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https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=KDE_(%E6%AD%A3%E9%AB%94%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87)&diff=236944
KDE (正體中文)
2012-11-27T01:27:46Z
<p>Joshra: /* 使用 xinitrc */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Desktop environments (正體中文)]]<br />
[[Category:HOWTOs (正體中文)]]<br />
[[Category:正體中文]]<br />
[[cs:KDE]]<br />
[[de:KDE]]<br />
[[en:KDE]]<br />
[[es:KDE]]<br />
[[fr:KDE]]<br />
[[it:KDE]]<br />
[[pl:KDE]]<br />
[[ru:KDE]]<br />
[[tr:KDE_Masaüstü_Ortamı]]<br />
[[zh-CN:KDE]]<br />
{{Article summary start}}<br />
{{Article summary text|KDE 是一個功能豐富的桌面環境,以其整合良好的應用程式聞名,如 Konqueror、Dolphin、Plasma、KWrite 和 Konsole。}}<br />
{{Article summary end}}<br />
==KDE SC 4.5 Arch Linux 註記==<br />
<br />
'''KDE 4.5''' Software Compilation is the current major release of KDE that includes a number of improvements and bug fixes. The new Arch package set for KDE makes it possible to only install those applications you like.''<br />
<br />
Important features of the Archlinux KDE SC in short:<br />
* '''Split packages'''; for more Information see [[KDE_Packages|KDE Packages]].<br />
* You can use different Phonon backends, like Gstreamer or Xine<br />
* Meta packages ensure a smooth upgrade and emulate the old monolith packages for those who prefer them.<br />
<br />
Important hints for upgraders:<br />
* Always check if your mirror is '''up to date'''.<br />
* pacman will ask you to replace '''all''' kde packages with kde-meta packages.<br />
* '''Do not force an update'''. If pacman complains about conflicts please '''file a bug report'''.<br />
* You can remove the meta packages and the sub packages you do not need after the update.<br />
* If you do not like split packages just keep using the kde-meta packages.<br />
<br />
:Information about upstream changes are be available [http://kde.org/announcements/4.5 here]<br />
<br />
=== KDE 4.5 Archlinux 套件的特殊資訊 ===<br />
<br />
* KDEpim has seen no new release, please continue to use version 4.4.5. KDEpim 4.5 shall be released with KDE 4.5.1<br />
* Due to incompatibility with ruby 1.9, ruby kdebindings are not provided<br />
* Webkit support in konqueror is provided by kwebkitpart<br />
* KDM is now started as the kdm user<br />
* Upstream removed five translations: csb, mai, mk, si and tg<br />
<br />
==安裝 KDE 4.5 Software Compilation==<br />
<br />
=== 安裝全套的 KDE SC ===<br />
<br />
要安裝全部的 KDE 設定,首先要'''完整升級您的系統''':<br />
<br />
pacman -Syu<br />
<br />
然後:<br />
<br />
pacman -S kde<br />
<br />
如果你需要語言檔案:<br />
<br />
pacman -S kde-l10n-您的語言<br />
<br />
例如 kde-l10n-'''de''',就是德語。<br />
<br />
{{Note| KDE 4.x 是'''模塊化'''的,你可以安裝自己偏愛的 KDE 應用程式,而不必安裝所有的套件。請見 [[KDE Packages]] 獲得更多資訊。}}<br />
<br />
=== 最小安裝 ===<br />
<br />
如果你想有一個最小安裝的 KDE SC,這裡有一個範例:<br />
<br />
pacman -S kdebase-workspace kdebase-konsole<br />
<br />
== 啟動 KDE ==<br />
<br />
啟動 KDE 的方法,取決於你的喜好。基本上有兩種方式啟動 KDE。使用 '''KDM''' 或 '''xinitrc'''。<br />
<br />
=== 使用 KDM (KDE Display Manager)===<br />
''It is highly recommended to get familiar with the [http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Display_Manager full article] concerning display managers, before you make any changes. See also [[KDM]] Wiki page.''<br />
<br />
==== 作為一個守護進程啟動 KDM ====<br />
增加 "'''kdm'''" (不需要雙引號) 到 daemons 陣列裡面, 設定檔案的路徑在 '''{{ic|/etc/rc.conf}}'''<br />
<br />
DAEMONS=(dbus hal syslog-ng network netfs crond ... '''kdm''')<br />
<br />
==== 透過 /etc/inittab 啟動 KDM [''最佳''] ==== <br />
<br />
編輯 '''{{ic|/etc/inittab}}''' 並註釋掉:<br />
#id:3:initdefault:<br />
<br />
[...]<br />
<br />
#x:5:respawn:/usr/bin/xdm -nodaemon<br />
<br />
然後去掉下面的註釋:<br />
<br />
id:5:initdefault:<br />
<br />
[...]<br />
<br />
x:5:respawn:/usr/bin/kdm -nodaemon<br />
<br />
{{Note|這兩種方法 KDM 會自動加載 Xorg。}}<br />
<br />
===使用 xinitrc===<br />
'' '''xinitrc''' 的觀念在 [http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xinitrc 這裡] 有非常完整的解釋<br />
<br />
編輯 '''{{ic|/home/}}'''{{ic|''你的帳號''}}'''{{ic|/.xinitrc}}'''. 然後取消下面這行的註解:<br />
exec startkde <br />
經過重開機或登出重新登入, Xorg ('''startx''' 或 '''xinit''') 中的指令將在KDE啟動的時候自動執行.<br />
<br />
{{警告| By doing this you won't have restart/shutdown functions enabled in your KDE menu.}}<br />
<br />
{{注意| 如果你想要在boot的時候啟動Xorg, 請參考 [[Start X at Login]] 一文.}}<br />
<br />
==配置==<br />
<br />
