generating it. If you encounter errors running genfstab or later in the install process, do '''not''' run genfstab again; just edit the fstab file.}}<br />
<br />
A few considerations:<br />
<br />
* The last field determines the order that in which partitions are checked at start up : {{ic|1}} , {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}} (see [[fstab#Field definitions]]).<br />
* Only the root ({{ic|/}}) partition needs {{ic|1}} for the last field. Everything else should have either {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}}.<br />
* You will normally want your ''swap'' partition to have {{ic|0}} i.e. 'do not check'.<br />
<br />
=== Chroot and configure the base system ===<br />
<br />
Next, we [[chroot]] into our newly installed system:<br />
<br />
# arch-chroot /mnt<br />
<br />
{{Note|Use {{ic|arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash}} to chroot into a bash shell.}}<br />
At this stage of the installation, you will configure the primary configuration files of your Arch Linux base system. These can either be created if they do not exist, or edited if you wish to change the defaults.<br />
<br />
Closely following and understanding these steps is of key importance to ensure a properly configured system.<br />
<br />
==== Locale ====<br />
<br />
Locales are used by '''glibc''' and other locale-aware programs or libraries for rendering text, correctly displaying regional monetary values, time and date formats, alphabetic idiosyncrasies, and other locale-specific standards.<br />
<br />
There are two files that need editing: {{ic|locale.gen}} and {{ic|locale.conf}}.<br />
<br />
* The {{ic|locale.gen}} file is empty by default (everything is commented out) and you need to remove the {{ic|#}} in front of the line(s) you want. You may uncomment more lines than just English (US), as long as you choose their {{ic|UTF-8}} encoding:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/locale.gen|<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
<br />
This will run on every '''glibc''' upgrade, generating all the locales specified in {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}.<br />
<br />
* The {{ic|locale.conf}} file does not exist by default. Setting only {{ic|LANG}} should be enough. It will act as the default value for all other variables.<br />
<br />
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you set some other language than English (US) at the beginning of the install, the above commands would be something like:<br />
# echo LANG<nowiki>=</nowiki>de_DE.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG<nowiki>=</nowiki>de_DE.UTF-8<br />
}}<br />
<br />
To use other locales for other {{ic|LC_*}} variables, run {{ic|locale}} to see the available options and add them to {{ic|locale.conf}}. It is not recommended to set the {{ic|LC_ALL}} variable. An advanced example can be found [[Locale#Setting_system-wide_locale|here]].<br />
<br />
==== Console font and keymap ====<br />
<br />
If you set a keymap at [[#Change_the_language|the beginning]] of the install process, load it now, as well, because the environment has changed. For example:<br />
<br />
# loadkeys ''de-latin1''<br />
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16<br />
<br />
To make them available after reboot, edit {{ic|vconsole.conf}}:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/vconsole.conf|2=<br />
KEYMAP=de-latin1<br />
FONT=Lat2-Terminus16<br />
}}<br />
<br />
* {{ic|KEYMAP}} – Please note that this setting is only valid for your TTYs, not any graphical window managers or Xorg.<br />
<br />
* {{ic|FONT}} – Available alternate console fonts reside in {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/}}. The default (blank) is safe, but some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. It is recommended that you change it to {{ic|Lat2-Terminus16}}, because according to {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/README.Lat2-Terminus16}}, it claims to support "about 110 language sets".<br />
<br />
* Possible option {{ic|FONT_MAP}} – Defines the console map to load at boot. Read {{ic|man setfont}}. Removing it or leaving it blank is safe.<br />
<br />
See [[Fonts#Console_fonts|Console fonts]] and {{ic|man vconsole.conf}} for more information.<br />
<br />
==== Time zone ====<br />
<br />
Available time zones and subzones can be found in the {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>}} directories.<br />
<br />
To view the available <Zone>, check the directory {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/}}:<br />
<br />
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/<br />
<br />
Similarly, you can check the contents of directories belonging to a <SubZone>:<br />
<br />
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe<br />
<br />
Create a symbolic link {{ic|/etc/localtime}} to your zone file {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>}} using this command:<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone> /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Minsk /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
==== Hardware clock ====<br />
<br />
Set the hardware clock mode uniformly between your operating systems. Otherwise, they may overwrite the hardware clock and cause time shifts.<br />
<br />
You can generate {{ic|/etc/adjtime}} automatically by using one of the following commands:<br />
<br />
* '''UTC''' (recommended)<br />
<br />
: {{Note|Using [[Wikipedia:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] for the hardware clock does not mean that software will display time in UTC.}}<br />
<br />
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --utc}}<br />
<br />
To synchronize your "UTC" time over the internet, see [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]].<br />
<br />
* '''localtime''' (discouraged; used by default in Windows)<br />
<br />
: {{Warning|Using ''localtime'' may lead to several known and unfixable bugs. However, there are no plans to drop support for ''localtime''.}}<br />
<br />
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --localtime}}<br />
<br />
If you have (or planning on having) a dual boot setup with Windows:<br />
<br />
* Recommended: Set both Arch Linux and Windows to use UTC. A quick [[Time#UTC in Windows|registry fix]] is needed. Also, be sure to prevent Windows from synchronizing the time on-line, because the hardware clock will default back to ''localtime''.<br />
<br />
* Not recommended: Set Arch Linux to ''localtime'' and disable any time-related services, like [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]] . This will let Windows take care of hardware clock corrections and you will need to remember to boot into Windows at least two times a year (in Spring and Autumn) when [[Wikipedia:Daylight saving time|DST]] kicks in. So please do not ask on the forums why the clock is one hour behind or ahead if you usually go for days or weeks without booting into Windows.<br />
<br />
==== Kernel modules ====<br />
<br />
{{Tip|This is just an example, you do not need to set it. All needed modules are automatically loaded by udev, so you will rarely need to add something here. Only add modules that you know are missing.}}<br />
<br />
For kernel modules to load during boot, place a {{ic|*.conf}} file in {{ic|/etc/modules-load.d/}}, with a name based on the program that uses them.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/modules-load.d/virtio-net.conf|<br />
# Load 'virtio-net.ko' at boot.<br />
<br />
virtio-net}}<br />
<br />
If there are more modules to load per {{ic|*.conf}}, the module names can be separated by newlines. A good example are the [[VirtualBox#Arch Linux guests|VirtualBox Guest Additions]].<br />
<br />
Empty lines and lines starting with {{ic|#}} or {{ic|;}} are ignored.<br />
<br />
==== Hostname ====<br />
<br />
Set the [[Wikipedia:hostname|hostname]] to your liking (e.g. ''arch''):<br />
<br />
# echo ''myhostname'' > /etc/hostname<br />
<br />
{{Note|There is no need to edit {{ic|/etc/hosts}}.}}<br />
<br />
=== Configure the network ===<br />
<br />
You need to configure the network again, but this time for your newly installed environment. The procedure and prerequisites are very similar to the one described [[#Establish an internet connection|above]], except we are going to make it persistent and automatically run at boot.<br />
<br />
{{Note|For more in-depth information on network configration, visit [[Network Configuration]] and [[Wireless Setup]].}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you would like to use the old interface naming scheme (ie. eth* and wlan*) you can accomplish this by creating an empty file at {{ic|/etc/udev/rules.d/80-net-name-slot.rules}} which will mask the file of the same name located under {{ic|/usr/lib/udev/rules.d}} (alternatively, instead of an empty file, using a symlink to {{ic|/dev/null}} is also an acceptable masking method).}}<br />
<br />
==== Wired ====<br />
<br />
===== Dynamic IP =====<br />
<br />
; Using dhcpcd<br />
<br />
If you only use a single fixed wired network connection, you do not need a network management service and can simply enable the {{ic|dhcpcd}} service. Here, {{ic|''interface_name''}} is your wired interface:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable dhcpcd@''interface_name''.service<br />
<br />
; Using netctl<br />
<br />
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/ethernet-dhcp my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
Enable the {{ic|my-network}} profile:<br />
<br />
# netctl enable my-network<br />
<br />
; Using netctl-ifplugd<br />
<br />
Alternatively, you can use {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}, which gracefully handles dynamic connections to new networks:<br />
<br />
Install {{Pkg|ifplugd}}, which is required for {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S ifplugd<br />
<br />
Then enable for interface that you want:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable netctl-ifplugd@<interface>.service<br />
<br />
{{Tip|[[Netctl]] also provides {{ic|netctl-auto}}, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunction with {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}.}}<br />
<br />
===== Static IP =====<br />
<br />
; Using netctl<br />
<br />
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/ethernet-static my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}, {{ic|Address}}, {{ic|Gateway}} and {{ic|DNS}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
* Notice the {{ic|/24}} in {{ic|Address}} which is the [[wikipedia:Classless Inter-Domain Routing#CIDR notation|CIDR notation]] of a {{ic|255.255.255.0}} netmask<br />
<br />
Enable above created profile to start it at every boot:<br />
<br />
# netctl enable my-network<br />
<br />
==== Wireless ====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If your wireless adapter requires a firmware (as described in the above [[#Wireless|Establish an internet connection]] section and also [[Wireless Setup#Drivers and firmware|here]]), install the package containing your firmware. Most of the time, the {{Pkg|linux-firmware}} package will contain the needed firmware. Though for some devices, the required firmware might be in its own package. For example:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S zd1211-firmware}}<br />
See [[Wireless Setup]] for more info.}}<br />
<br />
Install {{pkg|iw}}, {{pkg|wpa_supplicant}} and {{pkg|wpa_actiond}} which you will need to connect to a network:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S iw wpa_supplicant wpa_actiond<br />
<br />
===== Adding wireless networks =====<br />
; Using wifi-menu<br />
<br />
Install {{pkg|dialog}}, which is required for {{ic|wifi-menu}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S dialog<br />
<br />
After finishing the rest of this installation and rebooting, you can connect to the network with {{ic|wifi-menu ''interface_name''}} (where {{ic|''interface_name''}} is the interface of your wireless chipset).<br />
<br />
# wifi-menu ''interface_name''<br />
<br />
{{Warning|This must be done *after* your reboot when you are no longer chrooted. The process spawned by this command will conflict with the one you have running outside of the chroot. Alternatively, you could just configure a network profile manually using the following templates so that you do not have to worry about using {{ic|wifi-menu}} at all.}}<br />
<br />
; Using manual netctl profiles<br />
<br />
Copy a network profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/wireless-wpa my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}, {{ic|ESSID}} and {{ic|Key}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
===== Connect automatically to known networks =====<br />
Enable the {{ic|netctl-auto}} service, which will connect to known networks and gracefully handle roaming and disconnects:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable netctl-auto@''interface_name''.service<br />
<br />
{{Tip|[[Netctl]] also provides {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunction with {{ic|netctl-auto}}.}}<br />
<br />
==== Analog modem, ISDN or PPoE DSL ====<br />
<br />
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see [[Direct Modem Connection]].<br />
<br />
=== Create an initial ramdisk environment ===<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Most users can skip this step and use the defaults provided in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}}. The initramfs image (from the {{ic|/boot}} folder) has already been generated based on this file when the {{Pkg|linux}} package (the Linux kernel) was installed earlier with {{ic|pacstrap}}.}}<br />
<br />
Here you need to set the right [[Mkinitcpio#HOOKS|hooks]] if the root is on a USB drive, if you use RAID, LVM, or if {{ic|/usr}} is on a separate partition.<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|/etc/mkinitcpio.conf}} as needed and re-generate the initramfs image with:<br />
<br />
# mkinitcpio -p linux<br />
<br />
{{Note|Arch VPS installations on QEMU (e.g. when using {{ic|virt-manager}}) may need {{ic|virtio}} modules in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}} to be able to boot.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/mkinitcpio.conf|2=<br />
MODULES="virtio virtio_blk virtio_pci virtio_net"}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Set the root password ===<br />
<br />
Set the root password with:<br />
<br />
# passwd<br />
<br />
=== Install and configure a bootloader ===<br />
<br />
==== For BIOS motherboards ====<br />
<br />
For BIOS systems, two bootloaders are available: Syslinux and GRUB. Choose the bootloader as per your convenience.<br />
<br />
* Syslinux is (currently) limited to loading only files from the partition where it was installed. Its configuration file is considered to be easier to understand. An example configuration can be found [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=1109328#p1109328 here].<br />
<br />
* GRUB is more feature-rich and supports more complex scenarios. Its configuration file(s) is more similar to a scripting language, which may be difficult for beginners to manually write. It is recommended that they automatically generate one.<br />
<br />
{{Note|Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}}<br />
<br />
===== Syslinux =====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you opted for a GUID partition table for your hard drive earlier, you need to install the {{Pkg|gptfdisk}} package now for this next step to work, assuming you haven't installed it already.}}<br />
<br />
Install the {{Pkg|syslinux}} package and then use the {{ic|syslinux-install_update}} script to automatically ''install'' the bootloader ({{ic|-i}}), mark the partition ''active'' by setting the boot flag ({{ic|-a}}), and install the ''MBR'' boot code ({{ic|-m}}):<br />
<br />
# pacman -S syslinux<br />
# syslinux-install_update -i -a -m<br />
<br />
Configure {{ic|syslinux.cfg}} to point to the right root partition. This step is vital. If it points to the wrong partition, Arch Linux will not boot. Change {{ic|/dev/sda3}} to reflect your root partition ''(if you partitioned your drive as in [[#Prepare the storage drive|the example]], your root partition is sda1)''. Do the same for the fallback entry.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg|2=<br />
...<br />
LABEL arch<br />
...<br />
APPEND root=/dev/sda3 ro<br />
...}}<br />
<br />
For more information on configuring and using Syslinux, see [[Syslinux]].<br />
<br />
===== GRUB =====<br />
<br />
Install the {{Pkg|grub-bios}} package and then run {{ic|grub-install}} to install the bootloader:<br />
<br />
{{Note|Change {{ic|/dev/sda}} to reflect the drive you installed Arch on. Do not append a partition number (do not use {{ic|sda''X''}}).}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|For GPT-partitioned drives on BIOS motherboards, you also need a "BIOS Boot Partition". See [[GRUB#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|GPT-specific instructions]] and [[GRUB#Install_to_GPT_BIOS_boot_partition|Install to GPT BIOS boot partition]] in the GRUB page.}}<br />
<br />
# pacman -S grub-bios<br />
# grub-install --recheck /dev/sda<br />
# cp /usr/share/locale/en\@quot/LC_MESSAGES/grub.mo /boot/grub/locale/en.mo<br />
<br />
{{Note| If it is an installation on virtualbox as guest, while running grub-install command as in above, you might get an error like "/usr/sbin/grub-bios-setup: warning: this GPT partition label contains no BIOS Boot Partition; embedding won't be possible". Executing {{ic|parted -s /dev/sda set 1 bios_grub on}} and then retrying ''grub-install'' should solve the problem.}}<br />
<br />
While using a manually created {{ic|grub.cfg}} is absolutely fine, it is recommended that beginners automatically generate one:<br />
<br />
{{Tip|To automatically search for other operating systems on your computer, install {{Pkg|os-prober}} ({{ic|pacman -S os-prober}}) before running the next command.}}<br />
<br />
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg<br />
<br />
For more information on configuring and using GRUB, see [[GRUB]].<br />
<br />
==== For UEFI motherboards ====<br />
<br />
For UEFI boot, the drive needs to be GPT-partitioned and an "[[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#EFI System Partition|UEFI System Partition]]" (512 MiB or larger, type {{ic|EF00}}, formatted with FAT32) must be present and mounted on {{ic|/boot}}. If you have followed this guide from the beginning, you have already done all of these.<br />
<br />
===== EFISTUB =====<br />
<br />
The Linux kernel can act as its own bootloader using EFISTUB. This is the UEFI boot method recommended by developers and simpler than using a separate bootloader.<br />
<br />
1. Install efibootmgr:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S efibootmgr<br />
<br />
2. Add Arch Linux boot entry, replacing '''sdaX''' with your root partition, usually '''sda2''':<br />
<br />
# efibootmgr -c -L "Arch Linux" -l /vmlinuz-linux -u "root=/dev/'''sdaX''' ro quiet initrd=/initramfs-linux.img"<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some systems, the above command will not work properly. It will execute without any visible error, but the UEFI boot menu will not have been correctly updated with a new entry. To determine whether the command executed properly, run {{ic|efibootmgr}} without any arguments and see if a new entry has appeared in the list displayed. If there is no new entry, then it will not be possible to boot Arch upon reboot, as the UEFI boot menu has been left unchanged. In this case, you will instead have to enter the UEFI shell and manually add an entry to the UEFI boot menu with the {{ic|bcfg}} command, as described [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#bcfg|here]].}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some ASUS motherboards, there is an EFI bug that always reports {{ic|MaxVariableSize&#61;0}}. Combined with a recent kernel that enforces checks on this value, this prevents {{ic|efibootmgr}} from setting new EFI variables. These motherboards do not support the UEFI Shell v2, so you cannot use the {{ic|bcfg}} method either. To work around this, add {{ic|efi_no_storage_paranoia}} to the kernel command line. You can do this by pressing "e" at the bootloader menu.}}<br />
<br />
===== Gummiboot Loader =====<br />
<br />
If you want to use a bootloader for dualbooting with other operating systems, gummiboot is the recommended loader. Download it, and let it install itself to {{ic|/boot}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S gummiboot<br />
# gummiboot install<br />
<br />
You will need to manually create a configuration file to add an entry for Arch Linux to the gummiboot loader. Create {{ic|/boot/loader/entries/arch.conf}} and add the following contents, replacing '''sdaX''' with your root partition, usually '''sda2''':<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf|2=<br />
title Arch Linux<br />
linux /vmlinuz-linux<br />
initrd /initramfs-linux.img<br />
options root=/dev/'''sdaX''' ro<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|For other bootloaders see [[UEFI Bootloaders]].}}<br />
<br />
=== Unmount the partitions and reboot ===<br />
<br />
Exit from the chroot environment:<br />
<br />
# exit<br />
<br />
Since the partitions are mounted under {{ic|/mnt}}, we use the following command to unmount them:<br />
<br />
# umount /mnt/{boot,home,}<br />
<br />
Reboot the computer:<br />
<br />
# reboot<br />
<br />
{{Tip|If you face error "/sbin/init does not exist" on next boot, look for systemd binary path and pass it as kernel argument while booting up. For example, "init &#61; /usr/lib/systemd/systemd" }}<br />
{{Tip|Be sure to remove the installation media, otherwise you will boot back into it.}}<noinclude><br />
{{Beginners' Guide navigation}}</noinclude></div>Dislikeyouhttps://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=Beginners%27_guide&diff=263892Beginners' guide2013-06-22T22:04:53Z<p>Dislikeyou: /* Create users and set the root password */</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
[[Category:Getting and installing Arch]]<br />
[[Category:About Arch]]<br />
[[ar:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[da:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[es:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[hr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[hu:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[it:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ja:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ko:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[nl:Beginners' Guide/Installatie]]<br />
[[pl:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[pt:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ro:Ghidul începătorilor/Instalare]]<br />
[[ru:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[sr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[zh-CN:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[zh-TW:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
{{Tip|This is part of a multi-page article for The Beginners' Guide. '''[[Beginners' Guide|Click here]]''' if you would rather read the guide in its entirety.}}<br />
</noinclude><br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
You are now presented with a shell prompt, automatically logged in as root.<br />
<br />
=== Change the language ===<br />
<br />
{{Tip|These are optional for the majority of users. Useful only if you plan on writing in your own language in any of the configuration files, if you use diacritical marks in the Wi-Fi password, or if you would like to receive system messages (e.g. possible errors) in your own language.}}<br />
<br />
By default, the keyboard layout is set to {{ic|us}}. If you have a non-[[Wikipedia:File:KB United States-NoAltGr.svg|US]] keyboard layout, run:<br />
<br />
# loadkeys ''layout''<br />
<br />
...where ''layout'' can be {{ic|fr}}, {{ic|uk}}, {{ic|dvorak}}, {{ic|be-latin1}}, etc. See [[KEYMAP#Keyboard layouts|here]] for a comprehensive list.<br />
<br />
The font should also be changed, because most languages use more glyphs than the 26 letter [[Wikipedia:English alphabet|English alphabet]]. Otherwise some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. Note that the name is case-sensitive, so please type it ''exactly'' as you see it:<br />
<br />
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16<br />
<br />
By default, the language is set to English (US). If you would like to change the language for the install process ''(German, in this example)'', remove the {{ic|#}} in front of the [http://www.greendesktiny.com/support/knowledgebase_detail.php?ref=EUH-483 locale] you want from {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}, along with English (US). Please choose the {{ic|UTF-8}} entry.<br />
<br />
Use {{Keypress|Ctrl+X}} to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press {{Keypress|Y}} and {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the same filename.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/locale.gen|<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
# export LANG=de_DE.UTF-8<br />
<br />
Remember, {{Keypress|LAlt+LShift}} activates and deactivates the keymap.<br />
<br />
=== Establish an internet connection ===<br />
<br />
{{Warning|As of v197, udev no longer assigns network interface names according to the wlanX and ethX naming scheme. If you are coming from a different distribution or are reinstalling Arch and not aware of the new interface naming style, please do not assume that your wireless interface is named wlan0, or that your wired interface is named eth0. You can use the command {{ic|ip link}} to discover the names of your interfaces.}}<br />
<br />
The {{ic|dhcpcd}} network daemon starts automatically during boot and it will attempt to start a wired connection. Try to ping a server to see if a connection was established. For example, Google's DNS servers:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ping -c 3 www.google.com|2=<br />
PING www.l.google.com (74.125.132.105) 56(84) bytes of data.<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=1 ttl=50 time=17.0 ms<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=2 ttl=50 time=18.2 ms<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=3 ttl=50 time=16.6 ms<br />
<br />
--- www.l.google.com ping statistics ---<br />
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms<br />
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 16.660/17.320/18.254/0.678 ms}}<br />
<br />
If you get a {{ic|ping: unknown host}} error, first check if there is an issue with your cable or wireless signal strength. If not, you will need to set up the network manually, as explained below. Once a connection is established move on to [[#Prepare the storage drive|Prepare the storage drive]].<br />
<br />
==== Wired ====<br />
<br />
Follow this procedure if you need to set up a wired connection via a static IP address.<br />
<br />
First, disable the dhcpcd service which was started automatically at boot:<br />
<br />
# systemctl stop dhcpcd.service<br />
<br />
Identify the name of your Ethernet interface.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ip link|<br />
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT<br />
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00<br />
2: enp2s0f0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000<br />
link/ether 00:11:25:31:69:20 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff<br />
3: wlp3s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT qlen 1000<br />
link/ether 01:02:03:04:05:06 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff}}<br />
<br />
In this example, the Ethernet interface is {{ic|enp2s0f0}}. If you are unsure, your Ethernet interface is likely to start with the letter "e", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "w". You can also use {{ic|iwconfig}} and see which interfaces are not wireless:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iwconfig|2=<br />
enp2s0f0 no wireless extensions.<br />
wlp3s0 IEEE 802.11bgn ESSID:"NETGEAR97"<br />
Mode:Managed Frequency:2.427 GHz Access Point: 2C:B0:5D:9C:72:BF<br />
Bit Rate=65 Mb/s Tx-Power=16 dBm<br />
Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off<br />
Power Management:on<br />
Link Quality=61/70 Signal level=-49 dBm<br />
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0<br />
Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:430 Missed beacon:0<br />
lo no wireless extensions.}}<br />
<br />
In this example, neither {{ic|enp2s0f0}} nor the loopback device have wireless extensions, meaning {{ic|enp2s0f0}} is our Ethernet interface.<br />
<br />
You also need to know these settings:<br />
<br />
* Static IP address.<br />
* Subnet mask.<br />
* Gateway's IP address.<br />
* Name servers' (DNS) IP addresses.<br />
* Domain name (unless you are on a local LAN, in which case you can make it up).<br />
<br />
Activate the connected Ethernet interface (e.g. {{ic|enp2s0f0}}):<br />
<br />
# ip link set enp2s0f0 up<br />
<br />
Add the address:<br />
<br />
# ip addr add ''ip_address''/''subnetmask'' dev ''interface_name''<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
# ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev enp2s0f0<br />
<br />
For more options, run {{ic|man ip}}.<br />
<br />
Add your gateway like this, substituting your own gateway's IP address:<br />
<br />
# ip route add default via ''ip_address''<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
# ip route add default via 192.168.1.1<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|resolv.conf}}, substituting your name servers' IP addresses and your local domain name:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/resolv.conf|<br />
nameserver 61.23.173.5<br />
nameserver 61.95.849.8<br />
search example.com}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|Currently, you may include a maximum of three {{ic|nameserver}} lines.}}<br />
<br />
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Network Configuration]] page.<br />
<br />
==== Wireless ====<br />
<br />
Follow this procedure if you need wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi) during the installation process.<br />
<br />
First, identify the name of your wireless interface.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iw dev|2=<br />
phy#0<br />
Interface wlp3s0<br />
ifindex 3<br />
wdev 0x1<br />
addr 00:21:6a:5e:52:bc<br />
type managed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In this example, {{ic|wlp3s0}} is the available wireless interface. If you are unsure, your wireless interface is likely to start with the letter "w", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "e". <br />
<br />
{{Note|If you do not see output similar to this, then your wireless driver has not been loaded. If this is the case, you must load the driver yourself. Please see [[Wireless Setup]] for more detailed information.}}<br />
<br />
Bring the interface up with:<br />
<br />
# ip link set wlp3s0 up<br />
<br />
A small percentage of wireless chipsets also require firmware, in addition to a corresponding driver. If you get output like {{ic|SIOCSIFFLAGS: No such file or directory}}, this means you will need to manually load the firmware. If unsure, invoke {{ic|dmesg}} to query the kernel log for a firmware request from the wireless chipset. For example, if you have an Intel chipset which requires and has requested firmware from the kernel at boot:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# dmesg <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep firmware|<br />
firmware: requesting iwlwifi-5000-1.ucode}}<br />
<br />
If there is no output, it may be concluded that the system's wireless chipset does not require firmware.<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Wireless chipset firmware packages (for cards which require them) are pre-installed under {{ic|/usr/lib/firmware}} in the live environment (on CD/USB stick) '''but must be explicitly installed to your actual system to provide wireless functionality after you reboot into it!''' Package installation is covered later in this guide. Ensure installation of both your wireless module and firmware before rebooting! See [[Wireless Setup]] if you are unsure about the requirement of corresponding firmware installation for your particular chipset.}}<br />
<br />
Next, use {{Pkg|netctl}}'s {{ic|wifi-menu}} to connect to a network:<br />
<br />
# wifi-menu wlp3s0<br />
<br />
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Wireless Setup]] page.<br />
<br />