{{Note|配置 KDE 主要是使用''''系統設定''''。當你右擊桌面時,'桌面設定'還有一些其他的選項可用於桌面。}}<br />
<br />
For other personalization options not covered below such as activities, different wallpapers on one cube, etc please refer to the [[Plasma]] wiki page.<br />
<br />
===個人化===<br />
<br />
如何建立您個人風格的 KDE 桌面,使用不同的 Plasma 主題、視窗外框和圖示主題。<br />
<br />
====Plasma 桌面====<br />
<br />
[[Plasma]] 是一種桌面整合技術。提供多種功能,從顯示壁紙到新增元件到桌面。<br />
<br />
=====主題=====<br />
<br />
可以透過桌面設定控制面板安裝[http://kde-look.org/index.php?xcontentmode=76&PHPSESSID=bba0ae5354c7818b519687ebf5badf0e Plasma 主題]。Plasma 主題定義您的面板和 plasmoids 的外觀。如果你想要用系統安裝他們,主題可以在官方套件庫和 [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?O=0&K=plasmatheme&do_Search=Go AUR] 中找到。<br />
<br />
=====元件=====<br />
Plasmoids 是一個小腳本或程式碼寫成的 KDE 應用程式,可以以非常愉快的方式提升您桌面的功能。基於 KDE 的 Plasma 技術。您能夠顯示系統關鍵資訊像''剩餘硬碟空間''或''網絡連接監視器''。<br />
取得更多元件的最簡單的方法,是左鍵點擊一個面板或桌面:<br />
<br />
新增元件 -> 取得新元件 -> 下載元件<br />
<br />
這會呈現出一個不錯的 [http://www.kde-look.org/ kde-look.org] 前端。並只需點擊一下滑鼠,就可讓您(反)安裝元件。<br />
[https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?O=0&K=plasmoid&do_Search=Go&PP=25&SO=d&SB=v 套件庫]也可取得它們。<br />
<br />
====視窗外框====<br />
<br />
[http://kde-look.org/index.php?xcontentmode=75 視窗外框]可以修改,藉由<br />
系統設定 -> 應用程序外觀 -> 風格<br />
在這裡,您只要按一下就可以直接下載和安裝更多的主題。有些可以用 [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?O=0&K=kdestyle&do_Search=Go&PP=25&SO=d&SB=v AUR] 取得。<br />
<br />
====KDE 4 Theme Integration with GTK Applications====<br />
To better integrate GTK and KDE 4 themes, you can use '''QtCurve'''.<br />
<br />
pacman -S qtcurve-gtk2 qtcurve-kde4<br />
<br />
Or you can download a GTK theme that matches your version of KDE [http://kde-look.org/content/show.php?content=103741 here]. This theme comes closer to the original Oxygen and is updated frequently.<br />
<br />
=====Automatic procedure=====<br />
<br />
To change the GTK theme to QtCurve or something else a few applications are available:<br />
<br />
pacman -S lxappearance<br />
pacman -S gtk-theme-switch2<br />
pacman -S gtk-chtheme<br />
<br />
Then change the theme of your choice in the respective application:<br />
<br />
lxappearance<br />
gtk-theme-switch2<br />
gtk-chtheme<br />
<br />
=====Manual procedure=====<br />
To manually change the GTK theme to QtCurve, you need to create the file {{ic|~/.gtkrc-2.0-kde4}} with the following content:<br />
include "/usr/share/themes/QtCurve/gtk-2.0/gtkrc"<br />
include "/etc/gtk-2.0/gtkrc"<br />
<br />
style "user-font"<br />
{<br />
font_name="Sans Serif"<br />
}<br />
widget_class "*" style "user-font" <br />
gtk-theme-name="QtCurve"<br />
Then you need to create the symbolic link {{ic|~/.gtkrc-2.0}}:<br />
ln -s .gtkrc-2.0-kde4 .gtkrc-2.0<br />
If you want also specify a font, you can add (and adapt) the following line to the file:<br />
gtk-font-name="Sans Serif 9"<br />
<br />
=====圖示=====<br />
If you're using Oxygen icons and want a consistent look in GTK open/save dialogs, you can install an [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?O=0&K=oxygenrefit2-icon-theme&do_Search=Go oxygenrefit2] icon theme from AUR and set it as your GTK icon theme. Add the theme to the {{ic|~/.gtkrc-2.0}} file or you can use lxappearance and set it.<br />
gtk-icon-theme-name="OxygenRefit2"<br />
There are also a couple GTK themes built on the [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=24329 gtk-kde42-oxygen-theme Oxygen style] that can also do this.<br />
<br />
====圖示主題====<br />
Not many full system icons themes are available for KDE 4. You can open up '''System Settings > Application Appearance > Icons''' and browse for new ones or install them manually. Many of them can be found on [http://www.kde-look.org/ kde-look.org].<br />
<br />
====Arch Linux Logo Icon in Kicker menu====<br />
Right-Click on the Kicker menu button, press "'''Application launcher settings'''" and then press the icon on the '''right'''. Then you may choose Arch Linux icon or any other icon that will replace the default one.<br />
<br />
====字型====<br />
<br />
如果預設情況下,KDE 的字型看起來不佳,嘗試安裝 [http://www.archlinux.org/packages/extra/any/ttf-dejavu/ ttf-dejavu] 和 [http://www.archlinux.org/packages/community/any/ttf-liberation/ ttf-liberation] 套件。安裝之後,一定要登出並重新登入。您不必修改 KDE 系統設定中"字型"面板的任何設定。<br />
<br />