Alternatively, use {{ic|iw dev wlp3s0 scan <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep SSID}} to scan for available networks, then connect to a network with:<br />
<br />
# wpa_supplicant -B -i wlp3s0 -c <(wpa_passphrase "''ssid''" "''psk''")<br />
<br />
You need to replace ''ssid'' with the name of your network (e.g. "Linksys etc...") and ''psk'' with your wireless password, '''leaving the quotes around the network name and password.'''<br />
<br />
Finally, you have to give your interface an IP address. This can be set manually or using the dhcp:<br />
<br />
# dhcpd wlp3s0<br />
<br />
==== Analog modem, ISDN or PPoE DSL ====<br />
<br />
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see [[Direct Modem Connection]].<br />
<br />
==== Behind a proxy server ====<br />
<br />
If you are behind a proxy server, you will need to export the {{ic|http_proxy}} and {{ic|ftp_proxy}} environment variables. See [[Proxy settings]] for more information.<br />
<br />
=== Prepare the storage drive ===<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Partitioning can destroy data. You are '''strongly''' cautioned and advised to backup any critical data before proceeding.}}<br />
<br />
Absolute beginners are encouraged to use a graphical partitioning tool. [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/download.php GParted] is a good example, and is [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php provided as a "live" CD]. It is also included on live CDs of most Linux distributions such as [[Wikipedia:Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] and [[Wikipedia:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]]. A drive should first be [[partitioning|partitioned]] and the partitions should be formatted with a [[File Systems|file system]] before rebooting.<br />
<br />
The recommendation for a system that will boot via UEFI rather than MBR legacy boot is to format the drive using a GPT partition table. This means that if the drive was previously already partitioned with an MBR (MSDOS) partition table it will now have a new partition table created which will destroy all other data on the drive. Once the new partition table has been created on a drive, only then can individual partitions be created with any chosen format type. When using Gparted, selecting the option to create a new partition table gives an "msdos" partition table by default. If you are intending to follow the advice to create a GPT partition table then you need to choose "Advanced" and then select "gpt" from the drop-down menu. This cannot be done if you have a pre-existing Windows installation on the drive which you wish not to destroy. It is therefore extremely important to not change the partition table to GPT if you intend on having a dual boot system. Leave the Windows install untouched and try to get the Linux install working with UEFI on a drive that contains an MBR (legacy) partition table. <br />
<br />
In addition, some newer computers come pre-installed with Windows 8 which will be using Secure Boot. Arch Linux currently does not support Secure Boot, but some Windows 8 installations have been seen not to boot if Secure Boot is turned off in the BIOS. In some cases it is necessary to turn off both Secure Boot as well as Fastboot in the BIOS options in order to allow Windows 8 to boot without Secure Boot. However there are potential security risks in turning off Secure Boot for booting up Windows 8. Therefore, it may be a better option to keep the Windows 8 install intact and have an independent hard drive for the Linux install - which can then be partitioned from scratch using a GPT partition table. Once that is done, creating several ext4/FAT32/swap partitions on the second drive may be a better way forward if the computer has two drives available. This is often not easy or possible on a small laptop. Currently, Secure Boot is still not in a fully stable state for reliable operation, even for Linux distributions that support it.<br />
<br />
See [[Swap]] for details if you wish to set up a swap partition or swap file. A swap file is easier to resize than a partition and can be created at any point after installation, but cannot be used with a Btrfs filesystem.<br />
<br />
If you have already done so, proceed to [[#Mount the partitions|Mount the partitions]].<br />
<br />
Otherwise, see the following example.<br />
<br />
==== Example ====<br />
<br />
The Arch Linux install media includes the following partitioning tools: {{ic|fdisk}}, {{ic|gdisk}}, {{ic|cfdisk}}, {{ic|cgdisk}}, {{ic|parted}}.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Use the {{ic|lsblk}} command to list the hard disks attached to your system, along with the sizes of their existing partitions. This will help you to be confident you are partitioning the right disk.}}<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[UEFI]] boot:|<br />
* If you have a UEFI motherboard, you will need to create an extra [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#EFI_System_Partition|UEFI System Partition]].<br />
* It is recommended to always use GPT for UEFI boot, as some UEFI firmwares do not allow UEFI-MBR boot.}}<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[GPT]] partitioning:|<br />
* If you are not dual booting with Windows, then it is advisable to use GPT instead of MBR. Read [[GPT]] for a list of advantages.<br />
* If you have a BIOS motherboard (or plan on booting in BIOS compatibility mode) and you want to setup GRUB on a GPT-partitioned drive, you will need to create an extra [[GRUB#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|BIOS Boot Partition]] of size 1007 KiB and {{ic|EF02}} type code. Syslinux does not need one.<br />
* Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you are installing to a USB flash key, see [[Installing Arch Linux on a USB key]].}}<br />
<br />
The example system will contain a 15 GB root partition, and a [[Partitioning#/home|home]] partition for the remaining space. Choose either [[MBR]] or [[GPT]]. Do not choose both!<br />
<br />
It should be emphasized that partitioning is a personal choice and that this example is only for illustrative purposes. See [[Partitioning]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''MBR'''<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ic|cfdisk&nbsp;/dev/sda}}<br />
| '''Root:'''<br />
<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – type in "15360" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Beginning – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Bootable.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
'''Home:'''<br />
<br />
* Press the down arrow to move to the free space area.<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''GPT'''<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ic|cgdisk&nbsp;/dev/sda}}<br />
| '''Root:'''<br />
<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector (2048) – type in "15G" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name.<br />
|-<br />
| '''Home:'''<br />
<br />
* Press the down arrow a couple of times to move to the larger free space area.<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size; for example "30G") – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
If you chose MBR, here is what it should look like:<br />
<br />
Name Flags Part Type FS Type [Label] Size (MB)<br />
-----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
sda1 Boot Primary Linux 15360<br />
sda2 Primary Linux 133000*<br />
<br />
If you chose GPT, here is what it should look like:<br />
<br />
Part. # Size Partition Type Partition Name<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------<br />
1007.0 KiB free space<br />
1 15.0 GiB Linux filesystem<br />
2 123.45 GiB Linux filesystem<br />
<br />
Double check and make sure that you are happy with the partition sizes as well as the partition table layout before continuing.<br />
<br />
If you would like to start over, you can simply select Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without saving changes and then restart cfdisk (or cgdisk).<br />
<br />
If you are satisfied, choose Write (or press {{Keypress|Shift+W}}) to finalize and to write the partition table to the drive. Type "yes" and choose Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without making any more changes.<br />
<br />
Simply partitioning is not enough; the partitions also need a [[File Systems|filesystem]]. To format the partitions with an ext4 filesystem:<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Double check and triple check that it is actually {{ic|/dev/sda1}} and {{ic|/dev/sda2}} that you want to format. You can use {{ic|lsblk}} to help with this.}}<br />
<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2<br />
<br />
If you have made a partition dedicated to swap (code 82), do not forget to format and activate it with:<br />
<br />
# mkswap /dev/sda''X''<br />
# swapon /dev/sda''X''<br />
<br />
=== Mount the partitions ===<br />
<br />
Each partition is identified with a number suffix. For example, {{ic|sda1}} specifies the first partition of the first drive, while {{ic|sda}} designates the entire drive.<br />
<br />
To display the current partition layout:<br />
<br />
# lsblk /dev/sda<br />
<br />
{{Note|Do not mount more than one partition to the same directory. And pay attention, because the mounting order is important.}}<br />
<br />
First, mount the root partition on {{ic|/mnt}}. Following the example when using {{ic|cfdisk}} above (yours may be different), it would be:<br />
<br />
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt<br />
<br />
Then mount the home partition and any other separate partition ({{ic|/boot}}, {{ic|/var}}, etc), if you have any:<br />
<br />
# mkdir /mnt/home<br />
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/home<br />
<br />
In case you have a UEFI motherboard, mount the UEFI partition:<br />
<br />
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot/efi<br />
# mount /dev/sda''X'' /mnt/boot/efi<br />
<br />
=== Select a mirror ===<br />
<br />
Before installing, you may want to edit the {{ic|mirrorlist}} file and place your preferred mirror first. A copy of this file will be installed on your new system by {{ic|pacstrap}} as well, so it is worth getting it right.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist|<br />
##<br />
## Arch Linux repository mirrorlist<br />
## Sorted by mirror score from mirror status page<br />
## Generated on 2012-MM-DD<br />
##<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Server = http://mirror.example.xyz/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch</nowiki><br />
...}}<br />
<br />
* {{Keypress|Alt+6}} to copy a {{ic|Server}} line.<br />
* {{Keypress|PageUp}} key to scroll up.<br />
* {{Keypress|Ctrl+U}} to paste it at the top of the list.<br />
* {{Keypress|Ctrl+X}} to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press {{Keypress|Y}} and {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the same filename.<br />
<br />
If you want, you can make it the ''only'' mirror available by getting rid of everything else (using {{Keypress|Ctrl+K}}), but it is usually a good idea to have a few more, in case the first one goes offline.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|<br />
* Use the [https://www.archlinux.org/mirrorlist/ Mirrorlist Generator] to get an updated list for your country. HTTP mirrors are faster than FTP, because of something called [[Wikipedia:Keepalive|keepalive]]. With FTP, pacman has to send out a signal each time it downloads a package, resulting in a brief pause. For other ways to generate a mirror list, see [[Mirrors#Sorting mirrors|Sorting mirrors]] and [[Reflector]].<br />
* [https://archlinux.org/mirrors/status/ Arch Linux MirrorStatus] reports various aspects about the mirrors such as network problems with mirrors, data collection problems, the last time mirrors have been synced, etc.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|<br />
* Whenever in the future you change your list of mirrors, always remember to force pacman to refresh all package lists with {{ic|pacman -Syy}}. This is considered to be good practice and will avoid possible headaches. See [[Mirrors]] for more information.<br />
* If you are using an older installation medium, your mirrorlist might be outdated, which might lead to problems when updating Arch Linux (see {{Bug|22510}}). Therefore it is advised to obtain the latest mirror information as described above.<br />
* Some issues have been reported in the [https://bbs.archlinux.org/ Arch Linux forums] regarding network problems that prevent pacman from updating/synchronizing repositories (see [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id&#61;68944] and [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id&#61;65728]). When installing Arch Linux natively, these issues have been resolved by replacing the default pacman file downloader with an alternative (see [[Improve Pacman Performance]] for more details). When installing Arch Linux as a guest OS in [[VirtualBox]], this issue has also been addressed by using "Host interface" instead of "NAT" in the machine properties.}}<br />
<br />
=== Install the base system ===<br />
<br />
The base system is installed using the [https://github.com/falconindy/arch-install-scripts/blob/master/pacstrap.in pacstrap] script.<br />
<br />
The {{ic|-i}} switch can be omitted if you wish to install every package from the ''base'' group without prompting.<br />
<br />
# pacstrap -i /mnt base<br />
<br />
{{Note|If pacman fails to verify your packages, check the system time with {{ic|cal}}. If the system date is invalid (e.g. it shows the year 2010), signing keys will be considered expired (or invalid), signature checks on packages will fail and installation will be interrupted. Make sure to correct the system time, either by doing so manually or with the {{Pkg|ntp}} client, and retry running the pacstrap command. Refer to [[Time]] page for more information on correcting system time.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If pacman complains that {{ic|error: failed to commit transaction (invalid or corrupted package)}}, run the following command:<br />
# pacman-key --init && pacman-key --populate archlinux<br />
}}<br />
<br />
This will give you a basic Arch system. Other packages can be installed later using [[pacman]].<br />
<br />
=== Generate an fstab ===<br />
<br />
Generate an [[fstab]] file with the following command. UUIDs will be used because they have certain advantages (see [[fstab#Identifying filesystems]]). If you would prefer to use labels instead, replace the {{ic|-U}} option with {{ic|-L}}.<br />
<br />
# genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
# nano /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
<br />
{{Warning|The fstab file should always be checked after generating it. If you encounter errors running genfstab or later in the install process, do '''not''' run genfstab again; just edit the fstab file.}}<br />
<br />
A few considerations:<br />
<br />
* The last field determines the order that in which partitions are checked at start up : {{ic|1}} , {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}} (see [[fstab#Field definitions]]).<br />
* Only the root ({{ic|/}}) partition needs {{ic|1}} for the last field. Everything else should have either {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}}.<br />
* You will normally want your ''swap'' partition to have {{ic|0}} i.e. 'do not check'.<br />
<br />
=== Chroot and configure the base system ===<br />
<br />
Next, we [[chroot]] into our newly installed system:<br />
<br />
# arch-chroot /mnt<br />
<br />
{{Note|Use {{ic|arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash}} to chroot into a bash shell.}}<br />
At this stage of the installation, you will configure the primary configuration files of your Arch Linux base system. These can either be created if they do not exist, or edited if you wish to change the defaults.<br />
<br />
Closely following and understanding these steps is of key importance to ensure a properly configured system.<br />
<br />
==== Locale ====<br />
<br />
Locales are used by '''glibc''' and other locale-aware programs or libraries for rendering text, correctly displaying regional monetary values, time and date formats, alphabetic idiosyncrasies, and other locale-specific standards.<br />
<br />
There are two files that need editing: {{ic|locale.gen}} and {{ic|locale.conf}}.<br />
<br />
* The {{ic|locale.gen}} file is empty by default (everything is commented out) and you need to remove the {{ic|#}} in front of the line(s) you want. You may uncomment more lines than just English (US), as long as you choose their {{ic|UTF-8}} encoding:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/locale.gen|<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
<br />
This will run on every '''glibc''' upgrade, generating all the locales specified in {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}.<br />
<br />
* The {{ic|locale.conf}} file does not exist by default. Setting only {{ic|LANG}} should be enough. It will act as the default value for all other variables.<br />
<br />
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you set some other language than English (US) at the beginning of the install, the above commands would be something like:<br />
# echo LANG<nowiki>=</nowiki>de_DE.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG<nowiki>=</nowiki>de_DE.UTF-8<br />
}}<br />
<br />
To use other locales for other {{ic|LC_*}} variables, run {{ic|locale}} to see the available options and add them to {{ic|locale.conf}}. It is not recommended to set the {{ic|LC_ALL}} variable. An advanced example can be found [[Locale#Setting_system-wide_locale|here]].<br />
<br />
==== Console font and keymap ====<br />
<br />
If you set a keymap at [[#Change_the_language|the beginning]] of the install process, load it now, as well, because the environment has changed. For example:<br />
<br />
# loadkeys ''de-latin1''<br />
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16<br />
<br />
To make them available after reboot, edit {{ic|vconsole.conf}}:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/vconsole.conf|2=<br />
KEYMAP=de-latin1<br />
FONT=Lat2-Terminus16<br />
}}<br />
<br />
* {{ic|KEYMAP}} – Please note that this setting is only valid for your TTYs, not any graphical window managers or Xorg.<br />
<br />
* {{ic|FONT}} – Available alternate console fonts reside in {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/}}. The default (blank) is safe, but some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. It is recommended that you change it to {{ic|Lat2-Terminus16}}, because according to {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/README.Lat2-Terminus16}}, it claims to support "about 110 language sets".<br />
<br />
* Possible option {{ic|FONT_MAP}} – Defines the console map to load at boot. Read {{ic|man setfont}}. Removing it or leaving it blank is safe.<br />
<br />
See [[Fonts#Console_fonts|Console fonts]] and {{ic|man vconsole.conf}} for more information.<br />
<br />
==== Time zone ====<br />
<br />
Available time zones and subzones can be found in the {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>}} directories.<br />
<br />
To view the available <Zone>, check the directory {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/}}:<br />
<br />
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/<br />
<br />
Similarly, you can check the contents of directories belonging to a <SubZone>:<br />
<br />
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe<br />
<br />
Create a symbolic link {{ic|/etc/localtime}} to your zone file {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>}} using this command:<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone> /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Minsk /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
==== Hardware clock ====<br />
<br />
Set the hardware clock mode uniformly between your operating systems. Otherwise, they may overwrite the hardware clock and cause time shifts.<br />
<br />
You can generate {{ic|/etc/adjtime}} automatically by using one of the following commands:<br />
<br />
* '''UTC''' (recommended)<br />
<br />
: {{Note|Using [[Wikipedia:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] for the hardware clock does not mean that software will display time in UTC.}}<br />
<br />
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --utc}}<br />
<br />
To synchronize your "UTC" time over the internet, see [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]].<br />
<br />
* '''localtime''' (discouraged; used by default in Windows)<br />
<br />
: {{Warning|Using ''localtime'' may lead to several known and unfixable bugs. However, there are no plans to drop support for ''localtime''.}}<br />
<br />
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --localtime}}<br />
<br />
If you have (or planning on having) a dual boot setup with Windows:<br />
<br />
* Recommended: Set both Arch Linux and Windows to use UTC. A quick [[Time#UTC in Windows|registry fix]] is needed. Also, be sure to prevent Windows from synchronizing the time on-line, because the hardware clock will default back to ''localtime''.<br />
<br />
* Not recommended: Set Arch Linux to ''localtime'' and disable any time-related services, like [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]] . This will let Windows take care of hardware clock corrections and you will need to remember to boot into Windows at least two times a year (in Spring and Autumn) when [[Wikipedia:Daylight saving time|DST]] kicks in. So please do not ask on the forums why the clock is one hour behind or ahead if you usually go for days or weeks without booting into Windows.<br />
<br />
==== Kernel modules ====<br />
<br />
{{Tip|This is just an example, you do not need to set it. All needed modules are automatically loaded by udev, so you will rarely need to add something here. Only add modules that you know are missing.}}<br />
<br />
For kernel modules to load during boot, place a {{ic|*.conf}} file in {{ic|/etc/modules-load.d/}}, with a name based on the program that uses them.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/modules-load.d/virtio-net.conf|<br />
# Load 'virtio-net.ko' at boot.<br />
<br />
virtio-net}}<br />
<br />
If there are more modules to load per {{ic|*.conf}}, the module names can be separated by newlines. A good example are the [[VirtualBox#Arch Linux guests|VirtualBox Guest Additions]].<br />
<br />
Empty lines and lines starting with {{ic|#}} or {{ic|;}} are ignored.<br />
<br />
==== Hostname ====<br />
<br />
Set the [[Wikipedia:hostname|hostname]] to your liking (e.g. ''arch''):<br />
<br />
# echo ''myhostname'' > /etc/hostname<br />
<br />
{{Note|There is no need to edit {{ic|/etc/hosts}}.}}<br />
<br />
=== Configure the network ===<br />
<br />
You need to configure the network again, but this time for your newly installed environment. The procedure and prerequisites are very similar to the one described [[#Establish an internet connection|above]], except we are going to make it persistent and automatically run at boot.<br />
<br />
{{Note|For more in-depth information on network configration, visit [[Network Configuration]] and [[Wireless Setup]].}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you would like to use the old interface naming scheme (ie. eth* and wlan*) you can accomplish this by creating an empty file at {{ic|/etc/udev/rules.d/80-net-name-slot.rules}} which will mask the file of the same name located under {{ic|/usr/lib/udev/rules.d}} (alternatively, instead of an empty file, using a symlink to {{ic|/dev/null}} is also an acceptable masking method).}}<br />
<br />
==== Wired ====<br />
<br />
===== Dynamic IP =====<br />
<br />
; Using dhcpcd<br />
<br />
If you only use a single fixed wired network connection, you do not need a network management service and can simply enable the {{ic|dhcpcd}} service. Here, {{ic|''interface_name''}} is your wired interface:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable dhcpcd@''interface_name''.service<br />
<br />
; Using netctl<br />
<br />
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/ethernet-dhcp my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
Enable the {{ic|my-network}} profile:<br />
<br />
# netctl enable my-network<br />
<br />
; Using netctl-ifplugd<br />
<br />
Alternatively, you can use {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}, which gracefully handles dynamic connections to new networks:<br />
<br />
Install {{Pkg|ifplugd}}, which is required for {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S ifplugd<br />
<br />
Then enable for interface that you want:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable netctl-ifplugd@<interface>.service<br />
<br />
{{Tip|[[Netctl]] also provides {{ic|netctl-auto}}, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunction with {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}.}}<br />
<br />
===== Static IP =====<br />
<br />
; Using netctl<br />
<br />
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/ethernet-static my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}, {{ic|Address}}, {{ic|Gateway}} and {{ic|DNS}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
* Notice the {{ic|/24}} in {{ic|Address}} which is the [[wikipedia:Classless Inter-Domain Routing#CIDR notation|CIDR notation]] of a {{ic|255.255.255.0}} netmask<br />
<br />
Enable above created profile to start it at every boot:<br />
<br />
# netctl enable my-network<br />
<br />
==== Wireless ====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If your wireless adapter requires a firmware (as described in the above [[#Wireless|Establish an internet connection]] section and also [[Wireless Setup#Drivers and firmware|here]]), install the package containing your firmware. Most of the time, the {{Pkg|linux-firmware}} package will contain the needed firmware. Though for some devices, the required firmware might be in its own package. For example:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S zd1211-firmware}}<br />
See [[Wireless Setup]] for more info.}}<br />
<br />
Install {{pkg|iw}}, {{pkg|wpa_supplicant}} and {{pkg|wpa_actiond}} which you will need to connect to a network:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S iw wpa_supplicant wpa_actiond<br />
<br />
===== Adding wireless networks =====<br />
; Using wifi-menu<br />
<br />
Install {{pkg|dialog}}, which is required for {{ic|wifi-menu}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S dialog<br />
<br />
After finishing the rest of this installation and rebooting, you can connect to the network with {{ic|wifi-menu ''interface_name''}} (where {{ic|''interface_name''}} is the interface of your wireless chipset).<br />
<br />
# wifi-menu ''interface_name''<br />
<br />
{{Warning|This must be done *after* your reboot when you are no longer chrooted. The process spawned by this command will conflict with the one you have running outside of the chroot. Alternatively, you could just configure a network profile manually using the following templates so that you do not have to worry about using {{ic|wifi-menu}} at all.}}<br />
<br />
; Using manual netctl profiles<br />
<br />
Copy a network profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/wireless-wpa my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}, {{ic|ESSID}} and {{ic|Key}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
===== Connect automatically to known networks =====<br />
Enable the {{ic|netctl-auto}} service, which will connect to known networks and gracefully handle roaming and disconnects:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable netctl-auto@''interface_name''.service<br />
<br />
{{Tip|[[Netctl]] also provides {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunction with {{ic|netctl-auto}}.}}<br />
<br />
==== Analog modem, ISDN or PPoE DSL ====<br />
<br />
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see [[Direct Modem Connection]].<br />
<br />
=== Create an initial ramdisk environment ===<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Most users can skip this step and use the defaults provided in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}}. The initramfs image (from the {{ic|/boot}} folder) has already been generated based on this file when the {{Pkg|linux}} package (the Linux kernel) was installed earlier with {{ic|pacstrap}}.}}<br />
<br />
Here you need to set the right [[Mkinitcpio#HOOKS|hooks]] if the root is on a USB drive, if you use RAID, LVM, or if {{ic|/usr}} is on a separate partition.<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|/etc/mkinitcpio.conf}} as needed and re-generate the initramfs image with:<br />
<br />
# mkinitcpio -p linux<br />
<br />
{{Note|Arch VPS installations on QEMU (e.g. when using {{ic|virt-manager}}) may need {{ic|virtio}} modules in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}} to be able to boot.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/mkinitcpio.conf|2=<br />
MODULES="virtio virtio_blk virtio_pci virtio_net"}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Add users and set the root password ===<br />
<br />
Set the root password with:<br />
# passwd<br />
<br />
Add user: (change arch with your desired username):<br />
# useradd -m -g users -G wheel,storage,power -s /bin/bash arch<br />
<br />
Change user password:<br />
# passwd arch<br />
<br />
<br />
Allow users of the wheel group to use sudo command:<br />
<br />
Install:<br />
# pacman -S sudo<br />
<br />
Run:<br />
# EDITOR=nano visudo<br />
<br />
And uncomment the "%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL" line, ctrl + x to save.<br />
<br />
=== Install and configure a bootloader ===<br />
<br />
==== For BIOS motherboards ====<br />
<br />
For BIOS systems, two bootloaders are available: Syslinux and GRUB. Choose the bootloader as per your convenience.<br />
<br />
* Syslinux is (currently) limited to loading only files from the partition where it was installed. Its configuration file is considered to be easier to understand. An example configuration can be found [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=1109328#p1109328 here].<br />
<br />
* GRUB is more feature-rich and supports more complex scenarios. Its configuration file(s) is more similar to a scripting language, which may be difficult for beginners to manually write. It is recommended that they automatically generate one.<br />
<br />
{{Note|Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}}<br />
<br />
===== Syslinux =====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you opted for a GUID partition table for your hard drive earlier, you need to install the {{Pkg|gptfdisk}} package now for this next step to work, assuming you haven't installed it already.}}<br />
<br />
Install the {{Pkg|syslinux}} package and then use the {{ic|syslinux-install_update}} script to automatically ''install'' the bootloader ({{ic|-i}}), mark the partition ''active'' by setting the boot flag ({{ic|-a}}), and install the ''MBR'' boot code ({{ic|-m}}):<br />
<br />
# pacman -S syslinux<br />
# syslinux-install_update -i -a -m<br />
<br />
Configure {{ic|syslinux.cfg}} to point to the right root partition. This step is vital. If it points to the wrong partition, Arch Linux will not boot. Change {{ic|/dev/sda3}} to reflect your root partition ''(if you partitioned your drive as in [[#Prepare the storage drive|the example]], your root partition is sda1)''. Do the same for the fallback entry.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg|2=<br />
...<br />
LABEL arch<br />
...<br />
APPEND root=/dev/sda3 ro<br />
...}}<br />
<br />
For more information on configuring and using Syslinux, see [[Syslinux]].<br />
<br />
===== GRUB =====<br />
<br />
Install the {{Pkg|grub-bios}} package and then run {{ic|grub-install}} to install the bootloader:<br />
<br />
{{Note|Change {{ic|/dev/sda}} to reflect the drive you installed Arch on. Do not append a partition number (do not use {{ic|sda''X''}}).}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|For GPT-partitioned drives on BIOS motherboards, you also need a "BIOS Boot Partition". See [[GRUB#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|GPT-specific instructions]] and [[GRUB#Install_to_GPT_BIOS_boot_partition|Install to GPT BIOS boot partition]] in the GRUB page.}}<br />
<br />
# pacman -S grub-bios<br />
# grub-install --recheck /dev/sda<br />
# cp /usr/share/locale/en\@quot/LC_MESSAGES/grub.mo /boot/grub/locale/en.mo<br />
<br />