If you have personally set up how your [[Fonts]] render, be aware that System Settings may alter their appearance. When you go '''System Settings > Appearance > Fonts''' System Settings will likely alter your font configuration file ({{ic|fonts.conf}}). There is no way to prevent this but if you set the values to match your {{ic|fonts.conf}} file the expected font rendering will return (it will require you to restart your application or in a few cases for you to have to restart your desktop). Note too that Gnomes' Font Preferences will also do this if you use both desktop environments.<br />
<br />
====空間效率====<br />
KDE is often '''critizised''' for being bloated. The user might get this perception from seeing''' many toolbars and pretty big scaled icons in the applications'''. One thing that improved the situation was the new Kwin-Theme that came with KDE SC 4.4.* with the more elegant buttons that one can also resize. '''KDE Apps allows to hide many toolbars, menubars and statusbars'''.<br />
<br />
=====All sorts of *bars=====<br />
Most toolbars of a program can be removed in the menubar-entry "'''Settings'''". There you often can hide the statusbar and often all toolbars. The last step should be to remove the menubar itself via '''Ctrl + M'''. If you do not want to remove any bars you can still make them smaller or remove the text via:<br />
System-Settings -> Appearance -> Style -> Tab "Finetuning" -> "Main toolbar text", "secondary toolbar text"<br />
<br />
Since most aspect ratios of modern flat screens are wider than 4:3 it could be reasonable to put the toolbar '''at the left or right of a window''' to artificially stretch windows more to the monitors aspect ratio.<br />
<br />
=====Plasma=====<br />
There are also some settings and modifications you can apply to your plasmoids to make KDE less space wasting. For example, the "Digital Clock" wastes more space than the "Analogue Clock". The little plasma icon ("Casheew") that one can see in the panel can be hidden by locking the widgets via rightklicking onto the panel.<br />
If you have got many tasks in your task-manager you should consider using ''Smooth-tasks''. This alternative task-manager allows you to just display the icons of a task thus using less space but still maintaining the ability of the user to distinguish the different tasks.<br />
<br />
Install [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=29410 smooth-tasks] from the [[AUR]].<br />
<br />
After installing and substituting it with the original task-manager you should have a deep look at the settings since they are much broader.<br />
one way of using the features of smooth-tasks could be to only display the icons of tasks and move the panel to the left or right of the screen. This is most usefull on widescreens.<br />
On very small screens it could be reasonable to set the bottom-panel to auto-hide completely.<br />
For netbooks there exists a special form factor to make a better use of the screen:<br />
<br />
System-Settings -> Desktop -> Workspace -> Form factor<br />
<br />
=====KWin=====<br />
The windows decorations can also be resized by making the buttons in the decoration smaller thus making the whole top border smaller:<br />
System Settings -> Appearance -> Windows -> Button size<br />
You could also remove the side-border of all windows via:<br />
System Settings -> Appearance -> Windows -> Border size<br />
<br />
=== 網絡/列印 ===<br />
<br />
KDE SC 4.5 已經加入 NetworkManager 支援。請見 [[Networkmanager#KDE4|NetworkManager]] 了解更多資訊。<br />
<br />
===Samba/Windows 支援===<br />
<br />
如果你想要訪問 Windows 服務:<br />
<br />
pacman -S samba<br />
<br />
然後,您可以配置您的 Samba 共享,透過<br />
<br />
系統設定 > 共享 > Samba<br />
<br />
=== KDE 桌面活動 ===<br />
<br />
KDE are Plasma based "virtual desktop"-like set of Plasma Widgets where you can independently configure widgets as if you had more than one screens/desktops. <br />
Since KDE 4.5, the feature of changing Desktop Activities has been simplified. <br />
<br />
On your desktop, click the Cashew Plasmoid and on the pop-up window press "Activities".<br />
<br />
A plasma bar will appear at the bottom of the screen which presents you the current Plasma Desktop Activities which exist. You can then navigate between them by pressing their correspondent icon.<br />
<br />
===省電===<br />
<br />
KDE 整合了省電服務,稱為"''Powerdevil電源管理'''",可以調整省電系統配置或螢幕的亮度(如果支援)。<br />
<br />
==== 如何啟用一般的省電 ====<br />
<br />
進入系統設定>電源管理。<br />
進入設定檔管理員,進入"當市電電源已插上時"(或電池選項)勾選"省電"。在"編輯設定檔">"省電",勾選"開啟系統省電模式",然後按套用。<br />
<br />
==== How to enable Cpufreq based powersaving ====<br />
<br />
Since KDE 4.5, [http://lists.kde.org/?l=kde-devel&m=126800277431817&w=2 Powerdevil doesn't handle CPU power schemes through Cpufreq]. CPU is being used by using the hardware or/and kernel "'''ondemand'''" governor power scheme and that's the official way to have the system's power management handled, according to the guidelines by the kernel power-management devs.<br />
<br />
{{Warning| Using Cpufreq in order to handle your CPU power schemes, that means, controlling it through software, IS NOT suggested for use since modern CPUs are capable of powersaving through their BIOSes.<br />
<br />
[http://www.codon.org.uk/~mjg59/power/good_practices.html Visit this link] for more info on good power management practices.}}<br />
<br />
If you do want, you still can use Cpufreq for your system which is accessible through the '''Solid Device Framework'''.<br />
<br />
So in order to do that, follow these steps:<br />
<br />
1. You need to create a script for every Cpufreq governor you want to be used. In this example, you will now create a script to enable the powersaving governor.<br />
<br />
Create a script in /usr/bin<br />
<br />
# touch /usr/bin/kde-cpufreq-powersave<br />
<br />
Add these in the script<br />
<br />
#!/bin/bash<br />
solid-powermanagement set cpufreq powersave<br />
<br />
Make it executable<br />
<br />
# chmod +x /usr/bin/kde-cpufreq-powersave<br />
<br />
2. Install cpufrequtils<br />
<br />
pacman -S cpufrequtils<br />
<br />
and make sure you have your CPU's cpufreq module loaded. For more information on this, visit [[Cpufreq|this article]].<br />
<br />
3. Then, in '''System Settings > Power Management''', go to "Edit Profiles" > "Powersave", and make sure that "Enable System power saving" is enabled.<br />
<br />
After that, press the file dialog button next to the phrase "When loading profile execute" and choose the script you have just created. Now, each time you choose the Powersaving profile through Powerdevil, Cpufreq will force the powersaving governor.<br />
<br />
You can do the same for other profiles and governors.<br />
<br />
==系統管理==<br />
<br />
===設定鍵盤排版,以便切換輸入語言===<br />
In order to do that, navigate to <br />
System Settings > Input Devices > Keyboard<br />
There you may choose your keyboard model at first.<br />
{{Note| It is preferable that, if you use Evdev, that means Xorg automatic configuration for keyboards, you should choose "Evdev-managed keyboard".}}<br />
In the "'''Layouts'''" tab, you choose the languages you may want to use by pressing the "Add Layout" button and therefore the variant and the language.<br />
In the "'''Advanced'''" tab, you can choose the keyboard combination you want in order to change the layouts in the "Key(s) to change layout" sub-menu.<br />
<br />
===Terminate Xorg-server through KDE system settings===<br />
Navigate to <br />
System Settings > Input Devices > Keyboard > Advanced (tab) > "Key Sequence to terminate X server" submenu<br />
and tick the checkbox.<br />
<br />
==桌面搜尋和語義學桌面==<br />
Most users who freshly install KDE are wondering what functionality the following four pieces of software are able to offer. Most features are still somehow hidden under the hood and yet not many applications featured in the KDE SC are using these interfaces. This capter intends to first explain the features and then convince the user of the power these tools offer once properly integrated into KDE. The following sections are more or less a roughly shortened version of [[http://thomasmcguire.wordpress.com/2009/10/03/akonadi-nepomuk-and-strigi-explained/ this blogpost].<br />
<br />
===Soprano===<br />
Soprano is a library for QT that is able to process RDF data. This is semantic data. Semantic data is a special kind of metadata which is much more flexible than metadata you might know from MP3-Tags or Meta-Tags in HTML since RDF data more resembles the structure of a spoken sentence, thus allowing a much wider field of ways dealing with them. Soprano stores semantic data in a backend and allows low level access to this data.<br />
<br />
===Nepomuk===<br />
Nepomuk is somehow the glue between Soprano and the KDE Desktop and thus the user. Nepomuk allows to tag the files with various entries and offers an API for the applications featured in KDE SC. It is enabled by default. Nepomuk can be turned on and off in<br />