{{Note| If it is an installation on virtualbox as guest, while running grub-install command as in above, you might get an error like "/usr/sbin/grub-bios-setup: warning: this GPT partition label contains no BIOS Boot Partition; embedding won't be possible". Executing {{ic|parted -s /dev/sda set 1 bios_grub on}} and then retrying ''grub-install'' should solve the problem.}}<br />
<br />
While using a manually created {{ic|grub.cfg}} is absolutely fine, it is recommended that beginners automatically generate one:<br />
<br />
{{Tip|To automatically search for other operating systems on your computer, install {{Pkg|os-prober}} ({{ic|pacman -S os-prober}}) before running the next command.}}<br />
<br />
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg<br />
<br />
For more information on configuring and using GRUB, see [[GRUB]].<br />
<br />
==== For UEFI motherboards ====<br />
<br />
For UEFI boot, the drive needs to be GPT-partitioned and an "[[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#EFI System Partition|UEFI System Partition]]" (512 MiB or larger, type {{ic|EF00}}, formatted with FAT32) must be present and mounted on {{ic|/boot}}. If you have followed this guide from the beginning, you have already done all of these.<br />
<br />
===== EFISTUB =====<br />
<br />
The Linux kernel can act as its own bootloader using EFISTUB. This is the UEFI boot method recommended by developers and simpler than using a separate bootloader.<br />
<br />
1. Install efibootmgr:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S efibootmgr<br />
<br />
2. Add Arch Linux boot entry, replacing '''sdaX''' with your root partition, usually '''sda2''':<br />
<br />
# efibootmgr -c -L "Arch Linux" -l /vmlinuz-linux -u "root=/dev/'''sdaX''' ro quiet initrd=/initramfs-linux.img"<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some systems, the above command will not work properly. It will execute without any visible error, but the UEFI boot menu will not have been correctly updated with a new entry. To determine whether the command executed properly, run {{ic|efibootmgr}} without any arguments and see if a new entry has appeared in the list displayed. If there is no new entry, then it will not be possible to boot Arch upon reboot, as the UEFI boot menu has been left unchanged. In this case, you will instead have to enter the UEFI shell and manually add an entry to the UEFI boot menu with the {{ic|bcfg}} command, as described [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#bcfg|here]].}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some ASUS motherboards, there is an EFI bug that always reports {{ic|MaxVariableSize&#61;0}}. Combined with a recent kernel that enforces checks on this value, this prevents {{ic|efibootmgr}} from setting new EFI variables. These motherboards do not support the UEFI Shell v2, so you cannot use the {{ic|bcfg}} method either. To work around this, add {{ic|efi_no_storage_paranoia}} to the kernel command line. You can do this by pressing "e" at the bootloader menu.}}<br />
<br />
===== Gummiboot Loader =====<br />
<br />
If you want to use a bootloader for dualbooting with other operating systems, gummiboot is the recommended loader. Download it, and let it install itself to {{ic|/boot}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S gummiboot<br />
# gummiboot install<br />
<br />
You will need to manually create a configuration file to add an entry for Arch Linux to the gummiboot loader. Create {{ic|/boot/loader/entries/arch.conf}} and add the following contents, replacing '''sdaX''' with your root partition, usually '''sda2''':<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf|2=<br />
title Arch Linux<br />
linux /vmlinuz-linux<br />
initrd /initramfs-linux.img<br />
options root=/dev/'''sdaX''' ro<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|For other bootloaders see [[UEFI Bootloaders]].}}<br />
<br />
=== Unmount the partitions and reboot ===<br />
<br />
Exit from the chroot environment:<br />
<br />
# exit<br />
<br />
Since the partitions are mounted under {{ic|/mnt}}, we use the following command to unmount them:<br />
<br />
# umount /mnt/{boot,home,}<br />
<br />
Reboot the computer:<br />
<br />
# reboot<br />
<br />
{{Tip|If you face error "/sbin/init does not exist" on next boot, look for systemd binary path and pass it as kernel argument while booting up. For example, "init &#61; /usr/lib/systemd/systemd" }}<br />
{{Tip|Be sure to remove the installation media, otherwise you will boot back into it.}}<noinclude><br />
{{Beginners' Guide navigation}}</noinclude></div>Dislikeyouhttps://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=Beginners%27_guide&diff=263891Beginners' guide2013-06-22T22:01:24Z<p>Dislikeyou: /* Set the root password */</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
[[Category:Getting and installing Arch]]<br />
[[Category:About Arch]]<br />
[[ar:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[da:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[es:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[hr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[hu:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[it:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ja:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ko:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[nl:Beginners' Guide/Installatie]]<br />
[[pl:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[pt:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ro:Ghidul începătorilor/Instalare]]<br />
[[ru:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[sr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[zh-CN:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[zh-TW:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
{{Tip|This is part of a multi-page article for The Beginners' Guide. '''[[Beginners' Guide|Click here]]''' if you would rather read the guide in its entirety.}}<br />
</noinclude><br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
You are now presented with a shell prompt, automatically logged in as root.<br />
<br />
=== Change the language ===<br />
<br />
{{Tip|These are optional for the majority of users. Useful only if you plan on writing in your own language in any of the configuration files, if you use diacritical marks in the Wi-Fi password, or if you would like to receive system messages (e.g. possible errors) in your own language.}}<br />
<br />
By default, the keyboard layout is set to {{ic|us}}. If you have a non-[[Wikipedia:File:KB United States-NoAltGr.svg|US]] keyboard layout, run:<br />
<br />
# loadkeys ''layout''<br />
<br />
...where ''layout'' can be {{ic|fr}}, {{ic|uk}}, {{ic|dvorak}}, {{ic|be-latin1}}, etc. See [[KEYMAP#Keyboard layouts|here]] for a comprehensive list.<br />
<br />
The font should also be changed, because most languages use more glyphs than the 26 letter [[Wikipedia:English alphabet|English alphabet]]. Otherwise some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. Note that the name is case-sensitive, so please type it ''exactly'' as you see it:<br />
<br />
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16<br />
<br />
By default, the language is set to English (US). If you would like to change the language for the install process ''(German, in this example)'', remove the {{ic|#}} in front of the [http://www.greendesktiny.com/support/knowledgebase_detail.php?ref=EUH-483 locale] you want from {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}, along with English (US). Please choose the {{ic|UTF-8}} entry.<br />
<br />
Use {{Keypress|Ctrl+X}} to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press {{Keypress|Y}} and {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the same filename.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/locale.gen|<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
# export LANG=de_DE.UTF-8<br />
<br />
Remember, {{Keypress|LAlt+LShift}} activates and deactivates the keymap.<br />
<br />
=== Establish an internet connection ===<br />
<br />
{{Warning|As of v197, udev no longer assigns network interface names according to the wlanX and ethX naming scheme. If you are coming from a different distribution or are reinstalling Arch and not aware of the new interface naming style, please do not assume that your wireless interface is named wlan0, or that your wired interface is named eth0. You can use the command {{ic|ip link}} to discover the names of your interfaces.}}<br />
<br />
The {{ic|dhcpcd}} network daemon starts automatically during boot and it will attempt to start a wired connection. Try to ping a server to see if a connection was established. For example, Google's DNS servers:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ping -c 3 www.google.com|2=<br />
PING www.l.google.com (74.125.132.105) 56(84) bytes of data.<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=1 ttl=50 time=17.0 ms<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=2 ttl=50 time=18.2 ms<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=3 ttl=50 time=16.6 ms<br />
<br />
--- www.l.google.com ping statistics ---<br />
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms<br />
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 16.660/17.320/18.254/0.678 ms}}<br />
<br />
If you get a {{ic|ping: unknown host}} error, first check if there is an issue with your cable or wireless signal strength. If not, you will need to set up the network manually, as explained below. Once a connection is established move on to [[#Prepare the storage drive|Prepare the storage drive]].<br />
<br />
==== Wired ====<br />
<br />
Follow this procedure if you need to set up a wired connection via a static IP address.<br />
<br />
First, disable the dhcpcd service which was started automatically at boot:<br />
<br />
# systemctl stop dhcpcd.service<br />
<br />
Identify the name of your Ethernet interface.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ip link|<br />
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT<br />
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00<br />
2: enp2s0f0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000<br />
link/ether 00:11:25:31:69:20 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff<br />
3: wlp3s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT qlen 1000<br />
link/ether 01:02:03:04:05:06 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff}}<br />
<br />
In this example, the Ethernet interface is {{ic|enp2s0f0}}. If you are unsure, your Ethernet interface is likely to start with the letter "e", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "w". You can also use {{ic|iwconfig}} and see which interfaces are not wireless:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iwconfig|2=<br />
enp2s0f0 no wireless extensions.<br />
wlp3s0 IEEE 802.11bgn ESSID:"NETGEAR97"<br />
Mode:Managed Frequency:2.427 GHz Access Point: 2C:B0:5D:9C:72:BF<br />
Bit Rate=65 Mb/s Tx-Power=16 dBm<br />
Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off<br />
Power Management:on<br />
Link Quality=61/70 Signal level=-49 dBm<br />
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0<br />
Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:430 Missed beacon:0<br />
lo no wireless extensions.}}<br />
<br />
In this example, neither {{ic|enp2s0f0}} nor the loopback device have wireless extensions, meaning {{ic|enp2s0f0}} is our Ethernet interface.<br />
<br />
You also need to know these settings:<br />
<br />
* Static IP address.<br />
* Subnet mask.<br />
* Gateway's IP address.<br />
* Name servers' (DNS) IP addresses.<br />
* Domain name (unless you are on a local LAN, in which case you can make it up).<br />
<br />
Activate the connected Ethernet interface (e.g. {{ic|enp2s0f0}}):<br />
<br />
# ip link set enp2s0f0 up<br />
<br />
Add the address:<br />
<br />
# ip addr add ''ip_address''/''subnetmask'' dev ''interface_name''<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
# ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev enp2s0f0<br />
<br />
For more options, run {{ic|man ip}}.<br />
<br />
Add your gateway like this, substituting your own gateway's IP address:<br />
<br />
# ip route add default via ''ip_address''<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
# ip route add default via 192.168.1.1<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|resolv.conf}}, substituting your name servers' IP addresses and your local domain name:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/resolv.conf|<br />
nameserver 61.23.173.5<br />
nameserver 61.95.849.8<br />
search example.com}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|Currently, you may include a maximum of three {{ic|nameserver}} lines.}}<br />
<br />
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Network Configuration]] page.<br />
<br />
==== Wireless ====<br />
<br />
Follow this procedure if you need wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi) during the installation process.<br />
<br />
First, identify the name of your wireless interface.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iw dev|2=<br />
phy#0<br />
Interface wlp3s0<br />
ifindex 3<br />
wdev 0x1<br />
addr 00:21:6a:5e:52:bc<br />
type managed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In this example, {{ic|wlp3s0}} is the available wireless interface. If you are unsure, your wireless interface is likely to start with the letter "w", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "e". <br />
<br />
{{Note|If you do not see output similar to this, then your wireless driver has not been loaded. If this is the case, you must load the driver yourself. Please see [[Wireless Setup]] for more detailed information.}}<br />
<br />
Bring the interface up with:<br />
<br />
# ip link set wlp3s0 up<br />
<br />
A small percentage of wireless chipsets also require firmware, in addition to a corresponding driver. If you get output like {{ic|SIOCSIFFLAGS: No such file or directory}}, this means you will need to manually load the firmware. If unsure, invoke {{ic|dmesg}} to query the kernel log for a firmware request from the wireless chipset. For example, if you have an Intel chipset which requires and has requested firmware from the kernel at boot:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# dmesg <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep firmware|<br />
firmware: requesting iwlwifi-5000-1.ucode}}<br />
<br />
If there is no output, it may be concluded that the system's wireless chipset does not require firmware.<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Wireless chipset firmware packages (for cards which require them) are pre-installed under {{ic|/usr/lib/firmware}} in the live environment (on CD/USB stick) '''but must be explicitly installed to your actual system to provide wireless functionality after you reboot into it!''' Package installation is covered later in this guide. Ensure installation of both your wireless module and firmware before rebooting! See [[Wireless Setup]] if you are unsure about the requirement of corresponding firmware installation for your particular chipset.}}<br />
<br />
Next, use {{Pkg|netctl}}'s {{ic|wifi-menu}} to connect to a network:<br />
<br />
# wifi-menu wlp3s0<br />
<br />
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Wireless Setup]] page.<br />
<br />
Alternatively, use {{ic|iw dev wlp3s0 scan <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep SSID}} to scan for available networks, then connect to a network with:<br />
<br />
# wpa_supplicant -B -i wlp3s0 -c <(wpa_passphrase "''ssid''" "''psk''")<br />
<br />
You need to replace ''ssid'' with the name of your network (e.g. "Linksys etc...") and ''psk'' with your wireless password, '''leaving the quotes around the network name and password.'''<br />
<br />
Finally, you have to give your interface an IP address. This can be set manually or using the dhcp:<br />
<br />
# dhcpd wlp3s0<br />
<br />
==== Analog modem, ISDN or PPoE DSL ====<br />
<br />
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see [[Direct Modem Connection]].<br />
<br />
==== Behind a proxy server ====<br />
<br />
If you are behind a proxy server, you will need to export the {{ic|http_proxy}} and {{ic|ftp_proxy}} environment variables. See [[Proxy settings]] for more information.<br />
<br />
=== Prepare the storage drive ===<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Partitioning can destroy data. You are '''strongly''' cautioned and advised to backup any critical data before proceeding.}}<br />
<br />
Absolute beginners are encouraged to use a graphical partitioning tool. [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/download.php GParted] is a good example, and is [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php provided as a "live" CD]. It is also included on live CDs of most Linux distributions such as [[Wikipedia:Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] and [[Wikipedia:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]]. A drive should first be [[partitioning|partitioned]] and the partitions should be formatted with a [[File Systems|file system]] before rebooting.<br />
<br />
The recommendation for a system that will boot via UEFI rather than MBR legacy boot is to format the drive using a GPT partition table. This means that if the drive was previously already partitioned with an MBR (MSDOS) partition table it will now have a new partition table created which will destroy all other data on the drive. Once the new partition table has been created on a drive, only then can individual partitions be created with any chosen format type. When using Gparted, selecting the option to create a new partition table gives an "msdos" partition table by default. If you are intending to follow the advice to create a GPT partition table then you need to choose "Advanced" and then select "gpt" from the drop-down menu. This cannot be done if you have a pre-existing Windows installation on the drive which you wish not to destroy. It is therefore extremely important to not change the partition table to GPT if you intend on having a dual boot system. Leave the Windows install untouched and try to get the Linux install working with UEFI on a drive that contains an MBR (legacy) partition table. <br />
<br />
In addition, some newer computers come pre-installed with Windows 8 which will be using Secure Boot. Arch Linux currently does not support Secure Boot, but some Windows 8 installations have been seen not to boot if Secure Boot is turned off in the BIOS. In some cases it is necessary to turn off both Secure Boot as well as Fastboot in the BIOS options in order to allow Windows 8 to boot without Secure Boot. However there are potential security risks in turning off Secure Boot for booting up Windows 8. Therefore, it may be a better option to keep the Windows 8 install intact and have an independent hard drive for the Linux install - which can then be partitioned from scratch using a GPT partition table. Once that is done, creating several ext4/FAT32/swap partitions on the second drive may be a better way forward if the computer has two drives available. This is often not easy or possible on a small laptop. Currently, Secure Boot is still not in a fully stable state for reliable operation, even for Linux distributions that support it.<br />
<br />
See [[Swap]] for details if you wish to set up a swap partition or swap file. A swap file is easier to resize than a partition and can be created at any point after installation, but cannot be used with a Btrfs filesystem.<br />
<br />
If you have already done so, proceed to [[#Mount the partitions|Mount the partitions]].<br />
<br />
Otherwise, see the following example.<br />
<br />
==== Example ====<br />
<br />
The Arch Linux install media includes the following partitioning tools: {{ic|fdisk}}, {{ic|gdisk}}, {{ic|cfdisk}}, {{ic|cgdisk}}, {{ic|parted}}.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Use the {{ic|lsblk}} command to list the hard disks attached to your system, along with the sizes of their existing partitions. This will help you to be confident you are partitioning the right disk.}}<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[UEFI]] boot:|<br />
* If you have a UEFI motherboard, you will need to create an extra [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#EFI_System_Partition|UEFI System Partition]].<br />
* It is recommended to always use GPT for UEFI boot, as some UEFI firmwares do not allow UEFI-MBR boot.}}<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[GPT]] partitioning:|<br />
* If you are not dual booting with Windows, then it is advisable to use GPT instead of MBR. Read [[GPT]] for a list of advantages.<br />
* If you have a BIOS motherboard (or plan on booting in BIOS compatibility mode) and you want to setup GRUB on a GPT-partitioned drive, you will need to create an extra [[GRUB#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|BIOS Boot Partition]] of size 1007 KiB and {{ic|EF02}} type code. Syslinux does not need one.<br />
* Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you are installing to a USB flash key, see [[Installing Arch Linux on a USB key]].}}<br />
<br />
The example system will contain a 15 GB root partition, and a [[Partitioning#/home|home]] partition for the remaining space. Choose either [[MBR]] or [[GPT]]. Do not choose both!<br />
<br />
It should be emphasized that partitioning is a personal choice and that this example is only for illustrative purposes. See [[Partitioning]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''MBR'''<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ic|cfdisk&nbsp;/dev/sda}}<br />
| '''Root:'''<br />
<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – type in "15360" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Beginning – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Bootable.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
'''Home:'''<br />
<br />
* Press the down arrow to move to the free space area.<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''GPT'''<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ic|cgdisk&nbsp;/dev/sda}}<br />
| '''Root:'''<br />
<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector (2048) – type in "15G" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name.<br />
|-<br />
| '''Home:'''<br />
<br />
* Press the down arrow a couple of times to move to the larger free space area.<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size; for example "30G") – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
If you chose MBR, here is what it should look like:<br />
<br />
Name Flags Part Type FS Type [Label] Size (MB)<br />
-----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
sda1 Boot Primary Linux 15360<br />
sda2 Primary Linux 133000*<br />
<br />
If you chose GPT, here is what it should look like:<br />
<br />
Part. # Size Partition Type Partition Name<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------<br />
1007.0 KiB free space<br />
1 15.0 GiB Linux filesystem<br />
2 123.45 GiB Linux filesystem<br />
<br />
Double check and make sure that you are happy with the partition sizes as well as the partition table layout before continuing.<br />
<br />
If you would like to start over, you can simply select Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without saving changes and then restart cfdisk (or cgdisk).<br />
<br />
If you are satisfied, choose Write (or press {{Keypress|Shift+W}}) to finalize and to write the partition table to the drive. Type "yes" and choose Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without making any more changes.<br />
<br />
Simply partitioning is not enough; the partitions also need a [[File Systems|filesystem]]. To format the partitions with an ext4 filesystem:<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Double check and triple check that it is actually {{ic|/dev/sda1}} and {{ic|/dev/sda2}} that you want to format. You can use {{ic|lsblk}} to help with this.}}<br />
<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2<br />
<br />
If you have made a partition dedicated to swap (code 82), do not forget to format and activate it with:<br />
<br />
# mkswap /dev/sda''X''<br />
# swapon /dev/sda''X''<br />
<br />
=== Mount the partitions ===<br />
<br />
Each partition is identified with a number suffix. For example, {{ic|sda1}} specifies the first partition of the first drive, while {{ic|sda}} designates the entire drive.<br />
<br />
To display the current partition layout:<br />
<br />
# lsblk /dev/sda<br />
<br />
{{Note|Do not mount more than one partition to the same directory. And pay attention, because the mounting order is important.}}<br />
<br />
First, mount the root partition on {{ic|/mnt}}. Following the example when using {{ic|cfdisk}} above (yours may be different), it would be:<br />
<br />
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt<br />
<br />
Then mount the home partition and any other separate partition ({{ic|/boot}}, {{ic|/var}}, etc), if you have any:<br />
<br />
# mkdir /mnt/home<br />
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/home<br />
<br />
In case you have a UEFI motherboard, mount the UEFI partition:<br />
<br />
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot/efi<br />
# mount /dev/sda''X'' /mnt/boot/efi<br />
<br />
=== Select a mirror ===<br />
<br />
Before installing, you may want to edit the {{ic|mirrorlist}} file and place your preferred mirror first. A copy of this file will be installed on your new system by {{ic|pacstrap}} as well, so it is worth getting it right.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist|<br />
##<br />
## Arch Linux repository mirrorlist<br />
## Sorted by mirror score from mirror status page<br />
## Generated on 2012-MM-DD<br />
##<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Server = http://mirror.example.xyz/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch</nowiki><br />
...}}<br />
<br />
* {{Keypress|Alt+6}} to copy a {{ic|Server}} line.<br />
* {{Keypress|PageUp}} key to scroll up.<br />
* {{Keypress|Ctrl+U}} to paste it at the top of the list.<br />
* {{Keypress|Ctrl+X}} to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press {{Keypress|Y}} and {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the same filename.<br />
<br />
If you want, you can make it the ''only'' mirror available by getting rid of everything else (using {{Keypress|Ctrl+K}}), but it is usually a good idea to have a few more, in case the first one goes offline.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|<br />
* Use the [https://www.archlinux.org/mirrorlist/ Mirrorlist Generator] to get an updated list for your country. HTTP mirrors are faster than FTP, because of something called [[Wikipedia:Keepalive|keepalive]]. With FTP, pacman has to send out a signal each time it downloads a package, resulting in a brief pause. For other ways to generate a mirror list, see [[Mirrors#Sorting mirrors|Sorting mirrors]] and [[Reflector]].<br />
* [https://archlinux.org/mirrors/status/ Arch Linux MirrorStatus] reports various aspects about the mirrors such as network problems with mirrors, data collection problems, the last time mirrors have been synced, etc.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|<br />
* Whenever in the future you change your list of mirrors, always remember to force pacman to refresh all package lists with {{ic|pacman -Syy}}. This is considered to be good practice and will avoid possible headaches. See [[Mirrors]] for more information.<br />
* If you are using an older installation medium, your mirrorlist might be outdated, which might lead to problems when updating Arch Linux (see {{Bug|22510}}). Therefore it is advised to obtain the latest mirror information as described above.<br />
* Some issues have been reported in the [https://bbs.archlinux.org/ Arch Linux forums] regarding network problems that prevent pacman from updating/synchronizing repositories (see [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id&#61;68944] and [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id&#61;65728]). When installing Arch Linux natively, these issues have been resolved by replacing the default pacman file downloader with an alternative (see [[Improve Pacman Performance]] for more details). When installing Arch Linux as a guest OS in [[VirtualBox]], this issue has also been addressed by using "Host interface" instead of "NAT" in the machine properties.}}<br />
<br />
=== Install the base system ===<br />
<br />
The base system is installed using the [https://github.com/falconindy/arch-install-scripts/blob/master/pacstrap.in pacstrap] script.<br />
<br />
The {{ic|-i}} switch can be omitted if you wish to install every package from the ''base'' group without prompting.<br />
<br />
# pacstrap -i /mnt base<br />
<br />
{{Note|If pacman fails to verify your packages, check the system time with {{ic|cal}}. If the system date is invalid (e.g. it shows the year 2010), signing keys will be considered expired (or invalid), signature checks on packages will fail and installation will be interrupted. Make sure to correct the system time, either by doing so manually or with the {{Pkg|ntp}} client, and retry running the pacstrap command. Refer to [[Time]] page for more information on correcting system time.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If pacman complains that {{ic|error: failed to commit transaction (invalid or corrupted package)}}, run the following command:<br />
# pacman-key --init && pacman-key --populate archlinux<br />
}}<br />
<br />
This will give you a basic Arch system. Other packages can be installed later using [[pacman]].<br />
<br />
=== Generate an fstab ===<br />
<br />
Generate an [[fstab]] file with the following command. UUIDs will be used because they have certain advantages (see [[fstab#Identifying filesystems]]). If you would prefer to use labels instead, replace the {{ic|-U}} option with {{ic|-L}}.<br />
<br />
# genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
# nano /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
<br />
{{Warning|The fstab file should always be checked after generating it. If you encounter errors running genfstab or later in the install process, do '''not''' run genfstab again; just edit the fstab file.}}<br />
<br />
A few considerations:<br />
<br />
* The last field determines the order that in which partitions are checked at start up : {{ic|1}} , {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}} (see [[fstab#Field definitions]]).<br />
* Only the root ({{ic|/}}) partition needs {{ic|1}} for the last field. Everything else should have either {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}}.<br />
* You will normally want your ''swap'' partition to have {{ic|0}} i.e. 'do not check'.<br />
<br />
=== Chroot and configure the base system ===<br />
<br />
Next, we [[chroot]] into our newly installed system:<br />
<br />
# arch-chroot /mnt<br />
<br />
{{Note|Use {{ic|arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash}} to chroot into a bash shell.}}<br />
At this stage of the installation, you will configure the primary configuration files of your Arch Linux base system. These can either be created if they do not exist, or edited if you wish to change the defaults.<br />
<br />
Closely following and understanding these steps is of key importance to ensure a properly configured system.<br />
<br />
==== Locale ====<br />
<br />
Locales are used by '''glibc''' and other locale-aware programs or libraries for rendering text, correctly displaying regional monetary values, time and date formats, alphabetic idiosyncrasies, and other locale-specific standards.<br />
<br />
There are two files that need editing: {{ic|locale.gen}} and {{ic|locale.conf}}.<br />
<br />
* The {{ic|locale.gen}} file is empty by default (everything is commented out) and you need to remove the {{ic|#}} in front of the line(s) you want. You may uncomment more lines than just English (US), as long as you choose their {{ic|UTF-8}} encoding:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/locale.gen|<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
<br />
This will run on every '''glibc''' upgrade, generating all the locales specified in {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}.<br />
<br />
* The {{ic|locale.conf}} file does not exist by default. Setting only {{ic|LANG}} should be enough. It will act as the default value for all other variables.<br />
<br />
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you set some other language than English (US) at the beginning of the install, the above commands would be something like:<br />
# echo LANG<nowiki>=</nowiki>de_DE.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG<nowiki>=</nowiki>de_DE.UTF-8<br />
}}<br />