System Settings -> "Advanced" Tab -> Desktop Search<br />
<br />
===Akonadi===<br />
Akonadi is one of the ways of getting data into Nepomuk. Its intention is to gather all kinds of PIM data from KMail, KAdressbook or Kopete. It collects chat contacts, email adresses, email attachments and email contents. First of all it feeds Nepomuk with this data but moreover does also provide a centralized accesspoint for all this data.<br />
<br />
===Strigi 搜尋===<br />
Strigi is another way of feeding data into Nepomuk. It preverably indexes the users home-folder. Indexing means that it not only gathers filenames but also information about your music collection or tagged downloads you did with Kget. The Strigi search is also integrated into KDEs launcher which can be accessed via:<br />
{{Keypress|Alt}} + {{Keypress|F2}}<br />
<br />
By default, Dolphin has a search bar on top-right where you may type what you want to be found from Strigi's index. <br />
<br />
{{Note | Strigi has implications for resource usage on your computer - CPU, memory, disk access, disk space, battery life. If Strigi is too resource-hungry for you, you can turn it off in "'''System Settings > Advanced > Desktop Search'''". }}<br />
<br />
Strigi folder indexing can be configured in:<br />
System Settings -> "Advanced" Tab -> Desktop Search<br />
<br />
==KDM (KDE Desktop Manager)==<br />
<br />
===KDM Xserver 檔案===<br />
An example configuration for KDM can be found at '''/usr/share/config/kdm/kdmrc'''. See '''/usr/share/doc/HTML/en/kdm/kdmrc-ref.docbook''' for all options.<br />
<br />
===配置 KDM===<br />
<br />
您可以訪問'''系統設定 > 登入畫面'''進行修改。當你按下"套用"時,會出現一個 '''KDE Polkit 授權'''視窗要求您提供 root 密碼,才能完成修改。<br />
<br />
==== 使用者配置 KDM 的問題 ====<br />
<br />
If you seem not to be able to KDM settings when launching System Settings as user, press<br />
<br />
{{Keypress|Alt}} + {{Keypress|F2}}<br />
<br />
and type<br />
<br />
kdesu systemsettings<br />
<br />
In the pop-up kdesu window, enter your root password and wait for System Settings to be launched.<br />
<br />
{{Note| Since you have launched it as root, be careful when changing your settings. All settings configuration in root-launched System Settings are saved under /root/.kde4 and not under ~/.kde4 (your home location).}}<br />
<br />
In the System Settings window, go to Login Screen.<br />
<br />
==Phonon==<br />
<br />
===什麼是 Phonon?===<br />
<br />
''Phonon is the multimedia API for KDE 4. Phonon was created to allow KDE 4 to be independent of any single multimedia framework such as GStreamer or xine and to provide a stable API for KDE 4's lifetime. It was done for various reasons: to create a simple KDE/Qt style multimedia API, to better support native multimedia frameworks on Windows and Mac OS X, and to fix problems of frameworks becoming unmaintained or having API or ABI instability.<br />
''<br />
<br />
from Wikipedia.<br />
<br />
'''Phonon''' is being widely used within KDE, for both audio (e.g., the System notifications or KDE audio apps) and video (e.g., the Dolphin video thumbnails).<br />
<br />
===Which backend should I choose ?===<br />
<br />
You can choose between various backends, like Gstreamer, Xine ( [http://www.archlinux.org/packages/?q=phonon phonon-xine] ) or VLC ( [http://www.archlinux.org/packages/?q=phonon-vlc phonon-vlc] ).<br />
<br />
==使用 WebKit 在 Konqueror==<br />
<br />
===什麼是 WebKit?===<br />
<br />
WebKit is an open source browser engine developped by Apple Inc. It is used by Safari and Google Chrome. WebKit is a derivative from the KHTML and KJS libraries and contain many improvements.<br />
<br />
===如何用於 konqueror===<br />
<br />
It is possible to use WebKit in Konqueror instead of KHTML. First install the kwebkitpart package :<br />
<br />
pacman -S kwebkitpart<br />
<br />
Then execute the following command<br />
<br />
keditfiletype text / html<br />
<br />
<br />
In the window that opens go to the "Embedding" tab. Move the entry "WebKit" up to the top of the list and then hit the "OK" button and restart Konqueror.<br />
<br />
==疑難解答==<br />
<br />
===KHotkeys 問題===<br />
Ιf '''khotkeys''' does not work, make sure you have a fully updated system first.<br />
You can also create ~/.kde4/Autostart/reloadkhotkeys.sh with contents <br />
#!/bin/bash<br />
(sleep 3 && qdbus org.kde.kded /modules/khotkeys reread_configuration) &<br />
and then do a<br />
chmod u+x ~/.kde4/Autostart/reloadkhotkeys.sh<br />
then logout & login.<br />
<br />
===Enabling thumbnails under Konqueror and Dolphin file managers===<br />
For thumbnails of videos in konqueror and dolphin:<br />
pacman -S kdemultimedia-mplayerthumbs<br />
<br />
===I encounter problems with automounting (or) KDE behaves strangely for no apparent reason===<br />
Since the new X-Server 1.8 arrived in the stable repos some users got the impression that HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) might not be needed anymore at all. But for a fully functional KDE-Desktop it is neccessary to run hal:<br />
/etc/rc.d/hal start<br />
For ease of use you should add it to your daemons list in ''/etc/rc.conf'':<br />
DAEMONS=( .. @hal ..)<br />
It is no problem to start HAL in the background to shave some time of boot.<br />
If you are using udev to automatically mount your drives with an udev-rule without running hal you should take note of the fact that these mounted drives will '''not''' be recognized by KDE. So no entry of this device will show up in Dolphin and Device Notifier won't notify you either.<br />
<br />
=== Suspend to Disk/Ram not working ===<br />
If suspend to disk/ram does not work the be sure hal is running, also make sure you are in the power group (remember to logout)<br />
Also, if you are starting KDE with startx try adding ck-launch-session to the .xinitrc,<br />
as so:<br />
#!/bin/sh<br />
#<br />
# ~/.xinitrc<br />
#<br />
# Executed by startx (run your window manager from here)<br />
# exec gnome-session<br />
exec ck-launch-session startkde<br />
# exec startxfce4<br />
# ...or the Window Manager of your choice<br />
This is done automatically with kdm.<br />
<br />
=== 圖形的相關問題===<br />
<br />
==== 2D桌面效能低落(或)2D 出現假影 ====<br />
<br />
請確保您的顯示卡有安裝適當的驅動程式,為了使您的桌面至少有 2D 加速。參考這些文章了解更多資訊:[[ATI]]、[[NVIDIA]]、[[Intel]]了解更多資訊,以確保一切都正確無誤。<br />
The open source ATI and Intel drivers and the proprietary Nvidia driver should provide the best 2D acceleration.<br />
<br />
If this doesn't solve your problems, maybe your driver doesn't provide a good XRender acceleration which the current QT painter engine relies on by default. You can change the painter engine to software based only by invoking the application with the "-graphicssystem raster" command line. This rendering engine can be set as the default one by recompiling QT with the same as configure option, "-graphicssystem raster".<br />
<br />
==== Konsole is slow in applications like vim ====<br />
This is a problem that is caused by slow glyph rendering. You can solve this by switching to a scalable font like Bitstream Vera Sans Mono.<br />
<br />
==== 低落的 3D 桌面效能====<br />
<br />
KDE 預設啟用桌面特效。較舊的顯示卡對於 3D 桌面加速可能會不夠用。您可以關閉桌面特效<br />
系統設定 > 桌面 <br />
或者您可以開關桌面特效,藉由<br />
{{Keypress|Alt}} + {{Keypress|Shift}} + {{Keypress|F12}}<br />
<br />
{{Note| You may encounter such problems with 3D desktop performance even when using a more powerful graphics card, but using catalyst proprietary driver (fglrx). This driver is known for having issues with 3D acceleration. Visit [[ATI|the ATi Wiki page]] for more troubleshooting.}}<br />
<br />
===== KDE 4.5 specific graphics' issues =====<br />
<br />
Many users who use the ATI and Intel open-source drivers have encountered several performance regressions with the latest KWin update in KDE 4.5. Please try one of the following workarounds (in order of merit) if you have such a problem (via System Settings > Desktop Effects > Advanced):<br />
<br />
* Add '''export LIBGL_ALWAYS_INDIRECT=1''' to ''/etc/profile''<br />
** Optionally (because the above already forces this), ''uncheck'' '''Enable direct rendering''' under ''OpenGL Options''<br />
** Reboot (and we mean reboot - don't try to restart the X server)<br />
* Use '''XRender''' as the ''Compositing type''<br />
* Disable Desktop Effects (compositing) altogether<br />
<br />
See upstream bug report: https://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=241402<br />
<br />
=== KDE 下的聲音問題===<br />
<br />
====ALSA 相關問題====<br />
{{Note| First make sure you have '''alsa-lib''' and '''alsa-utils''' installed.}}<br />
<br />
====="Falling back to default" messages when trying to listen to any sound in KDE=====<br />