<br />
To use other locales for other {{ic|LC_*}} variables, run {{ic|locale}} to see the available options and add them to {{ic|locale.conf}}. It is not recommended to set the {{ic|LC_ALL}} variable. An advanced example can be found [[Locale#Setting_system-wide_locale|here]].<br />
<br />
==== Console font and keymap ====<br />
<br />
If you set a keymap at [[#Change_the_language|the beginning]] of the install process, load it now, as well, because the environment has changed. For example:<br />
<br />
# loadkeys ''de-latin1''<br />
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16<br />
<br />
To make them available after reboot, edit {{ic|vconsole.conf}}:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/vconsole.conf|2=<br />
KEYMAP=de-latin1<br />
FONT=Lat2-Terminus16<br />
}}<br />
<br />
* {{ic|KEYMAP}} – Please note that this setting is only valid for your TTYs, not any graphical window managers or Xorg.<br />
<br />
* {{ic|FONT}} – Available alternate console fonts reside in {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/}}. The default (blank) is safe, but some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. It is recommended that you change it to {{ic|Lat2-Terminus16}}, because according to {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/README.Lat2-Terminus16}}, it claims to support "about 110 language sets".<br />
<br />
* Possible option {{ic|FONT_MAP}} – Defines the console map to load at boot. Read {{ic|man setfont}}. Removing it or leaving it blank is safe.<br />
<br />
See [[Fonts#Console_fonts|Console fonts]] and {{ic|man vconsole.conf}} for more information.<br />
<br />
==== Time zone ====<br />
<br />
Available time zones and subzones can be found in the {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>}} directories.<br />
<br />
To view the available <Zone>, check the directory {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/}}:<br />
<br />
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/<br />
<br />
Similarly, you can check the contents of directories belonging to a <SubZone>:<br />
<br />
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe<br />
<br />
Create a symbolic link {{ic|/etc/localtime}} to your zone file {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>}} using this command:<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone> /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Minsk /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
==== Hardware clock ====<br />
<br />
Set the hardware clock mode uniformly between your operating systems. Otherwise, they may overwrite the hardware clock and cause time shifts.<br />
<br />
You can generate {{ic|/etc/adjtime}} automatically by using one of the following commands:<br />
<br />
* '''UTC''' (recommended)<br />
<br />
: {{Note|Using [[Wikipedia:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] for the hardware clock does not mean that software will display time in UTC.}}<br />
<br />
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --utc}}<br />
<br />
To synchronize your "UTC" time over the internet, see [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]].<br />
<br />
* '''localtime''' (discouraged; used by default in Windows)<br />
<br />
: {{Warning|Using ''localtime'' may lead to several known and unfixable bugs. However, there are no plans to drop support for ''localtime''.}}<br />
<br />
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --localtime}}<br />
<br />
If you have (or planning on having) a dual boot setup with Windows:<br />
<br />
* Recommended: Set both Arch Linux and Windows to use UTC. A quick [[Time#UTC in Windows|registry fix]] is needed. Also, be sure to prevent Windows from synchronizing the time on-line, because the hardware clock will default back to ''localtime''.<br />
<br />
* Not recommended: Set Arch Linux to ''localtime'' and disable any time-related services, like [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]] . This will let Windows take care of hardware clock corrections and you will need to remember to boot into Windows at least two times a year (in Spring and Autumn) when [[Wikipedia:Daylight saving time|DST]] kicks in. So please do not ask on the forums why the clock is one hour behind or ahead if you usually go for days or weeks without booting into Windows.<br />
<br />
==== Kernel modules ====<br />
<br />
{{Tip|This is just an example, you do not need to set it. All needed modules are automatically loaded by udev, so you will rarely need to add something here. Only add modules that you know are missing.}}<br />
<br />
For kernel modules to load during boot, place a {{ic|*.conf}} file in {{ic|/etc/modules-load.d/}}, with a name based on the program that uses them.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/modules-load.d/virtio-net.conf|<br />
# Load 'virtio-net.ko' at boot.<br />
<br />
virtio-net}}<br />
<br />
If there are more modules to load per {{ic|*.conf}}, the module names can be separated by newlines. A good example are the [[VirtualBox#Arch Linux guests|VirtualBox Guest Additions]].<br />
<br />
Empty lines and lines starting with {{ic|#}} or {{ic|;}} are ignored.<br />
<br />
==== Hostname ====<br />
<br />
Set the [[Wikipedia:hostname|hostname]] to your liking (e.g. ''arch''):<br />
<br />
# echo ''myhostname'' > /etc/hostname<br />
<br />
{{Note|There is no need to edit {{ic|/etc/hosts}}.}}<br />
<br />
=== Configure the network ===<br />
<br />
You need to configure the network again, but this time for your newly installed environment. The procedure and prerequisites are very similar to the one described [[#Establish an internet connection|above]], except we are going to make it persistent and automatically run at boot.<br />
<br />
{{Note|For more in-depth information on network configration, visit [[Network Configuration]] and [[Wireless Setup]].}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you would like to use the old interface naming scheme (ie. eth* and wlan*) you can accomplish this by creating an empty file at {{ic|/etc/udev/rules.d/80-net-name-slot.rules}} which will mask the file of the same name located under {{ic|/usr/lib/udev/rules.d}} (alternatively, instead of an empty file, using a symlink to {{ic|/dev/null}} is also an acceptable masking method).}}<br />
<br />
==== Wired ====<br />
<br />
===== Dynamic IP =====<br />
<br />
; Using dhcpcd<br />
<br />
If you only use a single fixed wired network connection, you do not need a network management service and can simply enable the {{ic|dhcpcd}} service. Here, {{ic|''interface_name''}} is your wired interface:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable dhcpcd@''interface_name''.service<br />
<br />
; Using netctl<br />
<br />
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/ethernet-dhcp my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
Enable the {{ic|my-network}} profile:<br />
<br />
# netctl enable my-network<br />
<br />
; Using netctl-ifplugd<br />
<br />
Alternatively, you can use {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}, which gracefully handles dynamic connections to new networks:<br />
<br />
Install {{Pkg|ifplugd}}, which is required for {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S ifplugd<br />
<br />
Then enable for interface that you want:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable netctl-ifplugd@<interface>.service<br />
<br />
{{Tip|[[Netctl]] also provides {{ic|netctl-auto}}, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunction with {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}.}}<br />
<br />
===== Static IP =====<br />
<br />
; Using netctl<br />
<br />
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/ethernet-static my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}, {{ic|Address}}, {{ic|Gateway}} and {{ic|DNS}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
* Notice the {{ic|/24}} in {{ic|Address}} which is the [[wikipedia:Classless Inter-Domain Routing#CIDR notation|CIDR notation]] of a {{ic|255.255.255.0}} netmask<br />
<br />
Enable above created profile to start it at every boot:<br />
<br />
# netctl enable my-network<br />
<br />
==== Wireless ====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If your wireless adapter requires a firmware (as described in the above [[#Wireless|Establish an internet connection]] section and also [[Wireless Setup#Drivers and firmware|here]]), install the package containing your firmware. Most of the time, the {{Pkg|linux-firmware}} package will contain the needed firmware. Though for some devices, the required firmware might be in its own package. For example:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S zd1211-firmware}}<br />
See [[Wireless Setup]] for more info.}}<br />
<br />
Install {{pkg|iw}}, {{pkg|wpa_supplicant}} and {{pkg|wpa_actiond}} which you will need to connect to a network:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S iw wpa_supplicant wpa_actiond<br />
<br />
===== Adding wireless networks =====<br />
; Using wifi-menu<br />
<br />
Install {{pkg|dialog}}, which is required for {{ic|wifi-menu}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S dialog<br />
<br />
After finishing the rest of this installation and rebooting, you can connect to the network with {{ic|wifi-menu ''interface_name''}} (where {{ic|''interface_name''}} is the interface of your wireless chipset).<br />
<br />
# wifi-menu ''interface_name''<br />
<br />
{{Warning|This must be done *after* your reboot when you are no longer chrooted. The process spawned by this command will conflict with the one you have running outside of the chroot. Alternatively, you could just configure a network profile manually using the following templates so that you do not have to worry about using {{ic|wifi-menu}} at all.}}<br />
<br />
; Using manual netctl profiles<br />
<br />
Copy a network profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/wireless-wpa my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}, {{ic|ESSID}} and {{ic|Key}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
===== Connect automatically to known networks =====<br />
Enable the {{ic|netctl-auto}} service, which will connect to known networks and gracefully handle roaming and disconnects:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable netctl-auto@''interface_name''.service<br />
<br />
{{Tip|[[Netctl]] also provides {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunction with {{ic|netctl-auto}}.}}<br />
<br />
==== Analog modem, ISDN or PPoE DSL ====<br />
<br />
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see [[Direct Modem Connection]].<br />
<br />
=== Create an initial ramdisk environment ===<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Most users can skip this step and use the defaults provided in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}}. The initramfs image (from the {{ic|/boot}} folder) has already been generated based on this file when the {{Pkg|linux}} package (the Linux kernel) was installed earlier with {{ic|pacstrap}}.}}<br />
<br />
Here you need to set the right [[Mkinitcpio#HOOKS|hooks]] if the root is on a USB drive, if you use RAID, LVM, or if {{ic|/usr}} is on a separate partition.<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|/etc/mkinitcpio.conf}} as needed and re-generate the initramfs image with:<br />
<br />
# mkinitcpio -p linux<br />
<br />
{{Note|Arch VPS installations on QEMU (e.g. when using {{ic|virt-manager}}) may need {{ic|virtio}} modules in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}} to be able to boot.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/mkinitcpio.conf|2=<br />
MODULES="virtio virtio_blk virtio_pci virtio_net"}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Create users and set the root password ===<br />
<br />
Set the root password with:<br />
# passwd<br />
<br />
Create user: (change arch with your desired username):<br />
# useradd -m -g users -G wheel,storage,power -s /bin/bash arch<br />
<br />
Change user password:<br />
# passwd arch<br />
<br />
<br />
Allow users of the wheel group to use sudo command:<br />
<br />
Install:<br />
# pacman -S sudo<br />
<br />
Run:<br />
# EDITOR=nano visudo<br />
<br />
And uncomment the "%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL" line, ctrl + x to save.<br />
<br />
=== Install and configure a bootloader ===<br />
<br />
==== For BIOS motherboards ====<br />
<br />
For BIOS systems, two bootloaders are available: Syslinux and GRUB. Choose the bootloader as per your convenience.<br />
<br />
* Syslinux is (currently) limited to loading only files from the partition where it was installed. Its configuration file is considered to be easier to understand. An example configuration can be found [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=1109328#p1109328 here].<br />
<br />
* GRUB is more feature-rich and supports more complex scenarios. Its configuration file(s) is more similar to a scripting language, which may be difficult for beginners to manually write. It is recommended that they automatically generate one.<br />
<br />
{{Note|Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}}<br />
<br />
===== Syslinux =====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you opted for a GUID partition table for your hard drive earlier, you need to install the {{Pkg|gptfdisk}} package now for this next step to work, assuming you haven't installed it already.}}<br />
<br />
Install the {{Pkg|syslinux}} package and then use the {{ic|syslinux-install_update}} script to automatically ''install'' the bootloader ({{ic|-i}}), mark the partition ''active'' by setting the boot flag ({{ic|-a}}), and install the ''MBR'' boot code ({{ic|-m}}):<br />
<br />
# pacman -S syslinux<br />
# syslinux-install_update -i -a -m<br />
<br />
Configure {{ic|syslinux.cfg}} to point to the right root partition. This step is vital. If it points to the wrong partition, Arch Linux will not boot. Change {{ic|/dev/sda3}} to reflect your root partition ''(if you partitioned your drive as in [[#Prepare the storage drive|the example]], your root partition is sda1)''. Do the same for the fallback entry.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg|2=<br />
...<br />
LABEL arch<br />
...<br />
APPEND root=/dev/sda3 ro<br />
...}}<br />
<br />
For more information on configuring and using Syslinux, see [[Syslinux]].<br />
<br />
===== GRUB =====<br />
<br />
Install the {{Pkg|grub-bios}} package and then run {{ic|grub-install}} to install the bootloader:<br />
<br />
{{Note|Change {{ic|/dev/sda}} to reflect the drive you installed Arch on. Do not append a partition number (do not use {{ic|sda''X''}}).}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|For GPT-partitioned drives on BIOS motherboards, you also need a "BIOS Boot Partition". See [[GRUB#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|GPT-specific instructions]] and [[GRUB#Install_to_GPT_BIOS_boot_partition|Install to GPT BIOS boot partition]] in the GRUB page.}}<br />
<br />
# pacman -S grub-bios<br />
# grub-install --recheck /dev/sda<br />
# cp /usr/share/locale/en\@quot/LC_MESSAGES/grub.mo /boot/grub/locale/en.mo<br />
<br />
{{Note| If it is an installation on virtualbox as guest, while running grub-install command as in above, you might get an error like "/usr/sbin/grub-bios-setup: warning: this GPT partition label contains no BIOS Boot Partition; embedding won't be possible". Executing {{ic|parted -s /dev/sda set 1 bios_grub on}} and then retrying ''grub-install'' should solve the problem.}}<br />
<br />
While using a manually created {{ic|grub.cfg}} is absolutely fine, it is recommended that beginners automatically generate one:<br />
<br />
{{Tip|To automatically search for other operating systems on your computer, install {{Pkg|os-prober}} ({{ic|pacman -S os-prober}}) before running the next command.}}<br />
<br />
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg<br />
<br />
For more information on configuring and using GRUB, see [[GRUB]].<br />
<br />
==== For UEFI motherboards ====<br />
<br />
For UEFI boot, the drive needs to be GPT-partitioned and an "[[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#EFI System Partition|UEFI System Partition]]" (512 MiB or larger, type {{ic|EF00}}, formatted with FAT32) must be present and mounted on {{ic|/boot}}. If you have followed this guide from the beginning, you have already done all of these.<br />
<br />
===== EFISTUB =====<br />
<br />
The Linux kernel can act as its own bootloader using EFISTUB. This is the UEFI boot method recommended by developers and simpler than using a separate bootloader.<br />
<br />
1. Install efibootmgr:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S efibootmgr<br />
<br />
2. Add Arch Linux boot entry, replacing '''sdaX''' with your root partition, usually '''sda2''':<br />
<br />
# efibootmgr -c -L "Arch Linux" -l /vmlinuz-linux -u "root=/dev/'''sdaX''' ro quiet initrd=/initramfs-linux.img"<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some systems, the above command will not work properly. It will execute without any visible error, but the UEFI boot menu will not have been correctly updated with a new entry. To determine whether the command executed properly, run {{ic|efibootmgr}} without any arguments and see if a new entry has appeared in the list displayed. If there is no new entry, then it will not be possible to boot Arch upon reboot, as the UEFI boot menu has been left unchanged. In this case, you will instead have to enter the UEFI shell and manually add an entry to the UEFI boot menu with the {{ic|bcfg}} command, as described [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#bcfg|here]].}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some ASUS motherboards, there is an EFI bug that always reports {{ic|MaxVariableSize&#61;0}}. Combined with a recent kernel that enforces checks on this value, this prevents {{ic|efibootmgr}} from setting new EFI variables. These motherboards do not support the UEFI Shell v2, so you cannot use the {{ic|bcfg}} method either. To work around this, add {{ic|efi_no_storage_paranoia}} to the kernel command line. You can do this by pressing "e" at the bootloader menu.}}<br />
<br />
===== Gummiboot Loader =====<br />
<br />
If you want to use a bootloader for dualbooting with other operating systems, gummiboot is the recommended loader. Download it, and let it install itself to {{ic|/boot}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S gummiboot<br />
# gummiboot install<br />
<br />
You will need to manually create a configuration file to add an entry for Arch Linux to the gummiboot loader. Create {{ic|/boot/loader/entries/arch.conf}} and add the following contents, replacing '''sdaX''' with your root partition, usually '''sda2''':<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf|2=<br />
title Arch Linux<br />
linux /vmlinuz-linux<br />
initrd /initramfs-linux.img<br />
options root=/dev/'''sdaX''' ro<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|For other bootloaders see [[UEFI Bootloaders]].}}<br />
<br />
=== Unmount the partitions and reboot ===<br />
<br />
Exit from the chroot environment:<br />
<br />
# exit<br />
<br />
Since the partitions are mounted under {{ic|/mnt}}, we use the following command to unmount them:<br />
<br />
# umount /mnt/{boot,home,}<br />
<br />
Reboot the computer:<br />
<br />
# reboot<br />
<br />
{{Tip|If you face error "/sbin/init does not exist" on next boot, look for systemd binary path and pass it as kernel argument while booting up. For example, "init &#61; /usr/lib/systemd/systemd" }}<br />
{{Tip|Be sure to remove the installation media, otherwise you will boot back into it.}}<noinclude><br />
{{Beginners' Guide navigation}}</noinclude></div>Dislikeyouhttps://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=Beginners%27_guide&diff=263884Beginners' guide2013-06-22T21:30:34Z<p>Dislikeyou: /* For UEFI motherboards */</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
[[Category:Getting and installing Arch]]<br />
[[Category:About Arch]]<br />
[[ar:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[da:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[es:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[hr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[hu:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[it:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ja:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ko:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[nl:Beginners' Guide/Installatie]]<br />
[[pl:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[pt:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ro:Ghidul începătorilor/Instalare]]<br />
[[ru:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[sr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[zh-CN:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[zh-TW:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
{{Tip|This is part of a multi-page article for The Beginners' Guide. '''[[Beginners' Guide|Click here]]''' if you would rather read the guide in its entirety.}}<br />
</noinclude><br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
You are now presented with a shell prompt, automatically logged in as root.<br />
<br />
=== Change the language ===<br />
<br />
{{Tip|These are optional for the majority of users. Useful only if you plan on writing in your own language in any of the configuration files, if you use diacritical marks in the Wi-Fi password, or if you would like to receive system messages (e.g. possible errors) in your own language.}}<br />
<br />
By default, the keyboard layout is set to {{ic|us}}. If you have a non-[[Wikipedia:File:KB United States-NoAltGr.svg|US]] keyboard layout, run:<br />
<br />
# loadkeys ''layout''<br />
<br />
...where ''layout'' can be {{ic|fr}}, {{ic|uk}}, {{ic|dvorak}}, {{ic|be-latin1}}, etc. See [[KEYMAP#Keyboard layouts|here]] for a comprehensive list.<br />
<br />
The font should also be changed, because most languages use more glyphs than the 26 letter [[Wikipedia:English alphabet|English alphabet]]. Otherwise some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. Note that the name is case-sensitive, so please type it ''exactly'' as you see it:<br />
<br />
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16<br />
<br />
By default, the language is set to English (US). If you would like to change the language for the install process ''(German, in this example)'', remove the {{ic|#}} in front of the [http://www.greendesktiny.com/support/knowledgebase_detail.php?ref=EUH-483 locale] you want from {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}, along with English (US). Please choose the {{ic|UTF-8}} entry.<br />
<br />
Use {{Keypress|Ctrl+X}} to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press {{Keypress|Y}} and {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the same filename.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/locale.gen|<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
# export LANG=de_DE.UTF-8<br />
<br />
Remember, {{Keypress|LAlt+LShift}} activates and deactivates the keymap.<br />
<br />
=== Establish an internet connection ===<br />
<br />
{{Warning|As of v197, udev no longer assigns network interface names according to the wlanX and ethX naming scheme. If you are coming from a different distribution or are reinstalling Arch and not aware of the new interface naming style, please do not assume that your wireless interface is named wlan0, or that your wired interface is named eth0. You can use the command {{ic|ip link}} to discover the names of your interfaces.}}<br />
<br />
The {{ic|dhcpcd}} network daemon starts automatically during boot and it will attempt to start a wired connection. Try to ping a server to see if a connection was established. For example, Google's DNS servers:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ping -c 3 www.google.com|2=<br />
PING www.l.google.com (74.125.132.105) 56(84) bytes of data.<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=1 ttl=50 time=17.0 ms<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=2 ttl=50 time=18.2 ms<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=3 ttl=50 time=16.6 ms<br />
<br />
--- www.l.google.com ping statistics ---<br />
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms<br />
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 16.660/17.320/18.254/0.678 ms}}<br />
<br />
If you get a {{ic|ping: unknown host}} error, first check if there is an issue with your cable or wireless signal strength. If not, you will need to set up the network manually, as explained below. Once a connection is established move on to [[#Prepare the storage drive|Prepare the storage drive]].<br />
<br />
==== Wired ====<br />
<br />
Follow this procedure if you need to set up a wired connection via a static IP address.<br />
<br />
First, disable the dhcpcd service which was started automatically at boot:<br />
<br />
# systemctl stop dhcpcd.service<br />
<br />
Identify the name of your Ethernet interface.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ip link|<br />
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT<br />
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00<br />
2: enp2s0f0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000<br />
link/ether 00:11:25:31:69:20 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff<br />
3: wlp3s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT qlen 1000<br />
link/ether 01:02:03:04:05:06 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff}}<br />
<br />
In this example, the Ethernet interface is {{ic|enp2s0f0}}. If you are unsure, your Ethernet interface is likely to start with the letter "e", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "w". You can also use {{ic|iwconfig}} and see which interfaces are not wireless:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iwconfig|2=<br />
enp2s0f0 no wireless extensions.<br />
wlp3s0 IEEE 802.11bgn ESSID:"NETGEAR97"<br />
Mode:Managed Frequency:2.427 GHz Access Point: 2C:B0:5D:9C:72:BF<br />
Bit Rate=65 Mb/s Tx-Power=16 dBm<br />
Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off<br />
Power Management:on<br />
Link Quality=61/70 Signal level=-49 dBm<br />
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0<br />
Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:430 Missed beacon:0<br />
lo no wireless extensions.}}<br />
<br />
In this example, neither {{ic|enp2s0f0}} nor the loopback device have wireless extensions, meaning {{ic|enp2s0f0}} is our Ethernet interface.<br />
<br />
You also need to know these settings:<br />
<br />
* Static IP address.<br />
* Subnet mask.<br />
* Gateway's IP address.<br />
* Name servers' (DNS) IP addresses.<br />
* Domain name (unless you are on a local LAN, in which case you can make it up).<br />
<br />
Activate the connected Ethernet interface (e.g. {{ic|enp2s0f0}}):<br />
<br />
# ip link set enp2s0f0 up<br />
<br />
Add the address:<br />
<br />
# ip addr add ''ip_address''/''subnetmask'' dev ''interface_name''<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
# ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev enp2s0f0<br />
<br />
For more options, run {{ic|man ip}}.<br />
<br />
Add your gateway like this, substituting your own gateway's IP address:<br />
<br />
# ip route add default via ''ip_address''<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
# ip route add default via 192.168.1.1<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|resolv.conf}}, substituting your name servers' IP addresses and your local domain name:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/resolv.conf|<br />
nameserver 61.23.173.5<br />
nameserver 61.95.849.8<br />
search example.com}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|Currently, you may include a maximum of three {{ic|nameserver}} lines.}}<br />
<br />
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Network Configuration]] page.<br />
<br />
==== Wireless ====<br />
<br />
Follow this procedure if you need wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi) during the installation process.<br />
<br />
First, identify the name of your wireless interface.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iw dev|2=<br />
phy#0<br />
Interface wlp3s0<br />
ifindex 3<br />
wdev 0x1<br />
addr 00:21:6a:5e:52:bc<br />
type managed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In this example, {{ic|wlp3s0}} is the available wireless interface. If you are unsure, your wireless interface is likely to start with the letter "w", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "e". <br />
<br />
{{Note|If you do not see output similar to this, then your wireless driver has not been loaded. If this is the case, you must load the driver yourself. Please see [[Wireless Setup]] for more detailed information.}}<br />
<br />
Bring the interface up with:<br />
<br />
# ip link set wlp3s0 up<br />
<br />
A small percentage of wireless chipsets also require firmware, in addition to a corresponding driver. If you get output like {{ic|SIOCSIFFLAGS: No such file or directory}}, this means you will need to manually load the firmware. If unsure, invoke {{ic|dmesg}} to query the kernel log for a firmware request from the wireless chipset. For example, if you have an Intel chipset which requires and has requested firmware from the kernel at boot:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# dmesg <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep firmware|<br />
firmware: requesting iwlwifi-5000-1.ucode}}<br />
<br />
If there is no output, it may be concluded that the system's wireless chipset does not require firmware.<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Wireless chipset firmware packages (for cards which require them) are pre-installed under {{ic|/usr/lib/firmware}} in the live environment (on CD/USB stick) '''but must be explicitly installed to your actual system to provide wireless functionality after you reboot into it!''' Package installation is covered later in this guide. Ensure installation of both your wireless module and firmware before rebooting! See [[Wireless Setup]] if you are unsure about the requirement of corresponding firmware installation for your particular chipset.}}<br />
<br />
Next, use {{Pkg|netctl}}'s {{ic|wifi-menu}} to connect to a network:<br />
<br />
# wifi-menu wlp3s0<br />
<br />
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Wireless Setup]] page.<br />
<br />
Alternatively, use {{ic|iw dev wlp3s0 scan <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep SSID}} to scan for available networks, then connect to a network with:<br />
<br />
# wpa_supplicant -B -i wlp3s0 -c <(wpa_passphrase "''ssid''" "''psk''")<br />
<br />
You need to replace ''ssid'' with the name of your network (e.g. "Linksys etc...") and ''psk'' with your wireless password, '''leaving the quotes around the network name and password.'''<br />
<br />
Finally, you have to give your interface an IP address. This can be set manually or using the dhcp:<br />
<br />
# dhcpd wlp3s0<br />
<br />
==== Analog modem, ISDN or PPoE DSL ====<br />
<br />
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see [[Direct Modem Connection]].<br />
<br />
==== Behind a proxy server ====<br />
<br />
If you are behind a proxy server, you will need to export the {{ic|http_proxy}} and {{ic|ftp_proxy}} environment variables. See [[Proxy settings]] for more information.<br />
<br />
=== Prepare the storage drive ===<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Partitioning can destroy data. You are '''strongly''' cautioned and advised to backup any critical data before proceeding.}}<br />
<br />
Absolute beginners are encouraged to use a graphical partitioning tool. [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/download.php GParted] is a good example, and is [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php provided as a "live" CD]. It is also included on live CDs of most Linux distributions such as [[Wikipedia:Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] and [[Wikipedia:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]]. A drive should first be [[partitioning|partitioned]] and the partitions should be formatted with a [[File Systems|file system]] before rebooting.<br />
<br />
The recommendation for a system that will boot via UEFI rather than MBR legacy boot is to format the drive using a GPT partition table. This means that if the drive was previously already partitioned with an MBR (MSDOS) partition table it will now have a new partition table created which will destroy all other data on the drive. Once the new partition table has been created on a drive, only then can individual partitions be created with any chosen format type. When using Gparted, selecting the option to create a new partition table gives an "msdos" partition table by default. If you are intending to follow the advice to create a GPT partition table then you need to choose "Advanced" and then select "gpt" from the drop-down menu. This cannot be done if you have a pre-existing Windows installation on the drive which you wish not to destroy. It is therefore extremely important to not change the partition table to GPT if you intend on having a dual boot system. Leave the Windows install untouched and try to get the Linux install working with UEFI on a drive that contains an MBR (legacy) partition table. <br />
<br />
In addition, some newer computers come pre-installed with Windows 8 which will be using Secure Boot. Arch Linux currently does not support Secure Boot, but some Windows 8 installations have been seen not to boot if Secure Boot is turned off in the BIOS. In some cases it is necessary to turn off both Secure Boot as well as Fastboot in the BIOS options in order to allow Windows 8 to boot without Secure Boot. However there are potential security risks in turning off Secure Boot for booting up Windows 8. Therefore, it may be a better option to keep the Windows 8 install intact and have an independent hard drive for the Linux install - which can then be partitioned from scratch using a GPT partition table. Once that is done, creating several ext4/FAT32/swap partitions on the second drive may be a better way forward if the computer has two drives available. This is often not easy or possible on a small laptop. Currently, Secure Boot is still not in a fully stable state for reliable operation, even for Linux distributions that support it.<br />
<br />
See [[Swap]] for details if you wish to set up a swap partition or swap file. A swap file is easier to resize than a partition and can be created at any point after installation, but cannot be used with a Btrfs filesystem.<br />
<br />
If you have already done so, proceed to [[#Mount the partitions|Mount the partitions]].<br />
<br />
Otherwise, see the following example.<br />
<br />
==== Example ====<br />
<br />
The Arch Linux install media includes the following partitioning tools: {{ic|fdisk}}, {{ic|gdisk}}, {{ic|cfdisk}}, {{ic|cgdisk}}, {{ic|parted}}.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Use the {{ic|lsblk}} command to list the hard disks attached to your system, along with the sizes of their existing partitions. This will help you to be confident you are partitioning the right disk.}}<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[UEFI]] boot:|<br />
* If you have a UEFI motherboard, you will need to create an extra [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#EFI_System_Partition|UEFI System Partition]].<br />
* It is recommended to always use GPT for UEFI boot, as some UEFI firmwares do not allow UEFI-MBR boot.}}<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[GPT]] partitioning:|<br />
* If you are not dual booting with Windows, then it is advisable to use GPT instead of MBR. Read [[GPT]] for a list of advantages.<br />
* If you have a BIOS motherboard (or plan on booting in BIOS compatibility mode) and you want to setup GRUB on a GPT-partitioned drive, you will need to create an extra [[GRUB#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|BIOS Boot Partition]] of size 1007 KiB and {{ic|EF02}} type code. Syslinux does not need one.<br />
* Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you are installing to a USB flash key, see [[Installing Arch Linux on a USB key]].}}<br />
<br />
The example system will contain a 15 GB root partition, and a [[Partitioning#/home|home]] partition for the remaining space. Choose either [[MBR]] or [[GPT]]. Do not choose both!<br />
<br />
It should be emphasized that partitioning is a personal choice and that this example is only for illustrative purposes. See [[Partitioning]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''MBR'''<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ic|cfdisk&nbsp;/dev/sda}}<br />
| '''Root:'''<br />
<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – type in "15360" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Beginning – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Bootable.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
'''Home:'''<br />
<br />
* Press the down arrow to move to the free space area.<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''GPT'''<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ic|cgdisk&nbsp;/dev/sda}}<br />
| '''Root:'''<br />
<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector (2048) – type in "15G" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name.<br />
|-<br />
| '''Home:'''<br />
<br />
* Press the down arrow a couple of times to move to the larger free space area.<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size; for example "30G") – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
If you chose MBR, here is what it should look like:<br />
<br />
Name Flags Part Type FS Type [Label] Size (MB)<br />
-----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
sda1 Boot Primary Linux 15360<br />
sda2 Primary Linux 133000*<br />
<br />
If you chose GPT, here is what it should look like:<br />
<br />
Part. # Size Partition Type Partition Name<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------<br />
1007.0 KiB free space<br />
1 15.0 GiB Linux filesystem<br />
2 123.45 GiB Linux filesystem<br />
<br />
Double check and make sure that you are happy with the partition sizes as well as the partition table layout before continuing.<br />
<br />
If you would like to start over, you can simply select Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without saving changes and then restart cfdisk (or cgdisk).<br />
<br />
If you are satisfied, choose Write (or press {{Keypress|Shift+W}}) to finalize and to write the partition table to the drive. Type "yes" and choose Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without making any more changes.<br />
<br />
Simply partitioning is not enough; the partitions also need a [[File Systems|filesystem]]. To format the partitions with an ext4 filesystem:<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Double check and triple check that it is actually {{ic|/dev/sda1}} and {{ic|/dev/sda2}} that you want to format. You can use {{ic|lsblk}} to help with this.}}<br />
<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2<br />
<br />
If you have made a partition dedicated to swap (code 82), do not forget to format and activate it with:<br />
<br />
# mkswap /dev/sda''X''<br />
# swapon /dev/sda''X''<br />
<br />
=== Mount the partitions ===<br />
<br />
Each partition is identified with a number suffix. For example, {{ic|sda1}} specifies the first partition of the first drive, while {{ic|sda}} designates the entire drive.<br />
<br />
To display the current partition layout:<br />
<br />
# lsblk /dev/sda<br />
<br />
{{Note|Do not mount more than one partition to the same directory. And pay attention, because the mounting order is important.}}<br />
<br />
First, mount the root partition on {{ic|/mnt}}. Following the example when using {{ic|cfdisk}} above (yours may be different), it would be:<br />
<br />
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt<br />
<br />
Then mount the home partition and any other separate partition ({{ic|/boot}}, {{ic|/var}}, etc), if you have any:<br />
<br />
# mkdir /mnt/home<br />
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/home<br />
<br />
In case you have a UEFI motherboard, mount the UEFI partition:<br />
<br />
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot/efi<br />
# mount /dev/sda''X'' /mnt/boot/efi<br />
<br />
=== Select a mirror ===<br />
<br />
Before installing, you may want to edit the {{ic|mirrorlist}} file and place your preferred mirror first. A copy of this file will be installed on your new system by {{ic|pacstrap}} as well, so it is worth getting it right.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist|<br />
##<br />
## Arch Linux repository mirrorlist<br />
## Sorted by mirror score from mirror status page<br />
## Generated on 2012-MM-DD<br />
##<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Server = http://mirror.example.xyz/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch</nowiki><br />
...}}<br />
<br />
* {{Keypress|Alt+6}} to copy a {{ic|Server}} line.<br />
* {{Keypress|PageUp}} key to scroll up.<br />
* {{Keypress|Ctrl+U}} to paste it at the top of the list.<br />
* {{Keypress|Ctrl+X}} to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press {{Keypress|Y}} and {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the same filename.<br />
<br />
If you want, you can make it the ''only'' mirror available by getting rid of everything else (using {{Keypress|Ctrl+K}}), but it is usually a good idea to have a few more, in case the first one goes offline.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|<br />
* Use the [https://www.archlinux.org/mirrorlist/ Mirrorlist Generator] to get an updated list for your country. HTTP mirrors are faster than FTP, because of something called [[Wikipedia:Keepalive|keepalive]]. With FTP, pacman has to send out a signal each time it downloads a package, resulting in a brief pause. For other ways to generate a mirror list, see [[Mirrors#Sorting mirrors|Sorting mirrors]] and [[Reflector]].<br />
* [https://archlinux.org/mirrors/status/ Arch Linux MirrorStatus] reports various aspects about the mirrors such as network problems with mirrors, data collection problems, the last time mirrors have been synced, etc.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|<br />
* Whenever in the future you change your list of mirrors, always remember to force pacman to refresh all package lists with {{ic|pacman -Syy}}. This is considered to be good practice and will avoid possible headaches. See [[Mirrors]] for more information.<br />
* If you are using an older installation medium, your mirrorlist might be outdated, which might lead to problems when updating Arch Linux (see {{Bug|22510}}). Therefore it is advised to obtain the latest mirror information as described above.<br />
* Some issues have been reported in the [https://bbs.archlinux.org/ Arch Linux forums] regarding network problems that prevent pacman from updating/synchronizing repositories (see [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id&#61;68944] and [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id&#61;65728]). When installing Arch Linux natively, these issues have been resolved by replacing the default pacman file downloader with an alternative (see [[Improve Pacman Performance]] for more details). When installing Arch Linux as a guest OS in [[VirtualBox]], this issue has also been addressed by using "Host interface" instead of "NAT" in the machine properties.}}<br />
<br />
=== Install the base system ===<br />
<br />
The base system is installed using the [https://github.com/falconindy/arch-install-scripts/blob/master/pacstrap.in pacstrap] script.<br />
<br />
The {{ic|-i}} switch can be omitted if you wish to install every package from the ''base'' group without prompting.<br />
<br />
# pacstrap -i /mnt base<br />
<br />
{{Note|If pacman fails to verify your packages, check the system time with {{ic|cal}}. If the system date is invalid (e.g. it shows the year 2010), signing keys will be considered expired (or invalid), signature checks on packages will fail and installation will be interrupted. Make sure to correct the system time, either by doing so manually or with the {{Pkg|ntp}} client, and retry running the pacstrap command. Refer to [[Time]] page for more information on correcting system time.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If pacman complains that {{ic|error: failed to commit transaction (invalid or corrupted package)}}, run the following command:<br />
# pacman-key --init && pacman-key --populate archlinux<br />
}}<br />
<br />
This will give you a basic Arch system. Other packages can be installed later using [[pacman]].<br />
<br />
=== Generate an fstab ===<br />
<br />
Generate an [[fstab]] file with the following command. UUIDs will be used because they have certain advantages (see [[fstab#Identifying filesystems]]). If you would prefer to use labels instead, replace the {{ic|-U}} option with {{ic|-L}}.<br />
<br />
# genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
# nano /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
<br />
{{Warning|The fstab file should always be checked after generating it. If you encounter errors running genfstab or later in the install process, do '''not''' run genfstab again; just edit the fstab file.}}<br />
<br />
A few considerations:<br />
<br />
* The last field determines the order that in which partitions are checked at start up : {{ic|1}} , {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}} (see [[fstab#Field definitions]]).<br />
* Only the root ({{ic|/}}) partition needs {{ic|1}} for the last field. Everything else should have either {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}}.<br />
* You will normally want your ''swap'' partition to have {{ic|0}} i.e. 'do not check'.<br />
<br />
=== Chroot and configure the base system ===<br />
<br />
Next, we [[chroot]] into our newly installed system:<br />
<br />
# arch-chroot /mnt<br />
<br />
{{Note|Use {{ic|arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash}} to chroot into a bash shell.}}<br />
At this stage of the installation, you will configure the primary configuration files of your Arch Linux base system. These can either be created if they do not exist, or edited if you wish to change the defaults.<br />
<br />
Closely following and understanding these steps is of key importance to ensure a properly configured system.<br />
<br />
==== Locale ====<br />
<br />
Locales are used by '''glibc''' and other locale-aware programs or libraries for rendering text, correctly displaying regional monetary values, time and date formats, alphabetic idiosyncrasies, and other locale-specific standards.<br />
<br />
There are two files that need editing: {{ic|locale.gen}} and {{ic|locale.conf}}.<br />
<br />
* The {{ic|locale.gen}} file is empty by default (everything is commented out) and you need to remove the {{ic|#}} in front of the line(s) you want. You may uncomment more lines than just English (US), as long as you choose their {{ic|UTF-8}} encoding:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/locale.gen|<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
<br />
This will run on every '''glibc''' upgrade, generating all the locales specified in {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}.<br />
<br />
* The {{ic|locale.conf}} file does not exist by default. Setting only {{ic|LANG}} should be enough. It will act as the default value for all other variables.<br />
<br />
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you set some other language than English (US) at the beginning of the install, the above commands would be something like:<br />
# echo LANG<nowiki>=</nowiki>de_DE.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG<nowiki>=</nowiki>de_DE.UTF-8<br />
}}<br />
<br />
To use other locales for other {{ic|LC_*}} variables, run {{ic|locale}} to see the available options and add them to {{ic|locale.conf}}. It is not recommended to set the {{ic|LC_ALL}} variable. An advanced example can be found [[Locale#Setting_system-wide_locale|here]].<br />
<br />
==== Console font and keymap ====<br />
<br />
If you set a keymap at [[#Change_the_language|the beginning]] of the install process, load it now, as well, because the environment has changed. For example:<br />
<br />
# loadkeys ''de-latin1''<br />
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16<br />
<br />
To make them available after reboot, edit {{ic|vconsole.conf}}:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/vconsole.conf|2=<br />
KEYMAP=de-latin1<br />
FONT=Lat2-Terminus16<br />
}}<br />
<br />
* {{ic|KEYMAP}} – Please note that this setting is only valid for your TTYs, not any graphical window managers or Xorg.<br />
<br />
* {{ic|FONT}} – Available alternate console fonts reside in {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/}}. The default (blank) is safe, but some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. It is recommended that you change it to {{ic|Lat2-Terminus16}}, because according to {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/README.Lat2-Terminus16}}, it claims to support "about 110 language sets".<br />
<br />
* Possible option {{ic|FONT_MAP}} – Defines the console map to load at boot. Read {{ic|man setfont}}. Removing it or leaving it blank is safe.<br />
<br />
See [[Fonts#Console_fonts|Console fonts]] and {{ic|man vconsole.conf}} for more information.<br />
<br />
==== Time zone ====<br />
<br />
Available time zones and subzones can be found in the {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>}} directories.<br />
<br />
To view the available <Zone>, check the directory {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/}}:<br />
<br />
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/<br />
<br />
Similarly, you can check the contents of directories belonging to a <SubZone>:<br />
<br />
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe<br />
<br />
Create a symbolic link {{ic|/etc/localtime}} to your zone file {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>}} using this command:<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone> /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Minsk /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
==== Hardware clock ====<br />
<br />
Set the hardware clock mode uniformly between your operating systems. Otherwise, they may overwrite the hardware clock and cause time shifts.<br />
<br />
You can generate {{ic|/etc/adjtime}} automatically by using one of the following commands:<br />
<br />
* '''UTC''' (recommended)<br />
<br />
: {{Note|Using [[Wikipedia:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] for the hardware clock does not mean that software will display time in UTC.}}<br />
<br />
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --utc}}<br />
<br />
To synchronize your "UTC" time over the internet, see [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]].<br />
<br />
* '''localtime''' (discouraged; used by default in Windows)<br />
<br />
: {{Warning|Using ''localtime'' may lead to several known and unfixable bugs. However, there are no plans to drop support for ''localtime''.}}<br />
<br />
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --localtime}}<br />
<br />
If you have (or planning on having) a dual boot setup with Windows:<br />
<br />
* Recommended: Set both Arch Linux and Windows to use UTC. A quick [[Time#UTC in Windows|registry fix]] is needed. Also, be sure to prevent Windows from synchronizing the time on-line, because the hardware clock will default back to ''localtime''.<br />
<br />
* Not recommended: Set Arch Linux to ''localtime'' and disable any time-related services, like [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]] . This will let Windows take care of hardware clock corrections and you will need to remember to boot into Windows at least two times a year (in Spring and Autumn) when [[Wikipedia:Daylight saving time|DST]] kicks in. So please do not ask on the forums why the clock is one hour behind or ahead if you usually go for days or weeks without booting into Windows.<br />
<br />
==== Kernel modules ====<br />
<br />
{{Tip|This is just an example, you do not need to set it. All needed modules are automatically loaded by udev, so you will rarely need to add something here. Only add modules that you know are missing.}}<br />
<br />
For kernel modules to load during boot, place a {{ic|*.conf}} file in {{ic|/etc/modules-load.d/}}, with a name based on the program that uses them.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/modules-load.d/virtio-net.conf|<br />
# Load 'virtio-net.ko' at boot.<br />
<br />
virtio-net}}<br />
<br />
If there are more modules to load per {{ic|*.conf}}, the module names can be separated by newlines. A good example are the [[VirtualBox#Arch Linux guests|VirtualBox Guest Additions]].<br />
<br />
Empty lines and lines starting with {{ic|#}} or {{ic|;}} are ignored.<br />
<br />
==== Hostname ====<br />
<br />
Set the [[Wikipedia:hostname|hostname]] to your liking (e.g. ''arch''):<br />
<br />
# echo ''myhostname'' > /etc/hostname<br />
<br />
{{Note|There is no need to edit {{ic|/etc/hosts}}.}}<br />
<br />
=== Configure the network ===<br />
<br />
You need to configure the network again, but this time for your newly installed environment. The procedure and prerequisites are very similar to the one described [[#Establish an internet connection|above]], except we are going to make it persistent and automatically run at boot.<br />
<br />
{{Note|For more in-depth information on network configration, visit [[Network Configuration]] and [[Wireless Setup]].}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you would like to use the old interface naming scheme (ie. eth* and wlan*) you can accomplish this by creating an empty file at {{ic|/etc/udev/rules.d/80-net-name-slot.rules}} which will mask the file of the same name located under {{ic|/usr/lib/udev/rules.d}} (alternatively, instead of an empty file, using a symlink to {{ic|/dev/null}} is also an acceptable masking method).}}<br />
<br />
==== Wired ====<br />
<br />
===== Dynamic IP =====<br />
<br />
; Using dhcpcd<br />
<br />
If you only use a single fixed wired network connection, you do not need a network management service and can simply enable the {{ic|dhcpcd}} service. Here, {{ic|''interface_name''}} is your wired interface:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable dhcpcd@''interface_name''.service<br />
<br />
; Using netctl<br />
<br />
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/ethernet-dhcp my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
Enable the {{ic|my-network}} profile:<br />
<br />
# netctl enable my-network<br />
<br />
; Using netctl-ifplugd<br />
<br />
Alternatively, you can use {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}, which gracefully handles dynamic connections to new networks:<br />
<br />
Install {{Pkg|ifplugd}}, which is required for {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S ifplugd<br />
<br />
Then enable for interface that you want:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable netctl-ifplugd@<interface>.service<br />
<br />
{{Tip|[[Netctl]] also provides {{ic|netctl-auto}}, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunction with {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}.}}<br />
<br />
===== Static IP =====<br />
<br />
; Using netctl<br />
<br />
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/ethernet-static my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}, {{ic|Address}}, {{ic|Gateway}} and {{ic|DNS}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
* Notice the {{ic|/24}} in {{ic|Address}} which is the [[wikipedia:Classless Inter-Domain Routing#CIDR notation|CIDR notation]] of a {{ic|255.255.255.0}} netmask<br />
<br />
Enable above created profile to start it at every boot:<br />
<br />
# netctl enable my-network<br />
<br />
==== Wireless ====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If your wireless adapter requires a firmware (as described in the above [[#Wireless|Establish an internet connection]] section and also [[Wireless Setup#Drivers and firmware|here]]), install the package containing your firmware. Most of the time, the {{Pkg|linux-firmware}} package will contain the needed firmware. Though for some devices, the required firmware might be in its own package. For example:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S zd1211-firmware}}<br />
See [[Wireless Setup]] for more info.}}<br />
<br />
Install {{pkg|iw}}, {{pkg|wpa_supplicant}} and {{pkg|wpa_actiond}} which you will need to connect to a network:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S iw wpa_supplicant wpa_actiond<br />
<br />
===== Adding wireless networks =====<br />
; Using wifi-menu<br />
<br />
Install {{pkg|dialog}}, which is required for {{ic|wifi-menu}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S dialog<br />
<br />
After finishing the rest of this installation and rebooting, you can connect to the network with {{ic|wifi-menu ''interface_name''}} (where {{ic|''interface_name''}} is the interface of your wireless chipset).<br />
<br />
# wifi-menu ''interface_name''<br />
<br />
{{Warning|This must be done *after* your reboot when you are no longer chrooted. The process spawned by this command will conflict with the one you have running outside of the chroot. Alternatively, you could just configure a network profile manually using the following templates so that you do not have to worry about using {{ic|wifi-menu}} at all.}}<br />
<br />
; Using manual netctl profiles<br />
<br />
Copy a network profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/wireless-wpa my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}, {{ic|ESSID}} and {{ic|Key}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
===== Connect automatically to known networks =====<br />
Enable the {{ic|netctl-auto}} service, which will connect to known networks and gracefully handle roaming and disconnects:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable netctl-auto@''interface_name''.service<br />
<br />
{{Tip|[[Netctl]] also provides {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunction with {{ic|netctl-auto}}.}}<br />
<br />
==== Analog modem, ISDN or PPoE DSL ====<br />
<br />
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see [[Direct Modem Connection]].<br />
<br />
=== Create an initial ramdisk environment ===<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Most users can skip this step and use the defaults provided in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}}. The initramfs image (from the {{ic|/boot}} folder) has already been generated based on this file when the {{Pkg|linux}} package (the Linux kernel) was installed earlier with {{ic|pacstrap}}.}}<br />
<br />
Here you need to set the right [[Mkinitcpio#HOOKS|hooks]] if the root is on a USB drive, if you use RAID, LVM, or if {{ic|/usr}} is on a separate partition.<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|/etc/mkinitcpio.conf}} as needed and re-generate the initramfs image with:<br />
<br />
# mkinitcpio -p linux<br />
<br />
{{Note|Arch VPS installations on QEMU (e.g. when using {{ic|virt-manager}}) may need {{ic|virtio}} modules in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}} to be able to boot.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/mkinitcpio.conf|2=<br />
MODULES="virtio virtio_blk virtio_pci virtio_net"}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Set the root password ===<br />
<br />
Set the root password with:<br />
<br />
# passwd<br />
<br />
=== Install and configure a bootloader ===<br />
<br />
==== For BIOS motherboards ====<br />
<br />
For BIOS systems, two bootloaders are available: Syslinux and GRUB. Choose the bootloader as per your convenience.<br />
<br />
* Syslinux is (currently) limited to loading only files from the partition where it was installed. Its configuration file is considered to be easier to understand. An example configuration can be found [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=1109328#p1109328 here].<br />
<br />
* GRUB is more feature-rich and supports more complex scenarios. Its configuration file(s) is more similar to a scripting language, which may be difficult for beginners to manually write. It is recommended that they automatically generate one.<br />
<br />
{{Note|Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}}<br />
<br />
===== Syslinux =====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you opted for a GUID partition table for your hard drive earlier, you need to install the {{Pkg|gptfdisk}} package now for this next step to work, assuming you haven't installed it already.}}<br />
<br />
Install the {{Pkg|syslinux}} package and then use the {{ic|syslinux-install_update}} script to automatically ''install'' the bootloader ({{ic|-i}}), mark the partition ''active'' by setting the boot flag ({{ic|-a}}), and install the ''MBR'' boot code ({{ic|-m}}):<br />
<br />
# pacman -S syslinux<br />
# syslinux-install_update -i -a -m<br />
<br />
Configure {{ic|syslinux.cfg}} to point to the right root partition. This step is vital. If it points to the wrong partition, Arch Linux will not boot. Change {{ic|/dev/sda3}} to reflect your root partition ''(if you partitioned your drive as in [[#Prepare the storage drive|the example]], your root partition is sda1)''. Do the same for the fallback entry.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg|2=<br />
...<br />
LABEL arch<br />
...<br />
APPEND root=/dev/sda3 ro<br />
...}}<br />
<br />
For more information on configuring and using Syslinux, see [[Syslinux]].<br />
<br />
===== GRUB =====<br />
<br />
Install the {{Pkg|grub-bios}} package and then run {{ic|grub-install}} to install the bootloader:<br />
<br />
{{Note|Change {{ic|/dev/sda}} to reflect the drive you installed Arch on. Do not append a partition number (do not use {{ic|sda''X''}}).}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|For GPT-partitioned drives on BIOS motherboards, you also need a "BIOS Boot Partition". See [[GRUB#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|GPT-specific instructions]] and [[GRUB#Install_to_GPT_BIOS_boot_partition|Install to GPT BIOS boot partition]] in the GRUB page.}}<br />
<br />
# pacman -S grub-bios<br />
# grub-install --recheck /dev/sda<br />
# cp /usr/share/locale/en\@quot/LC_MESSAGES/grub.mo /boot/grub/locale/en.mo<br />
<br />
{{Note| If it is an installation on virtualbox as guest, while running grub-install command as in above, you might get an error like "/usr/sbin/grub-bios-setup: warning: this GPT partition label contains no BIOS Boot Partition; embedding won't be possible". Executing {{ic|parted -s /dev/sda set 1 bios_grub on}} and then retrying ''grub-install'' should solve the problem.}}<br />
<br />
While using a manually created {{ic|grub.cfg}} is absolutely fine, it is recommended that beginners automatically generate one:<br />
<br />
{{Tip|To automatically search for other operating systems on your computer, install {{Pkg|os-prober}} ({{ic|pacman -S os-prober}}) before running the next command.}}<br />
<br />
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg<br />
<br />
For more information on configuring and using GRUB, see [[GRUB]].<br />
<br />
==== For UEFI motherboards ====<br />
<br />
For UEFI boot, the drive needs to be GPT-partitioned and an "[[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#EFI System Partition|UEFI System Partition]]" (512 MiB or larger, type {{ic|EF00}}, formatted with FAT32) must be present and mounted on {{ic|/boot}}. If you have followed this guide from the beginning, you have already done all of these.<br />
<br />
===== EFISTUB =====<br />
<br />
The Linux kernel can act as its own bootloader using EFISTUB. This is the UEFI boot method recommended by developers and simpler then using bootloaders.<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Install efibootmgr:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S efibootmgr<br />
<br />
2. Add Arch Linux boot entry:<br />
<br />
# efibootmgr -c -L "Arch Linux" -l /vmlinuz-linux -u "root=/dev/sda2 ro quiet initrd=/initramfs-linux.img"<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some systems, the above command will not work properly. It will execute without any visible error, but the UEFI boot menu will not have been correctly updated with a new entry. To determine whether the command executed properly, run {{ic|efibootmgr}} without any arguments and see if a new entry has appeared in the list displayed. If there is no new entry, then it will not be possible to boot Arch upon reboot, as the UEFI boot menu has been left unchanged. In this case, you will instead have to enter the UEFI shell and manually add an entry to the UEFI boot menu with the {{ic|bcfg}} command, as described [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#bcfg|here]].}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some ASUS motherboards, there is an EFI bug that always reports {{ic|MaxVariableSize&#61;0}}. Combined with a recent kernel that enforces checks on this value, this prevents {{ic|efibootmgr}} from setting new EFI variables. These motherboards do not support the UEFI Shell v2, so you cannot use the {{ic|bcfg}} method either. To work around this, add {{ic|efi_no_storage_paranoia}} to the kernel command line. You can do this by pressing "e" at the bootloader menu.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Gummiboot Loader =====<br />
<br />