When you encounter such messages:<br />
:The audio playback device ''<name-of-the-sound-device>'' does not work.<br />
:Falling back to default<br />
Go to<br />
System Settings > Multimedia<br />
and set the device named "'''default'''" above all the other devices in each box you see.<br />
<br />
=====I cannot play mp3 files when having Gstreamer backend in Qt Phonon=====<br />
That can be solved by installing gstreamer0.10-plugins<br />
pacman -S gstreamer0.10-plugins<br />
You can also change the backend used by Phonon, by installing the phonon-xine<br />
pacman -S phonon-xine<br />
if you encounter problems that are not solved after installing gstreamer plugins. Then choose Xine in<br />
System Settings > Multimedia > Backend (tab)<br />
(it may have been autoselected after installing phonon-xine)<br />
<br />
=====Amarok "waits" before playing any track=====<br />
If you have encountered this error, the problem is backend specific. In order to solve this problem, change Amarok's backend from '''gstreamer''' to '''xine'''.<br />
<br />
====OSS4 相關問題====<br />
如果您有安裝 OSS4 並遇到問題,你應該注意到 Kmix 的開發者仍然在整合 OSSv4 支援。這裡有一個仍然是實驗性的[https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=29286 AUR 套件]。<br />
Arch uses phonon with the Gstreamer backend that should work for most applications. Alternately you could try [[KDE#I_can.27t_play_mp3_files_when_having_Gstreamer_backend_in_Qt_Phonon|phonon with Xine]].<br />
<br />
=== Arch linux 特定的打包問題 ===<br />
Due to some changes on the packages or pacman problems, there could be some problems during upgrading. Please read the sections below, if you have a problem.<br />
<br />
===我想要一個最小化安裝的 KDE。當我安裝套件後並登入 KDE,但沒有面板出現===<br />
如果你想要一個最小化安裝的 KDE。登入並聽到登入音效,但沒有其他的事發生。可能是因為沒有安裝 Plasma 的二進位檔。這些都包含在<br />
kdebase-workspace<br />
安裝這個套件,並重新啟動 Xorg。<br />
<br />
===我想要在我的系統安裝一個全新的 KDE。我應該怎麼做?===<br />
只要重新命名 KDE 的設定目錄就可(以防萬一您之後需要):<br />
mv ~/.kde4 ~/.kde4-backup<br />
<br />
===Plasma 桌面行為奇怪,但我不知道該怎麼辦===<br />
Plasma 問題主要是由於不穩定的 '''plasmoids''' 或 '''plasma 主題'''所造成的。首先,找到您最新安裝的 plasmoid 或 plasma 主題,並停用它,甚至將它刪除。<br />
如果你不能發現問題,但你不希望失去所有的 KDE 設定,這樣做:<br />
rm -r ~/.kde4/share/config/plasma*<br />
這個命令會'''刪除你的使用者的所有 plasma 相關設定''',當你將重新登入 KDE,將會回到你的'''預設'''設定。<br />
<br />
==其他 KDE 專案==<br />
===Chakra 專案===<br />
<br />
{{Warning| Chakra Project may soon '''split''' from Arch's main system. You should be informed on Chakra Project's news and devs' decisions on [http://chakra-project.org/ Chakra Project website].}}<br />
<br />
====Split KDE packages====<br />
[http://chakra-project.org/ The Chakra Project] is a community-based modular version of KDE 4 and Live CD project, which includes a number of UI enhancements for KDE 4.x. Visit [http://chakra-project.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page the Chakra Project Wiki main page] for more information.<br />
<br />
====Chakra 專案 Arch Live CD====<br />
<br />
The Chakra Project also provides a full featured Live CD, which has the latest stable KDEmod4 packages included.<br />
You may visit [http://chakra-project.org/download-iso.html the Chakra Project Live CD webpage] in order to find more information.<br />
<br />
====Passing from KDEmod to [extra]'s KDE====<br />
<br />
{{Note|You do have instructions for passing from '''[extra]''''s KDE4 to KDEmod4 [http://chakra-project.org/download-kdemod.html here]. }}<br />
<br />
Both flavours of KDE provide the same Desktop Environment, so if you install the one or the other, in the same upstream version, there should not be any problem regarding plasmoids, themes, styles or any KDE related application.<br />
<br />
So, if you want, for any reason, to pass from KDEmod to '''[extra]''''s KDE, do:<br />
<br />
pacman -Rd kdemod<br />
<br />
OR<br />
<br />
pacman -Rd kdemod-uninstall<br />
<br />
and it should be removed, but with the '''-d''' argument, the KDE dependent packages '''are not''' uninstalled, but only the Desktop Environment. But, if you want to '''completelly''' remove any KDEmod specific application/plasmoid/style etc too, do<br />
<br />
pacman -Rcns kdemod<br />
<br />
and then make sure that everything has been uninstalled:<br />
<br />
pacman -Q | grep kde<br />
<br />
{{Note| If you want to use the same KDE specific settings from the previous KDEmod installation, move or rename ~/'''.kdemod4''' to ~/'''.kde4''' }}<br />