If you want to use a bootloader for dualbooting with other OS's, gummiboot is the recommended loader. Download it, and let it install itself to {{ic|/boot}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S gummiboot<br />
# gummiboot install<br />
<br />
You will need to manually create a configuration file to add an entry for Arch Linux to the gummiboot loader. Create {{ic|/boot/loader/entries/arch.conf}} and add the following contents, replacing '''sdaX''' with you root partition, usually '''sda2''':<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf|2=<br />
title Arch Linux<br />
linux /vmlinuz-linux<br />
initrd /initramfs-linux.img<br />
options root=/dev/'''sdaX''' ro<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|For other bootloaders see [[UEFI Bootloaders]].}}<br />
<br />
=== Unmount the partitions and reboot ===<br />
<br />
Exit from the chroot environment:<br />
<br />
# exit<br />
<br />
Since the partitions are mounted under {{ic|/mnt}}, we use the following command to unmount them:<br />
<br />
# umount /mnt/{boot,home,}<br />
<br />
Reboot the computer:<br />
<br />
# reboot<br />
<br />
{{Tip|If you face error "/sbin/init does not exist" on next boot, look for systemd binary path and pass it as kernel argument while booting up. For example, "init &#61; /usr/lib/systemd/systemd" }}<br />
{{Tip|Be sure to remove the installation media, otherwise you will boot back into it.}}<noinclude><br />
{{Beginners' Guide navigation}}</noinclude></div>Dislikeyouhttps://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=Beginners%27_guide&diff=263876Beginners' guide2013-06-22T21:10:52Z<p>Dislikeyou: /* For UEFI motherboards */</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
[[Category:Getting and installing Arch]]<br />
[[Category:About Arch]]<br />
[[ar:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[da:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[es:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[hr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[hu:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[it:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ja:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ko:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[nl:Beginners' Guide/Installatie]]<br />
[[pl:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[pt:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ro:Ghidul începătorilor/Instalare]]<br />
[[ru:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[sr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[zh-CN:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[zh-TW:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
{{Tip|This is part of a multi-page article for The Beginners' Guide. '''[[Beginners' Guide|Click here]]''' if you would rather read the guide in its entirety.}}<br />
</noinclude><br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
You are now presented with a shell prompt, automatically logged in as root.<br />
<br />
=== Change the language ===<br />
<br />
{{Tip|These are optional for the majority of users. Useful only if you plan on writing in your own language in any of the configuration files, if you use diacritical marks in the Wi-Fi password, or if you would like to receive system messages (e.g. possible errors) in your own language.}}<br />
<br />
By default, the keyboard layout is set to {{ic|us}}. If you have a non-[[Wikipedia:File:KB United States-NoAltGr.svg|US]] keyboard layout, run:<br />
<br />
# loadkeys ''layout''<br />
<br />
...where ''layout'' can be {{ic|fr}}, {{ic|uk}}, {{ic|dvorak}}, {{ic|be-latin1}}, etc. See [[KEYMAP#Keyboard layouts|here]] for a comprehensive list.<br />
<br />
The font should also be changed, because most languages use more glyphs than the 26 letter [[Wikipedia:English alphabet|English alphabet]]. Otherwise some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. Note that the name is case-sensitive, so please type it ''exactly'' as you see it:<br />
<br />
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16<br />
<br />
By default, the language is set to English (US). If you would like to change the language for the install process ''(German, in this example)'', remove the {{ic|#}} in front of the [http://www.greendesktiny.com/support/knowledgebase_detail.php?ref=EUH-483 locale] you want from {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}, along with English (US). Please choose the {{ic|UTF-8}} entry.<br />
<br />
Use {{Keypress|Ctrl+X}} to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press {{Keypress|Y}} and {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the same filename.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/locale.gen|<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
# export LANG=de_DE.UTF-8<br />
<br />
Remember, {{Keypress|LAlt+LShift}} activates and deactivates the keymap.<br />
<br />
=== Establish an internet connection ===<br />
<br />
{{Warning|As of v197, udev no longer assigns network interface names according to the wlanX and ethX naming scheme. If you are coming from a different distribution or are reinstalling Arch and not aware of the new interface naming style, please do not assume that your wireless interface is named wlan0, or that your wired interface is named eth0. You can use the command {{ic|ip link}} to discover the names of your interfaces.}}<br />
<br />
The {{ic|dhcpcd}} network daemon starts automatically during boot and it will attempt to start a wired connection. Try to ping a server to see if a connection was established. For example, Google's DNS servers:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ping -c 3 www.google.com|2=<br />
PING www.l.google.com (74.125.132.105) 56(84) bytes of data.<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=1 ttl=50 time=17.0 ms<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=2 ttl=50 time=18.2 ms<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=3 ttl=50 time=16.6 ms<br />
<br />
--- www.l.google.com ping statistics ---<br />
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms<br />
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 16.660/17.320/18.254/0.678 ms}}<br />
<br />
If you get a {{ic|ping: unknown host}} error, first check if there is an issue with your cable or wireless signal strength. If not, you will need to set up the network manually, as explained below. Once a connection is established move on to [[#Prepare the storage drive|Prepare the storage drive]].<br />
<br />
==== Wired ====<br />
<br />
Follow this procedure if you need to set up a wired connection via a static IP address.<br />
<br />
First, disable the dhcpcd service which was started automatically at boot:<br />
<br />
# systemctl stop dhcpcd.service<br />
<br />
Identify the name of your Ethernet interface.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ip link|<br />
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT<br />
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00<br />
2: enp2s0f0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000<br />
link/ether 00:11:25:31:69:20 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff<br />
3: wlp3s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT qlen 1000<br />
link/ether 01:02:03:04:05:06 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff}}<br />
<br />
In this example, the Ethernet interface is {{ic|enp2s0f0}}. If you are unsure, your Ethernet interface is likely to start with the letter "e", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "w". You can also use {{ic|iwconfig}} and see which interfaces are not wireless:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iwconfig|2=<br />
enp2s0f0 no wireless extensions.<br />
wlp3s0 IEEE 802.11bgn ESSID:"NETGEAR97"<br />
Mode:Managed Frequency:2.427 GHz Access Point: 2C:B0:5D:9C:72:BF<br />
Bit Rate=65 Mb/s Tx-Power=16 dBm<br />
Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off<br />
Power Management:on<br />
Link Quality=61/70 Signal level=-49 dBm<br />
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0<br />
Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:430 Missed beacon:0<br />
lo no wireless extensions.}}<br />
<br />
In this example, neither {{ic|enp2s0f0}} nor the loopback device have wireless extensions, meaning {{ic|enp2s0f0}} is our Ethernet interface.<br />
<br />
You also need to know these settings:<br />
<br />
* Static IP address.<br />
* Subnet mask.<br />
* Gateway's IP address.<br />
* Name servers' (DNS) IP addresses.<br />
* Domain name (unless you are on a local LAN, in which case you can make it up).<br />
<br />
Activate the connected Ethernet interface (e.g. {{ic|enp2s0f0}}):<br />
<br />
# ip link set enp2s0f0 up<br />
<br />
Add the address:<br />
<br />
# ip addr add ''ip_address''/''subnetmask'' dev ''interface_name''<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
# ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev enp2s0f0<br />
<br />
For more options, run {{ic|man ip}}.<br />
<br />
Add your gateway like this, substituting your own gateway's IP address:<br />
<br />
# ip route add default via ''ip_address''<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
# ip route add default via 192.168.1.1<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|resolv.conf}}, substituting your name servers' IP addresses and your local domain name:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/resolv.conf|<br />
nameserver 61.23.173.5<br />
nameserver 61.95.849.8<br />
search example.com}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|Currently, you may include a maximum of three {{ic|nameserver}} lines.}}<br />
<br />
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Network Configuration]] page.<br />
<br />
==== Wireless ====<br />
<br />
Follow this procedure if you need wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi) during the installation process.<br />
<br />
First, identify the name of your wireless interface.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iw dev|2=<br />
phy#0<br />
Interface wlp3s0<br />
ifindex 3<br />
wdev 0x1<br />
addr 00:21:6a:5e:52:bc<br />
type managed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In this example, {{ic|wlp3s0}} is the available wireless interface. If you are unsure, your wireless interface is likely to start with the letter "w", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "e". <br />
<br />
{{Note|If you do not see output similar to this, then your wireless driver has not been loaded. If this is the case, you must load the driver yourself. Please see [[Wireless Setup]] for more detailed information.}}<br />
<br />
Bring the interface up with:<br />
<br />
# ip link set wlp3s0 up<br />
<br />
A small percentage of wireless chipsets also require firmware, in addition to a corresponding driver. If you get output like {{ic|SIOCSIFFLAGS: No such file or directory}}, this means you will need to manually load the firmware. If unsure, invoke {{ic|dmesg}} to query the kernel log for a firmware request from the wireless chipset. For example, if you have an Intel chipset which requires and has requested firmware from the kernel at boot:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# dmesg <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep firmware|<br />
firmware: requesting iwlwifi-5000-1.ucode}}<br />
<br />
If there is no output, it may be concluded that the system's wireless chipset does not require firmware.<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Wireless chipset firmware packages (for cards which require them) are pre-installed under {{ic|/usr/lib/firmware}} in the live environment (on CD/USB stick) '''but must be explicitly installed to your actual system to provide wireless functionality after you reboot into it!''' Package installation is covered later in this guide. Ensure installation of both your wireless module and firmware before rebooting! See [[Wireless Setup]] if you are unsure about the requirement of corresponding firmware installation for your particular chipset.}}<br />
<br />
Next, use {{Pkg|netctl}}'s {{ic|wifi-menu}} to connect to a network:<br />
<br />
# wifi-menu wlp3s0<br />
<br />
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Wireless Setup]] page.<br />
<br />
Alternatively, use {{ic|iw dev wlp3s0 scan <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep SSID}} to scan for available networks, then connect to a network with:<br />
<br />
# wpa_supplicant -B -i wlp3s0 -c <(wpa_passphrase "''ssid''" "''psk''")<br />
<br />
You need to replace ''ssid'' with the name of your network (e.g. "Linksys etc...") and ''psk'' with your wireless password, '''leaving the quotes around the network name and password.'''<br />
<br />
Finally, you have to give your interface an IP address. This can be set manually or using the dhcp:<br />
<br />
# dhcpd wlp3s0<br />
<br />
==== Analog modem, ISDN or PPoE DSL ====<br />
<br />
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see [[Direct Modem Connection]].<br />
<br />
==== Behind a proxy server ====<br />
<br />
If you are behind a proxy server, you will need to export the {{ic|http_proxy}} and {{ic|ftp_proxy}} environment variables. See [[Proxy settings]] for more information.<br />
<br />
=== Prepare the storage drive ===<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Partitioning can destroy data. You are '''strongly''' cautioned and advised to backup any critical data before proceeding.}}<br />
<br />
Absolute beginners are encouraged to use a graphical partitioning tool. [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/download.php GParted] is a good example, and is [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php provided as a "live" CD]. It is also included on live CDs of most Linux distributions such as [[Wikipedia:Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] and [[Wikipedia:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]]. A drive should first be [[partitioning|partitioned]] and the partitions should be formatted with a [[File Systems|file system]] before rebooting.<br />
<br />
The recommendation for a system that will boot via UEFI rather than MBR legacy boot is to format the drive using a GPT partition table. This means that if the drive was previously already partitioned with an MBR (MSDOS) partition table it will now have a new partition table created which will destroy all other data on the drive. Once the new partition table has been created on a drive, only then can individual partitions be created with any chosen format type. When using Gparted, selecting the option to create a new partition table gives an "msdos" partition table by default. If you are intending to follow the advice to create a GPT partition table then you need to choose "Advanced" and then select "gpt" from the drop-down menu. This cannot be done if you have a pre-existing Windows installation on the drive which you wish not to destroy. It is therefore extremely important to not change the partition table to GPT if you intend on having a dual boot system. Leave the Windows install untouched and try to get the Linux install working with UEFI on a drive that contains an MBR (legacy) partition table. <br />
<br />
In addition, some newer computers come pre-installed with Windows 8 which will be using Secure Boot. Arch Linux currently does not support Secure Boot, but some Windows 8 installations have been seen not to boot if Secure Boot is turned off in the BIOS. In some cases it is necessary to turn off both Secure Boot as well as Fastboot in the BIOS options in order to allow Windows 8 to boot without Secure Boot. However there are potential security risks in turning off Secure Boot for booting up Windows 8. Therefore, it may be a better option to keep the Windows 8 install intact and have an independent hard drive for the Linux install - which can then be partitioned from scratch using a GPT partition table. Once that is done, creating several ext4/FAT32/swap partitions on the second drive may be a better way forward if the computer has two drives available. This is often not easy or possible on a small laptop. Currently, Secure Boot is still not in a fully stable state for reliable operation, even for Linux distributions that support it.<br />
<br />
See [[Swap]] for details if you wish to set up a swap partition or swap file. A swap file is easier to resize than a partition and can be created at any point after installation, but cannot be used with a Btrfs filesystem.<br />
<br />
If you have already done so, proceed to [[#Mount the partitions|Mount the partitions]].<br />
<br />
Otherwise, see the following example.<br />
<br />
==== Example ====<br />
<br />
The Arch Linux install media includes the following partitioning tools: {{ic|fdisk}}, {{ic|gdisk}}, {{ic|cfdisk}}, {{ic|cgdisk}}, {{ic|parted}}.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Use the {{ic|lsblk}} command to list the hard disks attached to your system, along with the sizes of their existing partitions. This will help you to be confident you are partitioning the right disk.}}<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[UEFI]] boot:|<br />
* If you have a UEFI motherboard, you will need to create an extra [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#EFI_System_Partition|UEFI System Partition]].<br />
* It is recommended to always use GPT for UEFI boot, as some UEFI firmwares do not allow UEFI-MBR boot.}}<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[GPT]] partitioning:|<br />
* If you are not dual booting with Windows, then it is advisable to use GPT instead of MBR. Read [[GPT]] for a list of advantages.<br />
* If you have a BIOS motherboard (or plan on booting in BIOS compatibility mode) and you want to setup GRUB on a GPT-partitioned drive, you will need to create an extra [[GRUB#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|BIOS Boot Partition]] of size 1007 KiB and {{ic|EF02}} type code. Syslinux does not need one.<br />
* Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you are installing to a USB flash key, see [[Installing Arch Linux on a USB key]].}}<br />
<br />
The example system will contain a 15 GB root partition, and a [[Partitioning#/home|home]] partition for the remaining space. Choose either [[MBR]] or [[GPT]]. Do not choose both!<br />
<br />
It should be emphasized that partitioning is a personal choice and that this example is only for illustrative purposes. See [[Partitioning]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''MBR'''<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ic|cfdisk&nbsp;/dev/sda}}<br />
| '''Root:'''<br />
<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – type in "15360" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Beginning – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Bootable.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
'''Home:'''<br />
<br />
* Press the down arrow to move to the free space area.<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''GPT'''<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ic|cgdisk&nbsp;/dev/sda}}<br />
| '''Root:'''<br />
<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector (2048) – type in "15G" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name.<br />
|-<br />
| '''Home:'''<br />
<br />
* Press the down arrow a couple of times to move to the larger free space area.<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size; for example "30G") – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
If you chose MBR, here is what it should look like:<br />
<br />
Name Flags Part Type FS Type [Label] Size (MB)<br />
-----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
sda1 Boot Primary Linux 15360<br />
sda2 Primary Linux 133000*<br />
<br />
If you chose GPT, here is what it should look like:<br />
<br />
Part. # Size Partition Type Partition Name<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------<br />
1007.0 KiB free space<br />
1 15.0 GiB Linux filesystem<br />
2 123.45 GiB Linux filesystem<br />
<br />
Double check and make sure that you are happy with the partition sizes as well as the partition table layout before continuing.<br />
<br />
If you would like to start over, you can simply select Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without saving changes and then restart cfdisk (or cgdisk).<br />
<br />
If you are satisfied, choose Write (or press {{Keypress|Shift+W}}) to finalize and to write the partition table to the drive. Type "yes" and choose Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without making any more changes.<br />
<br />
Simply partitioning is not enough; the partitions also need a [[File Systems|filesystem]]. To format the partitions with an ext4 filesystem:<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Double check and triple check that it is actually {{ic|/dev/sda1}} and {{ic|/dev/sda2}} that you want to format. You can use {{ic|lsblk}} to help with this.}}<br />
<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2<br />
<br />
If you have made a partition dedicated to swap (code 82), do not forget to format and activate it with:<br />
<br />
# mkswap /dev/sda''X''<br />
# swapon /dev/sda''X''<br />
<br />
=== Mount the partitions ===<br />
<br />
Each partition is identified with a number suffix. For example, {{ic|sda1}} specifies the first partition of the first drive, while {{ic|sda}} designates the entire drive.<br />
<br />
To display the current partition layout:<br />
<br />
# lsblk /dev/sda<br />
<br />
{{Note|Do not mount more than one partition to the same directory. And pay attention, because the mounting order is important.}}<br />
<br />
First, mount the root partition on {{ic|/mnt}}. Following the example when using {{ic|cfdisk}} above (yours may be different), it would be:<br />
<br />
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt<br />
<br />
Then mount the home partition and any other separate partition ({{ic|/boot}}, {{ic|/var}}, etc), if you have any:<br />
<br />
# mkdir /mnt/home<br />
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/home<br />
<br />
In case you have a UEFI motherboard, mount the UEFI partition:<br />
<br />
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot/efi<br />
# mount /dev/sda''X'' /mnt/boot/efi<br />
<br />
=== Select a mirror ===<br />
<br />
Before installing, you may want to edit the {{ic|mirrorlist}} file and place your preferred mirror first. A copy of this file will be installed on your new system by {{ic|pacstrap}} as well, so it is worth getting it right.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist|<br />
##<br />
## Arch Linux repository mirrorlist<br />
## Sorted by mirror score from mirror status page<br />
## Generated on 2012-MM-DD<br />
##<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Server = http://mirror.example.xyz/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch</nowiki><br />
...}}<br />
<br />
* {{Keypress|Alt+6}} to copy a {{ic|Server}} line.<br />
* {{Keypress|PageUp}} key to scroll up.<br />
* {{Keypress|Ctrl+U}} to paste it at the top of the list.<br />
* {{Keypress|Ctrl+X}} to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press {{Keypress|Y}} and {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the same filename.<br />
<br />
If you want, you can make it the ''only'' mirror available by getting rid of everything else (using {{Keypress|Ctrl+K}}), but it is usually a good idea to have a few more, in case the first one goes offline.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|<br />
* Use the [https://www.archlinux.org/mirrorlist/ Mirrorlist Generator] to get an updated list for your country. HTTP mirrors are faster than FTP, because of something called [[Wikipedia:Keepalive|keepalive]]. With FTP, pacman has to send out a signal each time it downloads a package, resulting in a brief pause. For other ways to generate a mirror list, see [[Mirrors#Sorting mirrors|Sorting mirrors]] and [[Reflector]].<br />
* [https://archlinux.org/mirrors/status/ Arch Linux MirrorStatus] reports various aspects about the mirrors such as network problems with mirrors, data collection problems, the last time mirrors have been synced, etc.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|<br />
* Whenever in the future you change your list of mirrors, always remember to force pacman to refresh all package lists with {{ic|pacman -Syy}}. This is considered to be good practice and will avoid possible headaches. See [[Mirrors]] for more information.<br />
* If you are using an older installation medium, your mirrorlist might be outdated, which might lead to problems when updating Arch Linux (see {{Bug|22510}}). Therefore it is advised to obtain the latest mirror information as described above.<br />
* Some issues have been reported in the [https://bbs.archlinux.org/ Arch Linux forums] regarding network problems that prevent pacman from updating/synchronizing repositories (see [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id&#61;68944] and [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id&#61;65728]). When installing Arch Linux natively, these issues have been resolved by replacing the default pacman file downloader with an alternative (see [[Improve Pacman Performance]] for more details). When installing Arch Linux as a guest OS in [[VirtualBox]], this issue has also been addressed by using "Host interface" instead of "NAT" in the machine properties.}}<br />
<br />
=== Install the base system ===<br />
<br />
The base system is installed using the [https://github.com/falconindy/arch-install-scripts/blob/master/pacstrap.in pacstrap] script.<br />
<br />
The {{ic|-i}} switch can be omitted if you wish to install every package from the ''base'' group without prompting.<br />
<br />
# pacstrap -i /mnt base<br />
<br />
{{Note|If pacman fails to verify your packages, check the system time with {{ic|cal}}. If the system date is invalid (e.g. it shows the year 2010), signing keys will be considered expired (or invalid), signature checks on packages will fail and installation will be interrupted. Make sure to correct the system time, either by doing so manually or with the {{Pkg|ntp}} client, and retry running the pacstrap command. Refer to [[Time]] page for more information on correcting system time.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If pacman complains that {{ic|error: failed to commit transaction (invalid or corrupted package)}}, run the following command:<br />
# pacman-key --init && pacman-key --populate archlinux<br />
}}<br />
<br />
This will give you a basic Arch system. Other packages can be installed later using [[pacman]].<br />
<br />
=== Generate an fstab ===<br />
<br />
Generate an [[fstab]] file with the following command. UUIDs will be used because they have certain advantages (see [[fstab#Identifying filesystems]]). If you would prefer to use labels instead, replace the {{ic|-U}} option with {{ic|-L}}.<br />
<br />
# genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
# nano /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
<br />
{{Warning|The fstab file should always be checked after generating it. If you encounter errors running genfstab or later in the install process, do '''not''' run genfstab again; just edit the fstab file.}}<br />
<br />
A few considerations:<br />
<br />
* The last field determines the order that in which partitions are checked at start up : {{ic|1}} , {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}} (see [[fstab#Field definitions]]).<br />
* Only the root ({{ic|/}}) partition needs {{ic|1}} for the last field. Everything else should have either {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}}.<br />
* You will normally want your ''swap'' partition to have {{ic|0}} i.e. 'do not check'.<br />
<br />
=== Chroot and configure the base system ===<br />
<br />
Next, we [[chroot]] into our newly installed system:<br />
<br />
# arch-chroot /mnt<br />
<br />
{{Note|Use {{ic|arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash}} to chroot into a bash shell.}}<br />
At this stage of the installation, you will configure the primary configuration files of your Arch Linux base system. These can either be created if they do not exist, or edited if you wish to change the defaults.<br />
<br />
Closely following and understanding these steps is of key importance to ensure a properly configured system.<br />
<br />
==== Locale ====<br />
<br />
Locales are used by '''glibc''' and other locale-aware programs or libraries for rendering text, correctly displaying regional monetary values, time and date formats, alphabetic idiosyncrasies, and other locale-specific standards.<br />
<br />
There are two files that need editing: {{ic|locale.gen}} and {{ic|locale.conf}}.<br />
<br />
* The {{ic|locale.gen}} file is empty by default (everything is commented out) and you need to remove the {{ic|#}} in front of the line(s) you want. You may uncomment more lines than just English (US), as long as you choose their {{ic|UTF-8}} encoding:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/locale.gen|<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
<br />
This will run on every '''glibc''' upgrade, generating all the locales specified in {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}.<br />
<br />
* The {{ic|locale.conf}} file does not exist by default. Setting only {{ic|LANG}} should be enough. It will act as the default value for all other variables.<br />
<br />
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you set some other language than English (US) at the beginning of the install, the above commands would be something like:<br />
# echo LANG<nowiki>=</nowiki>de_DE.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG<nowiki>=</nowiki>de_DE.UTF-8<br />
}}<br />
<br />
To use other locales for other {{ic|LC_*}} variables, run {{ic|locale}} to see the available options and add them to {{ic|locale.conf}}. It is not recommended to set the {{ic|LC_ALL}} variable. An advanced example can be found [[Locale#Setting_system-wide_locale|here]].<br />
<br />
==== Console font and keymap ====<br />
<br />
If you set a keymap at [[#Change_the_language|the beginning]] of the install process, load it now, as well, because the environment has changed. For example:<br />
<br />
# loadkeys ''de-latin1''<br />
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16<br />
<br />
To make them available after reboot, edit {{ic|vconsole.conf}}:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/vconsole.conf|2=<br />
KEYMAP=de-latin1<br />
FONT=Lat2-Terminus16<br />
}}<br />
<br />
* {{ic|KEYMAP}} – Please note that this setting is only valid for your TTYs, not any graphical window managers or Xorg.<br />
<br />
* {{ic|FONT}} – Available alternate console fonts reside in {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/}}. The default (blank) is safe, but some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. It is recommended that you change it to {{ic|Lat2-Terminus16}}, because according to {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/README.Lat2-Terminus16}}, it claims to support "about 110 language sets".<br />
<br />
* Possible option {{ic|FONT_MAP}} – Defines the console map to load at boot. Read {{ic|man setfont}}. Removing it or leaving it blank is safe.<br />
<br />
See [[Fonts#Console_fonts|Console fonts]] and {{ic|man vconsole.conf}} for more information.<br />
<br />
==== Time zone ====<br />
<br />
Available time zones and subzones can be found in the {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>}} directories.<br />
<br />
To view the available <Zone>, check the directory {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/}}:<br />
<br />
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/<br />
<br />
Similarly, you can check the contents of directories belonging to a <SubZone>:<br />
<br />
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe<br />
<br />
Create a symbolic link {{ic|/etc/localtime}} to your zone file {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>}} using this command:<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone> /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Minsk /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
==== Hardware clock ====<br />
<br />
Set the hardware clock mode uniformly between your operating systems. Otherwise, they may overwrite the hardware clock and cause time shifts.<br />
<br />
You can generate {{ic|/etc/adjtime}} automatically by using one of the following commands:<br />
<br />
* '''UTC''' (recommended)<br />
<br />
: {{Note|Using [[Wikipedia:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] for the hardware clock does not mean that software will display time in UTC.}}<br />
<br />
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --utc}}<br />
<br />
To synchronize your "UTC" time over the internet, see [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]].<br />
<br />
* '''localtime''' (discouraged; used by default in Windows)<br />
<br />
: {{Warning|Using ''localtime'' may lead to several known and unfixable bugs. However, there are no plans to drop support for ''localtime''.}}<br />
<br />
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --localtime}}<br />
<br />
If you have (or planning on having) a dual boot setup with Windows:<br />
<br />
* Recommended: Set both Arch Linux and Windows to use UTC. A quick [[Time#UTC in Windows|registry fix]] is needed. Also, be sure to prevent Windows from synchronizing the time on-line, because the hardware clock will default back to ''localtime''.<br />
<br />
* Not recommended: Set Arch Linux to ''localtime'' and disable any time-related services, like [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]] . This will let Windows take care of hardware clock corrections and you will need to remember to boot into Windows at least two times a year (in Spring and Autumn) when [[Wikipedia:Daylight saving time|DST]] kicks in. So please do not ask on the forums why the clock is one hour behind or ahead if you usually go for days or weeks without booting into Windows.<br />
<br />
==== Kernel modules ====<br />
<br />
{{Tip|This is just an example, you do not need to set it. All needed modules are automatically loaded by udev, so you will rarely need to add something here. Only add modules that you know are missing.}}<br />
<br />
For kernel modules to load during boot, place a {{ic|*.conf}} file in {{ic|/etc/modules-load.d/}}, with a name based on the program that uses them.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/modules-load.d/virtio-net.conf|<br />
# Load 'virtio-net.ko' at boot.<br />
<br />
virtio-net}}<br />
<br />
If there are more modules to load per {{ic|*.conf}}, the module names can be separated by newlines. A good example are the [[VirtualBox#Arch Linux guests|VirtualBox Guest Additions]].<br />
<br />
Empty lines and lines starting with {{ic|#}} or {{ic|;}} are ignored.<br />
<br />
==== Hostname ====<br />
<br />
Set the [[Wikipedia:hostname|hostname]] to your liking (e.g. ''arch''):<br />
<br />
# echo ''myhostname'' > /etc/hostname<br />
<br />
{{Note|There is no need to edit {{ic|/etc/hosts}}.}}<br />
<br />
=== Configure the network ===<br />
<br />
You need to configure the network again, but this time for your newly installed environment. The procedure and prerequisites are very similar to the one described [[#Establish an internet connection|above]], except we are going to make it persistent and automatically run at boot.<br />
<br />
{{Note|For more in-depth information on network configration, visit [[Network Configuration]] and [[Wireless Setup]].}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you would like to use the old interface naming scheme (ie. eth* and wlan*) you can accomplish this by creating an empty file at {{ic|/etc/udev/rules.d/80-net-name-slot.rules}} which will mask the file of the same name located under {{ic|/usr/lib/udev/rules.d}} (alternatively, instead of an empty file, using a symlink to {{ic|/dev/null}} is also an acceptable masking method).}}<br />
<br />
==== Wired ====<br />
<br />
===== Dynamic IP =====<br />
<br />
; Using dhcpcd<br />
<br />
If you only use a single fixed wired network connection, you do not need a network management service and can simply enable the {{ic|dhcpcd}} service. Here, {{ic|''interface_name''}} is your wired interface:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable dhcpcd@''interface_name''.service<br />
<br />
; Using netctl<br />
<br />
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/ethernet-dhcp my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
Enable the {{ic|my-network}} profile:<br />
<br />
# netctl enable my-network<br />
<br />
; Using netctl-ifplugd<br />
<br />
Alternatively, you can use {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}, which gracefully handles dynamic connections to new networks:<br />
<br />
Install {{Pkg|ifplugd}}, which is required for {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S ifplugd<br />
<br />
Then enable for interface that you want:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable netctl-ifplugd@<interface>.service<br />
<br />
{{Tip|[[Netctl]] also provides {{ic|netctl-auto}}, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunction with {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}.}}<br />
<br />
===== Static IP =====<br />
<br />
; Using netctl<br />
<br />
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/ethernet-static my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}, {{ic|Address}}, {{ic|Gateway}} and {{ic|DNS}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
* Notice the {{ic|/24}} in {{ic|Address}} which is the [[wikipedia:Classless Inter-Domain Routing#CIDR notation|CIDR notation]] of a {{ic|255.255.255.0}} netmask<br />
<br />
Enable above created profile to start it at every boot:<br />
<br />
# netctl enable my-network<br />
<br />
==== Wireless ====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If your wireless adapter requires a firmware (as described in the above [[#Wireless|Establish an internet connection]] section and also [[Wireless Setup#Drivers and firmware|here]]), install the package containing your firmware. Most of the time, the {{Pkg|linux-firmware}} package will contain the needed firmware. Though for some devices, the required firmware might be in its own package. For example:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S zd1211-firmware}}<br />
See [[Wireless Setup]] for more info.}}<br />
<br />
Install {{pkg|iw}}, {{pkg|wpa_supplicant}} and {{pkg|wpa_actiond}} which you will need to connect to a network:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S iw wpa_supplicant wpa_actiond<br />
<br />
===== Adding wireless networks =====<br />
; Using wifi-menu<br />
<br />
Install {{pkg|dialog}}, which is required for {{ic|wifi-menu}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S dialog<br />
<br />
After finishing the rest of this installation and rebooting, you can connect to the network with {{ic|wifi-menu ''interface_name''}} (where {{ic|''interface_name''}} is the interface of your wireless chipset).<br />
<br />
# wifi-menu ''interface_name''<br />
<br />
{{Warning|This must be done *after* your reboot when you are no longer chrooted. The process spawned by this command will conflict with the one you have running outside of the chroot. Alternatively, you could just configure a network profile manually using the following templates so that you do not have to worry about using {{ic|wifi-menu}} at all.}}<br />
<br />
; Using manual netctl profiles<br />
<br />
Copy a network profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/wireless-wpa my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}, {{ic|ESSID}} and {{ic|Key}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
===== Connect automatically to known networks =====<br />
Enable the {{ic|netctl-auto}} service, which will connect to known networks and gracefully handle roaming and disconnects:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable netctl-auto@''interface_name''.service<br />
<br />
{{Tip|[[Netctl]] also provides {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunction with {{ic|netctl-auto}}.}}<br />
<br />
==== Analog modem, ISDN or PPoE DSL ====<br />
<br />
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see [[Direct Modem Connection]].<br />
<br />
=== Create an initial ramdisk environment ===<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Most users can skip this step and use the defaults provided in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}}. The initramfs image (from the {{ic|/boot}} folder) has already been generated based on this file when the {{Pkg|linux}} package (the Linux kernel) was installed earlier with {{ic|pacstrap}}.}}<br />
<br />
Here you need to set the right [[Mkinitcpio#HOOKS|hooks]] if the root is on a USB drive, if you use RAID, LVM, or if {{ic|/usr}} is on a separate partition.<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|/etc/mkinitcpio.conf}} as needed and re-generate the initramfs image with:<br />
<br />
# mkinitcpio -p linux<br />
<br />
{{Note|Arch VPS installations on QEMU (e.g. when using {{ic|virt-manager}}) may need {{ic|virtio}} modules in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}} to be able to boot.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/mkinitcpio.conf|2=<br />
MODULES="virtio virtio_blk virtio_pci virtio_net"}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Set the root password ===<br />
<br />
Set the root password with:<br />
<br />
# passwd<br />
<br />
=== Install and configure a bootloader ===<br />
<br />
==== For BIOS motherboards ====<br />
<br />
For BIOS systems, two bootloaders are available: Syslinux and GRUB. Choose the bootloader as per your convenience.<br />
<br />
* Syslinux is (currently) limited to loading only files from the partition where it was installed. Its configuration file is considered to be easier to understand. An example configuration can be found [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=1109328#p1109328 here].<br />
<br />
* GRUB is more feature-rich and supports more complex scenarios. Its configuration file(s) is more similar to a scripting language, which may be difficult for beginners to manually write. It is recommended that they automatically generate one.<br />
<br />
{{Note|Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}}<br />
<br />
===== Syslinux =====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you opted for a GUID partition table for your hard drive earlier, you need to install the {{Pkg|gptfdisk}} package now for this next step to work, assuming you haven't installed it already.}}<br />
<br />
Install the {{Pkg|syslinux}} package and then use the {{ic|syslinux-install_update}} script to automatically ''install'' the bootloader ({{ic|-i}}), mark the partition ''active'' by setting the boot flag ({{ic|-a}}), and install the ''MBR'' boot code ({{ic|-m}}):<br />
<br />
# pacman -S syslinux<br />
# syslinux-install_update -i -a -m<br />
<br />
Configure {{ic|syslinux.cfg}} to point to the right root partition. This step is vital. If it points to the wrong partition, Arch Linux will not boot. Change {{ic|/dev/sda3}} to reflect your root partition ''(if you partitioned your drive as in [[#Prepare the storage drive|the example]], your root partition is sda1)''. Do the same for the fallback entry.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg|2=<br />
...<br />
LABEL arch<br />
...<br />
APPEND root=/dev/sda3 ro<br />
...}}<br />
<br />
For more information on configuring and using Syslinux, see [[Syslinux]].<br />
<br />
===== GRUB =====<br />
<br />
Install the {{Pkg|grub-bios}} package and then run {{ic|grub-install}} to install the bootloader:<br />
<br />
{{Note|Change {{ic|/dev/sda}} to reflect the drive you installed Arch on. Do not append a partition number (do not use {{ic|sda''X''}}).}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|For GPT-partitioned drives on BIOS motherboards, you also need a "BIOS Boot Partition". See [[GRUB#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|GPT-specific instructions]] and [[GRUB#Install_to_GPT_BIOS_boot_partition|Install to GPT BIOS boot partition]] in the GRUB page.}}<br />
<br />
# pacman -S grub-bios<br />
# grub-install --recheck /dev/sda<br />
# cp /usr/share/locale/en\@quot/LC_MESSAGES/grub.mo /boot/grub/locale/en.mo<br />
<br />
{{Note| If it is an installation on virtualbox as guest, while running grub-install command as in above, you might get an error like "/usr/sbin/grub-bios-setup: warning: this GPT partition label contains no BIOS Boot Partition; embedding won't be possible". Executing {{ic|parted -s /dev/sda set 1 bios_grub on}} and then retrying ''grub-install'' should solve the problem.}}<br />
<br />
While using a manually created {{ic|grub.cfg}} is absolutely fine, it is recommended that beginners automatically generate one:<br />
<br />
{{Tip|To automatically search for other operating systems on your computer, install {{Pkg|os-prober}} ({{ic|pacman -S os-prober}}) before running the next command.}}<br />
<br />
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg<br />
<br />
For more information on configuring and using GRUB, see [[GRUB]].<br />
<br />
==== For UEFI motherboards ====<br />
<br />
For UEFI boot, the drive needs to be GPT-partitioned and an "[[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#EFI System Partition|UEFI System Partition]]" (50 MiB or larger, type {{ic|EF00}}, formatted with FAT32) must be present and mounted on {{ic|/boot}}. If you have followed this guide from the beginning, you have already done all of these.<br />
<br />
While there are other [[UEFI Bootloaders|UEFI bootloaders]] available, using EFISTUB is recommended.<br />
<br />
<br />
===== EFISTUB =====<br />
<br />
The Linux kernel can act as its own bootloader using EFISTUB. This is the UEFI boot method recommended by developers and simpler then using other bootloaders. The steps below set up Gummiboot to provide a menu for EFISTUB kernels, as well as for booting other UEFI bootloaders. Alternative EFISTUB boot managers can be found on the page [[UEFI Bootloaders#Booting EFISTUB]]. Both rEFInd and [[gummiboot]] can detect Windows UEFI bootloaders in case of dual-boot.<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Mount the UEFI System Partition on {{ic|/mnt/boot}} and chroot back into {{ic|/mnt}}. (If you haven't already.)<br />
<br />
2. Install efibootmgr: <br />
<br />
# pacman -S efibootmgr<br />
<br />
3. Add Arch boot entry: <br />
<br />
# efibootmgr -c -L "Arch Linux" -l /vmlinuz-linux -u "root=/dev/sda2 ro quiet initrd=/initramfs-linux.img"<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some systems, the above command will not work properly. It will execute without any visible error, but the UEFI boot menu will not have been correctly updated with a new entry. To determine whether the command executed properly, run {{ic|efibootmgr}} without any arguments and see if a new entry has appeared in the list displayed. If there is no new entry, then it will not be possible to boot Arch upon reboot, as the UEFI boot menu has been left unchanged. In this case, you will instead have to enter the UEFI shell and manually add an entry to the UEFI boot menu with the {{ic|bcfg}} command, as described [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#bcfg|here]].}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some ASUS motherboards, there is an EFI bug that always reports {{ic|MaxVariableSize&#61;0}}. Combined with a recent kernel that enforces checks on this value, this prevents {{ic|efibootmgr}} from setting new EFI variables. These motherboards do not support the UEFI Shell v2, so you cannot use the {{ic|bcfg}} method either. To work around this, add {{ic|efi_no_storage_paranoia}} to the kernel command line. You can do this by pressing "e" at the bootloader menu.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===== Gummiboot Loader =====<br />
<br />
If you want to use a bootloader for dualbooting with other OS's gummiboot is the recommended loader.<br />
<br />
<br />
To install gummiboot:<br />
<br />
1. <br />
<br />
# pacman -S gummiboot<br />
<br />
2. <br />
<br />
# gummiboot install<br />
<br />
3. Create conf file:<br />
<br />
# nano /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|And add:|}}<br />
<br />
<br />
title Arch Linux<br />
<br />
linux /vmlinuz-linux<br />
<br />
initrd /initramfs-linux.img<br />
<br />
options root=/dev/sdaX ro<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Note|sdaX is your root partition, usually sda2.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
4. Press ctrl +x to save<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Box|Note:|For other bootloaders see [[UEFI_Bootloaders]].|#DF0000|#FFDFDF}}<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Unmount the partitions and reboot ===<br />
<br />
Exit from the chroot environment:<br />
<br />
# exit<br />
<br />
Since the partitions are mounted under {{ic|/mnt}}, we use the following command to unmount them:<br />
<br />
# umount /mnt/{boot,home,}<br />
<br />
Reboot the computer:<br />
<br />
# reboot<br />
<br />
{{Tip|If you face error "/sbin/init does not exist" on next boot, look for systemd binary path and pass it as kernel argument while booting up. For example, "init &#61; /usr/lib/systemd/systemd" }}<br />
{{Tip|Be sure to remove the installation media, otherwise you will boot back into it.}}<noinclude><br />
{{Beginners' Guide navigation}}</noinclude></div>Dislikeyouhttps://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=Beginners%27_guide&diff=263875Beginners' guide2013-06-22T21:08:05Z<p>Dislikeyou: /* For UEFI motherboards */</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
[[Category:Getting and installing Arch]]<br />
[[Category:About Arch]]<br />
[[ar:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[da:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[es:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[hr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[hu:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[it:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ja:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ko:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[nl:Beginners' Guide/Installatie]]<br />
[[pl:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[pt:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[ro:Ghidul începătorilor/Instalare]]<br />
[[ru:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[sr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[zh-CN:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
[[zh-TW:Beginners' Guide/Installation]]<br />
{{Tip|This is part of a multi-page article for The Beginners' Guide. '''[[Beginners' Guide|Click here]]''' if you would rather read the guide in its entirety.}}<br />
</noinclude><br />
== Installation ==<br />
<br />
You are now presented with a shell prompt, automatically logged in as root.<br />
<br />
=== Change the language ===<br />
<br />
{{Tip|These are optional for the majority of users. Useful only if you plan on writing in your own language in any of the configuration files, if you use diacritical marks in the Wi-Fi password, or if you would like to receive system messages (e.g. possible errors) in your own language.}}<br />
<br />
By default, the keyboard layout is set to {{ic|us}}. If you have a non-[[Wikipedia:File:KB United States-NoAltGr.svg|US]] keyboard layout, run:<br />
<br />
# loadkeys ''layout''<br />
<br />
...where ''layout'' can be {{ic|fr}}, {{ic|uk}}, {{ic|dvorak}}, {{ic|be-latin1}}, etc. See [[KEYMAP#Keyboard layouts|here]] for a comprehensive list.<br />
<br />
The font should also be changed, because most languages use more glyphs than the 26 letter [[Wikipedia:English alphabet|English alphabet]]. Otherwise some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. Note that the name is case-sensitive, so please type it ''exactly'' as you see it:<br />
<br />
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16<br />
<br />
By default, the language is set to English (US). If you would like to change the language for the install process ''(German, in this example)'', remove the {{ic|#}} in front of the [http://www.greendesktiny.com/support/knowledgebase_detail.php?ref=EUH-483 locale] you want from {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}, along with English (US). Please choose the {{ic|UTF-8}} entry.<br />
<br />
Use {{Keypress|Ctrl+X}} to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press {{Keypress|Y}} and {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the same filename.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/locale.gen|<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
# export LANG=de_DE.UTF-8<br />
<br />
Remember, {{Keypress|LAlt+LShift}} activates and deactivates the keymap.<br />
<br />
=== Establish an internet connection ===<br />
<br />
{{Warning|As of v197, udev no longer assigns network interface names according to the wlanX and ethX naming scheme. If you are coming from a different distribution or are reinstalling Arch and not aware of the new interface naming style, please do not assume that your wireless interface is named wlan0, or that your wired interface is named eth0. You can use the command {{ic|ip link}} to discover the names of your interfaces.}}<br />
<br />
The {{ic|dhcpcd}} network daemon starts automatically during boot and it will attempt to start a wired connection. Try to ping a server to see if a connection was established. For example, Google's DNS servers:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ping -c 3 www.google.com|2=<br />
PING www.l.google.com (74.125.132.105) 56(84) bytes of data.<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=1 ttl=50 time=17.0 ms<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=2 ttl=50 time=18.2 ms<br />
64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=3 ttl=50 time=16.6 ms<br />
<br />
--- www.l.google.com ping statistics ---<br />
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms<br />
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 16.660/17.320/18.254/0.678 ms}}<br />
<br />
If you get a {{ic|ping: unknown host}} error, first check if there is an issue with your cable or wireless signal strength. If not, you will need to set up the network manually, as explained below. Once a connection is established move on to [[#Prepare the storage drive|Prepare the storage drive]].<br />
<br />
==== Wired ====<br />
<br />
Follow this procedure if you need to set up a wired connection via a static IP address.<br />
<br />
First, disable the dhcpcd service which was started automatically at boot:<br />
<br />
# systemctl stop dhcpcd.service<br />
<br />
Identify the name of your Ethernet interface.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ip link|<br />
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT<br />
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00<br />
2: enp2s0f0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000<br />
link/ether 00:11:25:31:69:20 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff<br />
3: wlp3s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT qlen 1000<br />
link/ether 01:02:03:04:05:06 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff}}<br />
<br />
In this example, the Ethernet interface is {{ic|enp2s0f0}}. If you are unsure, your Ethernet interface is likely to start with the letter "e", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "w". You can also use {{ic|iwconfig}} and see which interfaces are not wireless:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iwconfig|2=<br />
enp2s0f0 no wireless extensions.<br />
wlp3s0 IEEE 802.11bgn ESSID:"NETGEAR97"<br />
Mode:Managed Frequency:2.427 GHz Access Point: 2C:B0:5D:9C:72:BF<br />
Bit Rate=65 Mb/s Tx-Power=16 dBm<br />
Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off<br />
Power Management:on<br />
Link Quality=61/70 Signal level=-49 dBm<br />
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0<br />
Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:430 Missed beacon:0<br />
lo no wireless extensions.}}<br />
<br />
In this example, neither {{ic|enp2s0f0}} nor the loopback device have wireless extensions, meaning {{ic|enp2s0f0}} is our Ethernet interface.<br />
<br />
You also need to know these settings:<br />
<br />
* Static IP address.<br />
* Subnet mask.<br />
* Gateway's IP address.<br />
* Name servers' (DNS) IP addresses.<br />
* Domain name (unless you are on a local LAN, in which case you can make it up).<br />
<br />
Activate the connected Ethernet interface (e.g. {{ic|enp2s0f0}}):<br />
<br />
# ip link set enp2s0f0 up<br />
<br />
Add the address:<br />
<br />
# ip addr add ''ip_address''/''subnetmask'' dev ''interface_name''<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
# ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev enp2s0f0<br />
<br />
For more options, run {{ic|man ip}}.<br />
<br />
Add your gateway like this, substituting your own gateway's IP address:<br />
<br />
# ip route add default via ''ip_address''<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
# ip route add default via 192.168.1.1<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|resolv.conf}}, substituting your name servers' IP addresses and your local domain name:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/resolv.conf|<br />
nameserver 61.23.173.5<br />
nameserver 61.95.849.8<br />
search example.com}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|Currently, you may include a maximum of three {{ic|nameserver}} lines.}}<br />
<br />
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Network Configuration]] page.<br />
<br />
==== Wireless ====<br />
<br />
Follow this procedure if you need wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi) during the installation process.<br />
<br />
First, identify the name of your wireless interface.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iw dev|2=<br />
phy#0<br />
Interface wlp3s0<br />
ifindex 3<br />
wdev 0x1<br />
addr 00:21:6a:5e:52:bc<br />
type managed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In this example, {{ic|wlp3s0}} is the available wireless interface. If you are unsure, your wireless interface is likely to start with the letter "w", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "e". <br />
<br />
{{Note|If you do not see output similar to this, then your wireless driver has not been loaded. If this is the case, you must load the driver yourself. Please see [[Wireless Setup]] for more detailed information.}}<br />
<br />
Bring the interface up with:<br />
<br />
# ip link set wlp3s0 up<br />
<br />
A small percentage of wireless chipsets also require firmware, in addition to a corresponding driver. If you get output like {{ic|SIOCSIFFLAGS: No such file or directory}}, this means you will need to manually load the firmware. If unsure, invoke {{ic|dmesg}} to query the kernel log for a firmware request from the wireless chipset. For example, if you have an Intel chipset which requires and has requested firmware from the kernel at boot:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# dmesg <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep firmware|<br />
firmware: requesting iwlwifi-5000-1.ucode}}<br />
<br />
If there is no output, it may be concluded that the system's wireless chipset does not require firmware.<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Wireless chipset firmware packages (for cards which require them) are pre-installed under {{ic|/usr/lib/firmware}} in the live environment (on CD/USB stick) '''but must be explicitly installed to your actual system to provide wireless functionality after you reboot into it!''' Package installation is covered later in this guide. Ensure installation of both your wireless module and firmware before rebooting! See [[Wireless Setup]] if you are unsure about the requirement of corresponding firmware installation for your particular chipset.}}<br />
<br />
Next, use {{Pkg|netctl}}'s {{ic|wifi-menu}} to connect to a network:<br />
<br />
# wifi-menu wlp3s0<br />
<br />
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Wireless Setup]] page.<br />
<br />
Alternatively, use {{ic|iw dev wlp3s0 scan <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep SSID}} to scan for available networks, then connect to a network with:<br />
<br />
# wpa_supplicant -B -i wlp3s0 -c <(wpa_passphrase "''ssid''" "''psk''")<br />
<br />
You need to replace ''ssid'' with the name of your network (e.g. "Linksys etc...") and ''psk'' with your wireless password, '''leaving the quotes around the network name and password.'''<br />
<br />
Finally, you have to give your interface an IP address. This can be set manually or using the dhcp:<br />
<br />
# dhcpd wlp3s0<br />
<br />
==== Analog modem, ISDN or PPoE DSL ====<br />
<br />
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see [[Direct Modem Connection]].<br />
<br />
==== Behind a proxy server ====<br />
<br />
If you are behind a proxy server, you will need to export the {{ic|http_proxy}} and {{ic|ftp_proxy}} environment variables. See [[Proxy settings]] for more information.<br />
<br />
=== Prepare the storage drive ===<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Partitioning can destroy data. You are '''strongly''' cautioned and advised to backup any critical data before proceeding.}}<br />
<br />
Absolute beginners are encouraged to use a graphical partitioning tool. [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/download.php GParted] is a good example, and is [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php provided as a "live" CD]. It is also included on live CDs of most Linux distributions such as [[Wikipedia:Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] and [[Wikipedia:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]]. A drive should first be [[partitioning|partitioned]] and the partitions should be formatted with a [[File Systems|file system]] before rebooting.<br />
<br />
The recommendation for a system that will boot via UEFI rather than MBR legacy boot is to format the drive using a GPT partition table. This means that if the drive was previously already partitioned with an MBR (MSDOS) partition table it will now have a new partition table created which will destroy all other data on the drive. Once the new partition table has been created on a drive, only then can individual partitions be created with any chosen format type. When using Gparted, selecting the option to create a new partition table gives an "msdos" partition table by default. If you are intending to follow the advice to create a GPT partition table then you need to choose "Advanced" and then select "gpt" from the drop-down menu. This cannot be done if you have a pre-existing Windows installation on the drive which you wish not to destroy. It is therefore extremely important to not change the partition table to GPT if you intend on having a dual boot system. Leave the Windows install untouched and try to get the Linux install working with UEFI on a drive that contains an MBR (legacy) partition table. <br />
<br />
In addition, some newer computers come pre-installed with Windows 8 which will be using Secure Boot. Arch Linux currently does not support Secure Boot, but some Windows 8 installations have been seen not to boot if Secure Boot is turned off in the BIOS. In some cases it is necessary to turn off both Secure Boot as well as Fastboot in the BIOS options in order to allow Windows 8 to boot without Secure Boot. However there are potential security risks in turning off Secure Boot for booting up Windows 8. Therefore, it may be a better option to keep the Windows 8 install intact and have an independent hard drive for the Linux install - which can then be partitioned from scratch using a GPT partition table. Once that is done, creating several ext4/FAT32/swap partitions on the second drive may be a better way forward if the computer has two drives available. This is often not easy or possible on a small laptop. Currently, Secure Boot is still not in a fully stable state for reliable operation, even for Linux distributions that support it.<br />
<br />
See [[Swap]] for details if you wish to set up a swap partition or swap file. A swap file is easier to resize than a partition and can be created at any point after installation, but cannot be used with a Btrfs filesystem.<br />
<br />
If you have already done so, proceed to [[#Mount the partitions|Mount the partitions]].<br />
<br />
Otherwise, see the following example.<br />
<br />
==== Example ====<br />
<br />
The Arch Linux install media includes the following partitioning tools: {{ic|fdisk}}, {{ic|gdisk}}, {{ic|cfdisk}}, {{ic|cgdisk}}, {{ic|parted}}.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Use the {{ic|lsblk}} command to list the hard disks attached to your system, along with the sizes of their existing partitions. This will help you to be confident you are partitioning the right disk.}}<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[UEFI]] boot:|<br />
* If you have a UEFI motherboard, you will need to create an extra [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#EFI_System_Partition|UEFI System Partition]].<br />
* It is recommended to always use GPT for UEFI boot, as some UEFI firmwares do not allow UEFI-MBR boot.}}<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[GPT]] partitioning:|<br />
* If you are not dual booting with Windows, then it is advisable to use GPT instead of MBR. Read [[GPT]] for a list of advantages.<br />
* If you have a BIOS motherboard (or plan on booting in BIOS compatibility mode) and you want to setup GRUB on a GPT-partitioned drive, you will need to create an extra [[GRUB#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|BIOS Boot Partition]] of size 1007 KiB and {{ic|EF02}} type code. Syslinux does not need one.<br />
* Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you are installing to a USB flash key, see [[Installing Arch Linux on a USB key]].}}<br />
<br />
The example system will contain a 15 GB root partition, and a [[Partitioning#/home|home]] partition for the remaining space. Choose either [[MBR]] or [[GPT]]. Do not choose both!<br />
<br />
It should be emphasized that partitioning is a personal choice and that this example is only for illustrative purposes. See [[Partitioning]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''MBR'''<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ic|cfdisk&nbsp;/dev/sda}}<br />
| '''Root:'''<br />
<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – type in "15360" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Beginning – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Bootable.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
'''Home:'''<br />
<br />
* Press the down arrow to move to the free space area.<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size).<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''GPT'''<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{ic|cgdisk&nbsp;/dev/sda}}<br />
| '''Root:'''<br />
<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector (2048) – type in "15G" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name.<br />
|-<br />
| '''Home:'''<br />
<br />
* Press the down arrow a couple of times to move to the larger free space area.<br />
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size; for example "30G") – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
If you chose MBR, here is what it should look like:<br />
<br />
Name Flags Part Type FS Type [Label] Size (MB)<br />
-----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
sda1 Boot Primary Linux 15360<br />
sda2 Primary Linux 133000*<br />
<br />
If you chose GPT, here is what it should look like:<br />
<br />
Part. # Size Partition Type Partition Name<br />
----------------------------------------------------------------<br />
1007.0 KiB free space<br />
1 15.0 GiB Linux filesystem<br />
2 123.45 GiB Linux filesystem<br />
<br />
Double check and make sure that you are happy with the partition sizes as well as the partition table layout before continuing.<br />
<br />
If you would like to start over, you can simply select Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without saving changes and then restart cfdisk (or cgdisk).<br />
<br />
If you are satisfied, choose Write (or press {{Keypress|Shift+W}}) to finalize and to write the partition table to the drive. Type "yes" and choose Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without making any more changes.<br />
<br />
Simply partitioning is not enough; the partitions also need a [[File Systems|filesystem]]. To format the partitions with an ext4 filesystem:<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Double check and triple check that it is actually {{ic|/dev/sda1}} and {{ic|/dev/sda2}} that you want to format. You can use {{ic|lsblk}} to help with this.}}<br />
<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2<br />
<br />
If you have made a partition dedicated to swap (code 82), do not forget to format and activate it with:<br />
<br />
# mkswap /dev/sda''X''<br />
# swapon /dev/sda''X''<br />
<br />
=== Mount the partitions ===<br />
<br />
Each partition is identified with a number suffix. For example, {{ic|sda1}} specifies the first partition of the first drive, while {{ic|sda}} designates the entire drive.<br />
<br />
To display the current partition layout:<br />
<br />
# lsblk /dev/sda<br />
<br />
{{Note|Do not mount more than one partition to the same directory. And pay attention, because the mounting order is important.}}<br />
<br />
First, mount the root partition on {{ic|/mnt}}. Following the example when using {{ic|cfdisk}} above (yours may be different), it would be:<br />
<br />
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt<br />
<br />
Then mount the home partition and any other separate partition ({{ic|/boot}}, {{ic|/var}}, etc), if you have any:<br />
<br />
# mkdir /mnt/home<br />
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/home<br />
<br />
In case you have a UEFI motherboard, mount the UEFI partition:<br />
<br />
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot/efi<br />
# mount /dev/sda''X'' /mnt/boot/efi<br />
<br />
=== Select a mirror ===<br />
<br />
Before installing, you may want to edit the {{ic|mirrorlist}} file and place your preferred mirror first. A copy of this file will be installed on your new system by {{ic|pacstrap}} as well, so it is worth getting it right.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist|<br />
##<br />
## Arch Linux repository mirrorlist<br />
## Sorted by mirror score from mirror status page<br />
## Generated on 2012-MM-DD<br />
##<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Server = http://mirror.example.xyz/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch</nowiki><br />
...}}<br />
<br />
* {{Keypress|Alt+6}} to copy a {{ic|Server}} line.<br />
* {{Keypress|PageUp}} key to scroll up.<br />
* {{Keypress|Ctrl+U}} to paste it at the top of the list.<br />
* {{Keypress|Ctrl+X}} to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press {{Keypress|Y}} and {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the same filename.<br />
<br />
If you want, you can make it the ''only'' mirror available by getting rid of everything else (using {{Keypress|Ctrl+K}}), but it is usually a good idea to have a few more, in case the first one goes offline.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|<br />
* Use the [https://www.archlinux.org/mirrorlist/ Mirrorlist Generator] to get an updated list for your country. HTTP mirrors are faster than FTP, because of something called [[Wikipedia:Keepalive|keepalive]]. With FTP, pacman has to send out a signal each time it downloads a package, resulting in a brief pause. For other ways to generate a mirror list, see [[Mirrors#Sorting mirrors|Sorting mirrors]] and [[Reflector]].<br />
* [https://archlinux.org/mirrors/status/ Arch Linux MirrorStatus] reports various aspects about the mirrors such as network problems with mirrors, data collection problems, the last time mirrors have been synced, etc.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|<br />
* Whenever in the future you change your list of mirrors, always remember to force pacman to refresh all package lists with {{ic|pacman -Syy}}. This is considered to be good practice and will avoid possible headaches. See [[Mirrors]] for more information.<br />
* If you are using an older installation medium, your mirrorlist might be outdated, which might lead to problems when updating Arch Linux (see {{Bug|22510}}). Therefore it is advised to obtain the latest mirror information as described above.<br />
* Some issues have been reported in the [https://bbs.archlinux.org/ Arch Linux forums] regarding network problems that prevent pacman from updating/synchronizing repositories (see [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id&#61;68944] and [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id&#61;65728]). When installing Arch Linux natively, these issues have been resolved by replacing the default pacman file downloader with an alternative (see [[Improve Pacman Performance]] for more details). When installing Arch Linux as a guest OS in [[VirtualBox]], this issue has also been addressed by using "Host interface" instead of "NAT" in the machine properties.}}<br />
<br />
=== Install the base system ===<br />
<br />
The base system is installed using the [https://github.com/falconindy/arch-install-scripts/blob/master/pacstrap.in pacstrap] script.<br />
<br />
The {{ic|-i}} switch can be omitted if you wish to install every package from the ''base'' group without prompting.<br />
<br />
# pacstrap -i /mnt base<br />
<br />
{{Note|If pacman fails to verify your packages, check the system time with {{ic|cal}}. If the system date is invalid (e.g. it shows the year 2010), signing keys will be considered expired (or invalid), signature checks on packages will fail and installation will be interrupted. Make sure to correct the system time, either by doing so manually or with the {{Pkg|ntp}} client, and retry running the pacstrap command. Refer to [[Time]] page for more information on correcting system time.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If pacman complains that {{ic|error: failed to commit transaction (invalid or corrupted package)}}, run the following command:<br />
# pacman-key --init && pacman-key --populate archlinux<br />
}}<br />
<br />
This will give you a basic Arch system. Other packages can be installed later using [[pacman]].<br />
<br />
=== Generate an fstab ===<br />
<br />
Generate an [[fstab]] file with the following command. UUIDs will be used because they have certain advantages (see [[fstab#Identifying filesystems]]). If you would prefer to use labels instead, replace the {{ic|-U}} option with {{ic|-L}}.<br />
<br />
# genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
# nano /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
<br />
{{Warning|The fstab file should always be checked after generating it. If you encounter errors running genfstab or later in the install process, do '''not''' run genfstab again; just edit the fstab file.}}<br />
<br />
A few considerations:<br />
<br />
* The last field determines the order that in which partitions are checked at start up : {{ic|1}} , {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}} (see [[fstab#Field definitions]]).<br />
* Only the root ({{ic|/}}) partition needs {{ic|1}} for the last field. Everything else should have either {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}}.<br />
* You will normally want your ''swap'' partition to have {{ic|0}} i.e. 'do not check'.<br />
<br />
=== Chroot and configure the base system ===<br />
<br />
Next, we [[chroot]] into our newly installed system:<br />
<br />
# arch-chroot /mnt<br />
<br />
{{Note|Use {{ic|arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash}} to chroot into a bash shell.}}<br />
At this stage of the installation, you will configure the primary configuration files of your Arch Linux base system. These can either be created if they do not exist, or edited if you wish to change the defaults.<br />
<br />
Closely following and understanding these steps is of key importance to ensure a properly configured system.<br />
<br />
==== Locale ====<br />
<br />
Locales are used by '''glibc''' and other locale-aware programs or libraries for rendering text, correctly displaying regional monetary values, time and date formats, alphabetic idiosyncrasies, and other locale-specific standards.<br />
<br />
There are two files that need editing: {{ic|locale.gen}} and {{ic|locale.conf}}.<br />
<br />
* The {{ic|locale.gen}} file is empty by default (everything is commented out) and you need to remove the {{ic|#}} in front of the line(s) you want. You may uncomment more lines than just English (US), as long as you choose their {{ic|UTF-8}} encoding:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/locale.gen|<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
<br />
This will run on every '''glibc''' upgrade, generating all the locales specified in {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}.<br />
<br />
* The {{ic|locale.conf}} file does not exist by default. Setting only {{ic|LANG}} should be enough. It will act as the default value for all other variables.<br />
<br />
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you set some other language than English (US) at the beginning of the install, the above commands would be something like:<br />
# echo LANG<nowiki>=</nowiki>de_DE.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf<br />
# export LANG<nowiki>=</nowiki>de_DE.UTF-8<br />
}}<br />
<br />
To use other locales for other {{ic|LC_*}} variables, run {{ic|locale}} to see the available options and add them to {{ic|locale.conf}}. It is not recommended to set the {{ic|LC_ALL}} variable. An advanced example can be found [[Locale#Setting_system-wide_locale|here]].<br />
<br />
==== Console font and keymap ====<br />
<br />
If you set a keymap at [[#Change_the_language|the beginning]] of the install process, load it now, as well, because the environment has changed. For example:<br />
<br />
# loadkeys ''de-latin1''<br />
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16<br />
<br />
To make them available after reboot, edit {{ic|vconsole.conf}}:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/vconsole.conf|2=<br />
KEYMAP=de-latin1<br />
FONT=Lat2-Terminus16<br />
}}<br />
<br />
* {{ic|KEYMAP}} – Please note that this setting is only valid for your TTYs, not any graphical window managers or Xorg.<br />
<br />
* {{ic|FONT}} – Available alternate console fonts reside in {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/}}. The default (blank) is safe, but some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. It is recommended that you change it to {{ic|Lat2-Terminus16}}, because according to {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/README.Lat2-Terminus16}}, it claims to support "about 110 language sets".<br />
<br />
* Possible option {{ic|FONT_MAP}} – Defines the console map to load at boot. Read {{ic|man setfont}}. Removing it or leaving it blank is safe.<br />
<br />
See [[Fonts#Console_fonts|Console fonts]] and {{ic|man vconsole.conf}} for more information.<br />
<br />
==== Time zone ====<br />
<br />
Available time zones and subzones can be found in the {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>}} directories.<br />
<br />
To view the available <Zone>, check the directory {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/}}:<br />
<br />
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/<br />
<br />
Similarly, you can check the contents of directories belonging to a <SubZone>:<br />
<br />
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe<br />
<br />
Create a symbolic link {{ic|/etc/localtime}} to your zone file {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>}} using this command:<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone> /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
'''Example:'''<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Minsk /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
==== Hardware clock ====<br />
<br />
Set the hardware clock mode uniformly between your operating systems. Otherwise, they may overwrite the hardware clock and cause time shifts.<br />
<br />
You can generate {{ic|/etc/adjtime}} automatically by using one of the following commands:<br />
<br />
* '''UTC''' (recommended)<br />
<br />
: {{Note|Using [[Wikipedia:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] for the hardware clock does not mean that software will display time in UTC.}}<br />
<br />
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --utc}}<br />
<br />
To synchronize your "UTC" time over the internet, see [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]].<br />
<br />
* '''localtime''' (discouraged; used by default in Windows)<br />
<br />
: {{Warning|Using ''localtime'' may lead to several known and unfixable bugs. However, there are no plans to drop support for ''localtime''.}}<br />
<br />
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --localtime}}<br />
<br />
If you have (or planning on having) a dual boot setup with Windows:<br />
<br />
* Recommended: Set both Arch Linux and Windows to use UTC. A quick [[Time#UTC in Windows|registry fix]] is needed. Also, be sure to prevent Windows from synchronizing the time on-line, because the hardware clock will default back to ''localtime''.<br />
<br />
* Not recommended: Set Arch Linux to ''localtime'' and disable any time-related services, like [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]] . This will let Windows take care of hardware clock corrections and you will need to remember to boot into Windows at least two times a year (in Spring and Autumn) when [[Wikipedia:Daylight saving time|DST]] kicks in. So please do not ask on the forums why the clock is one hour behind or ahead if you usually go for days or weeks without booting into Windows.<br />
<br />
==== Kernel modules ====<br />
<br />
{{Tip|This is just an example, you do not need to set it. All needed modules are automatically loaded by udev, so you will rarely need to add something here. Only add modules that you know are missing.}}<br />
<br />
For kernel modules to load during boot, place a {{ic|*.conf}} file in {{ic|/etc/modules-load.d/}}, with a name based on the program that uses them.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/modules-load.d/virtio-net.conf|<br />
# Load 'virtio-net.ko' at boot.<br />
<br />
virtio-net}}<br />
<br />
If there are more modules to load per {{ic|*.conf}}, the module names can be separated by newlines. A good example are the [[VirtualBox#Arch Linux guests|VirtualBox Guest Additions]].<br />
<br />
Empty lines and lines starting with {{ic|#}} or {{ic|;}} are ignored.<br />
<br />
==== Hostname ====<br />
<br />
Set the [[Wikipedia:hostname|hostname]] to your liking (e.g. ''arch''):<br />
<br />
# echo ''myhostname'' > /etc/hostname<br />
<br />
{{Note|There is no need to edit {{ic|/etc/hosts}}.}}<br />
<br />
=== Configure the network ===<br />
<br />
You need to configure the network again, but this time for your newly installed environment. The procedure and prerequisites are very similar to the one described [[#Establish an internet connection|above]], except we are going to make it persistent and automatically run at boot.<br />
<br />
{{Note|For more in-depth information on network configration, visit [[Network Configuration]] and [[Wireless Setup]].}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you would like to use the old interface naming scheme (ie. eth* and wlan*) you can accomplish this by creating an empty file at {{ic|/etc/udev/rules.d/80-net-name-slot.rules}} which will mask the file of the same name located under {{ic|/usr/lib/udev/rules.d}} (alternatively, instead of an empty file, using a symlink to {{ic|/dev/null}} is also an acceptable masking method).}}<br />
<br />
==== Wired ====<br />
<br />
===== Dynamic IP =====<br />
<br />
; Using dhcpcd<br />
<br />
If you only use a single fixed wired network connection, you do not need a network management service and can simply enable the {{ic|dhcpcd}} service. Here, {{ic|''interface_name''}} is your wired interface:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable dhcpcd@''interface_name''.service<br />
<br />
; Using netctl<br />
<br />
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/ethernet-dhcp my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
Enable the {{ic|my-network}} profile:<br />
<br />
# netctl enable my-network<br />
<br />
; Using netctl-ifplugd<br />
<br />
Alternatively, you can use {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}, which gracefully handles dynamic connections to new networks:<br />
<br />
Install {{Pkg|ifplugd}}, which is required for {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S ifplugd<br />
<br />
Then enable for interface that you want:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable netctl-ifplugd@<interface>.service<br />
<br />
{{Tip|[[Netctl]] also provides {{ic|netctl-auto}}, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunction with {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}.}}<br />
<br />
===== Static IP =====<br />
<br />
; Using netctl<br />
<br />
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/ethernet-static my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}, {{ic|Address}}, {{ic|Gateway}} and {{ic|DNS}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
* Notice the {{ic|/24}} in {{ic|Address}} which is the [[wikipedia:Classless Inter-Domain Routing#CIDR notation|CIDR notation]] of a {{ic|255.255.255.0}} netmask<br />
<br />
Enable above created profile to start it at every boot:<br />
<br />
# netctl enable my-network<br />
<br />
==== Wireless ====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If your wireless adapter requires a firmware (as described in the above [[#Wireless|Establish an internet connection]] section and also [[Wireless Setup#Drivers and firmware|here]]), install the package containing your firmware. Most of the time, the {{Pkg|linux-firmware}} package will contain the needed firmware. Though for some devices, the required firmware might be in its own package. For example:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S zd1211-firmware}}<br />
See [[Wireless Setup]] for more info.}}<br />
<br />
Install {{pkg|iw}}, {{pkg|wpa_supplicant}} and {{pkg|wpa_actiond}} which you will need to connect to a network:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S iw wpa_supplicant wpa_actiond<br />
<br />
===== Adding wireless networks =====<br />
; Using wifi-menu<br />
<br />
Install {{pkg|dialog}}, which is required for {{ic|wifi-menu}}:<br />
<br />
# pacman -S dialog<br />
<br />
After finishing the rest of this installation and rebooting, you can connect to the network with {{ic|wifi-menu ''interface_name''}} (where {{ic|''interface_name''}} is the interface of your wireless chipset).<br />
<br />
# wifi-menu ''interface_name''<br />
<br />
{{Warning|This must be done *after* your reboot when you are no longer chrooted. The process spawned by this command will conflict with the one you have running outside of the chroot. Alternatively, you could just configure a network profile manually using the following templates so that you do not have to worry about using {{ic|wifi-menu}} at all.}}<br />
<br />
; Using manual netctl profiles<br />
<br />
Copy a network profile from {{ic|/etc/netctl/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/netctl}}:<br />
<br />
# cd /etc/netctl<br />
# cp examples/wireless-wpa my-network<br />
<br />
Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|Interface}}, {{ic|ESSID}} and {{ic|Key}}):<br />
<br />
# nano my-network<br />
<br />
===== Connect automatically to known networks =====<br />
Enable the {{ic|netctl-auto}} service, which will connect to known networks and gracefully handle roaming and disconnects:<br />
<br />
# systemctl enable netctl-auto@''interface_name''.service<br />
<br />
{{Tip|[[Netctl]] also provides {{ic|netctl-ifplugd}}, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunction with {{ic|netctl-auto}}.}}<br />
<br />
==== Analog modem, ISDN or PPoE DSL ====<br />
<br />
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see [[Direct Modem Connection]].<br />
<br />
=== Create an initial ramdisk environment ===<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Most users can skip this step and use the defaults provided in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}}. The initramfs image (from the {{ic|/boot}} folder) has already been generated based on this file when the {{Pkg|linux}} package (the Linux kernel) was installed earlier with {{ic|pacstrap}}.}}<br />
<br />
Here you need to set the right [[Mkinitcpio#HOOKS|hooks]] if the root is on a USB drive, if you use RAID, LVM, or if {{ic|/usr}} is on a separate partition.<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|/etc/mkinitcpio.conf}} as needed and re-generate the initramfs image with:<br />
<br />
# mkinitcpio -p linux<br />
<br />
{{Note|Arch VPS installations on QEMU (e.g. when using {{ic|virt-manager}}) may need {{ic|virtio}} modules in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}} to be able to boot.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /etc/mkinitcpio.conf|2=<br />
MODULES="virtio virtio_blk virtio_pci virtio_net"}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Set the root password ===<br />
<br />
Set the root password with:<br />
<br />
# passwd<br />
<br />
=== Install and configure a bootloader ===<br />
<br />
==== For BIOS motherboards ====<br />
<br />
For BIOS systems, two bootloaders are available: Syslinux and GRUB. Choose the bootloader as per your convenience.<br />
<br />
* Syslinux is (currently) limited to loading only files from the partition where it was installed. Its configuration file is considered to be easier to understand. An example configuration can be found [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=1109328#p1109328 here].<br />
<br />
* GRUB is more feature-rich and supports more complex scenarios. Its configuration file(s) is more similar to a scripting language, which may be difficult for beginners to manually write. It is recommended that they automatically generate one.<br />
<br />
{{Note|Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}}<br />
<br />
===== Syslinux =====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you opted for a GUID partition table for your hard drive earlier, you need to install the {{Pkg|gptfdisk}} package now for this next step to work, assuming you haven't installed it already.}}<br />
<br />
Install the {{Pkg|syslinux}} package and then use the {{ic|syslinux-install_update}} script to automatically ''install'' the bootloader ({{ic|-i}}), mark the partition ''active'' by setting the boot flag ({{ic|-a}}), and install the ''MBR'' boot code ({{ic|-m}}):<br />
<br />
# pacman -S syslinux<br />
# syslinux-install_update -i -a -m<br />
<br />
Configure {{ic|syslinux.cfg}} to point to the right root partition. This step is vital. If it points to the wrong partition, Arch Linux will not boot. Change {{ic|/dev/sda3}} to reflect your root partition ''(if you partitioned your drive as in [[#Prepare the storage drive|the example]], your root partition is sda1)''. Do the same for the fallback entry.<br />
<br />
{{hc|# nano /boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg|2=<br />
...<br />
LABEL arch<br />
...<br />
APPEND root=/dev/sda3 ro<br />
...}}<br />
<br />
For more information on configuring and using Syslinux, see [[Syslinux]].<br />
<br />
===== GRUB =====<br />
<br />
Install the {{Pkg|grub-bios}} package and then run {{ic|grub-install}} to install the bootloader:<br />
<br />
{{Note|Change {{ic|/dev/sda}} to reflect the drive you installed Arch on. Do not append a partition number (do not use {{ic|sda''X''}}).}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|For GPT-partitioned drives on BIOS motherboards, you also need a "BIOS Boot Partition". See [[GRUB#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|GPT-specific instructions]] and [[GRUB#Install_to_GPT_BIOS_boot_partition|Install to GPT BIOS boot partition]] in the GRUB page.}}<br />
<br />
# pacman -S grub-bios<br />
# grub-install --recheck /dev/sda<br />
# cp /usr/share/locale/en\@quot/LC_MESSAGES/grub.mo /boot/grub/locale/en.mo<br />
<br />
{{Note| If it is an installation on virtualbox as guest, while running grub-install command as in above, you might get an error like "/usr/sbin/grub-bios-setup: warning: this GPT partition label contains no BIOS Boot Partition; embedding won't be possible". Executing {{ic|parted -s /dev/sda set 1 bios_grub on}} and then retrying ''grub-install'' should solve the problem.}}<br />
<br />
While using a manually created {{ic|grub.cfg}} is absolutely fine, it is recommended that beginners automatically generate one:<br />
<br />
{{Tip|To automatically search for other operating systems on your computer, install {{Pkg|os-prober}} ({{ic|pacman -S os-prober}}) before running the next command.}}<br />
<br />
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg<br />
<br />
For more information on configuring and using GRUB, see [[GRUB]].<br />
<br />
==== For UEFI motherboards ====<br />
<br />
For UEFI boot, the drive needs to be GPT-partitioned and an "[[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#EFI System Partition|UEFI System Partition]]" (50 MiB or larger, type {{ic|EF00}}, formatted with FAT32) must be present and mounted on {{ic|/boot}}. If you have followed this guide from the beginning, you have already done all of these.<br />
<br />
While there are other [[UEFI Bootloaders|UEFI bootloaders]] available, using EFISTUB is recommended.<br />
<br />
===== EFISTUB =====<br />
<br />
The Linux kernel can act as its own bootloader using EFISTUB. This is the UEFI boot method recommended by developers and simpler then using other bootloaders. The steps below set up Gummiboot to provide a menu for EFISTUB kernels, as well as for booting other UEFI bootloaders. Alternative EFISTUB boot managers can be found on the page [[UEFI Bootloaders#Booting EFISTUB]]. Both rEFInd and [[gummiboot]] can detect Windows UEFI bootloaders in case of dual-boot.<br />
<br />
1. Mount the UEFI System Partition on {{ic|/mnt/boot}} and chroot back into {{ic|/mnt}}. (If you haven't already.)<br />
<br />
2. Install efibootmgr: <br />
<br />
# pacman -S efibootmgr<br />
<br />
3. Add Arch boot entry: <br />
<br />
# efibootmgr -c -L "Arch Linux" -l /vmlinuz-linux -u "root=/dev/sda2 ro quiet initrd=/initramfs-linux.img"<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some systems, the above command will not work properly. It will execute without any visible error, but the UEFI boot menu will not have been correctly updated with a new entry. To determine whether the command executed properly, run {{ic|efibootmgr}} without any arguments and see if a new entry has appeared in the list displayed. If there is no new entry, then it will not be possible to boot Arch upon reboot, as the UEFI boot menu has been left unchanged. In this case, you will instead have to enter the UEFI shell and manually add an entry to the UEFI boot menu with the {{ic|bcfg}} command, as described [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#bcfg|here]].}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|On some ASUS motherboards, there is an EFI bug that always reports {{ic|MaxVariableSize&#61;0}}. Combined with a recent kernel that enforces checks on this value, this prevents {{ic|efibootmgr}} from setting new EFI variables. These motherboards do not support the UEFI Shell v2, so you cannot use the {{ic|bcfg}} method either. To work around this, add {{ic|efi_no_storage_paranoia}} to the kernel command line. You can do this by pressing "e" at the bootloader menu.}}<br />
<br />
===== Gummiboot Loader =====<br />
<br />
If you want to use a bootloader for dualbooting with other OS's gummiboot is the recommended loader.<br />
<br />
<br />
To install gummiboot:<br />
<br />
1. <br />
<br />
# pacman -S gummiboot<br />
<br />
2. <br />
<br />
# gummiboot install<br />
<br />
3. Create conf file:<br />
<br />
# nano /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Box BLUE|And add:|}}<br />
<br />
<br />
title Arch Linux<br />
<br />
linux /vmlinuz-linux<br />
<br />
initrd /initramfs-linux.img<br />
<br />
options root=/dev/sdaX ro<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Note|sdaX is your root partition, usually sda2.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
4. Press ctrl +x to save<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Box|Note:|For other bootloaders see [[UEFI_Bootloaders]].|#DF0000|#FFDFDF}}<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Unmount the partitions and reboot ===<br />
<br />
Exit from the chroot environment:<br />
<br />
# exit<br />
<br />
Since the partitions are mounted under {{ic|/mnt}}, we use the following command to unmount them:<br />
<br />
# umount /mnt/{boot,home,}<br />
<br />
Reboot the computer:<br />
<br />
# reboot<br />
<br />
{{Tip|If you face error "/sbin/init does not exist" on next boot, look for systemd binary path and pass it as kernel argument while booting up. For example, "init &#61; /usr/lib/systemd/systemd" }}<br />
{{Tip|Be sure to remove the installation media, otherwise you will boot back into it.}}<noinclude><br />
{{Beginners' Guide navigation}}</noinclude></div>Dislikeyou