<br />
After this, you may have KDEmod uninstalled.<br />
<br />
Then, follow [[KDE#Installing_KDE_4.5|this]].<br />
<br />
===KDE unstable===<br />
====KDEmod testing/unstable====<br />
<br />
You may visit [http://chakra-project.org/repos.html this webpage] and see which repos can you add in''' pacman.conf''' in order to test the KDEmod unstable packages.<br />
<br />
====KDE unstable (快照)====<br />
<br />
===== 非官方的 kde-unstable =====<br />
<br />
The member '''ProgDan''' has created a repo where he uploads the testing KDE packages when a new '''upstream snapshot''' is out. You may visit [http://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=76245 this topic] for more information.<br />
<br />
===== 半官方的 kde-unstable =====<br />
<br />
When KDE is reaching beta or RC milestone, KDE "unstable" packages are uploaded to the [kde-unstable] repo. <br />
<br />
You may add it by adding:<br />
<br />
[kde-unstable]<br />
Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist<br />
<br />
in '''{{ic|/etc/pacman.conf}}'''<br />
<br />
They stay there until KDE is declared stable and passes to [extra].<br />
<br />
Make sure [http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/KDE#Distro_and_Upstream_bug_report you make bug reports] if you find any issues.<br />
<br />
Read [http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/DeveloperWiki:KDE#Users this section] in the wiki as well.<br />
<br />
===KDE Legacy===<br />
<br />
====Downgrading to KDEmod3 from KDE 4====<br />
For those people who decide that KDE 4 is still not yet "ready" for them, there is a website about how to downgrade to a version of KDE 3.5 called '''kdemod3''':<br />
* [http://chakra-project.org/download-kdemod3.html KDEmod3]<br />
<br />
'''Warning''': There have been issues reported regarding Libjpeg7, that caused KDEmod3 to behave strangely. In order to solve that, install [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=28427 libjpeg6] [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=33795 libpng12 from AUR]. The libs '''libjpeg6''' and '''libpng12''' can be safely installed along side the current libraries. You will also want to update [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=19338 poppler-qt3 from AUR]. The only conflict you will find is a conflict between poppler and poppler-qt3 during poppler updates. '''poppler-qt3''' is a dependency for the kdemod3-kdegraphics-kpdf package, but as a work-around you can simply remove poppler-qt3 with the --nodeps flag, complete the Arch update of poppler and then reinstall poppler-qt3. More info [http://chakra-project.org/bbs/viewtopic.php?id=1097 here]<br />
<br />
{{Warning| KDE 3 is no longer maintained and supported by the KDE developers. KDEmod3 is no longer maintained by the Chakra Projects developers. Use it on your own risk, regarding any bugs, performance issues or security risks.}}<br />
<br />
==== Unofficial community repository for KDEmod3 ====<br />
<br />
[http://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=97612 In this thread] you may find info on a rebuild of the unsupported KDEmod3.<br />
<br />
==Bugs==<br />
===Common bugs===<br />
If you think you found something that seems like bug, please see [[Common_Issues]] and regarding that: KDE 4 config files are usually located at <br />
<br />
~/.kde4/share/config/<br />
<br />
and for app-specific configs <br />
<br />
~/.kde4/share/apps/<br />
<br />
===發行版和上游的錯誤回報===<br />
It is preferrable that if you find a minor or serious bug, you should visit [http://bugs.archlinux.org the Arch Bug Tracker] or/and [http://bugs.kde.org KDE Bug Tracker] in order to report that. Make sure that you be clear on what you want to report.<br />
<br />
If you have any issue and you write about in on the Arch forums, first make sure that you have '''FULLY''' updated your system using a good sync mirror (check [https://www.archlinux.de/?page=MirrorStatus here]) or try '''reflector'''.<br />
<br />
==外部鏈接==<br />
* [http://www.kde.org KDE Homepage]<br />
* [http://bugs.kde.org KDE Bug Tracker]<br />
* [http://bugs.archlinux.org Arch Linux Bug Tracker]<br />
* [http://websvn.kde.org KDE WebSVN]</div>
Joshra
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=KDE_(%E6%AD%A3%E9%AB%94%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87)&diff=236941
KDE (正體中文)
2012-11-27T01:22:19Z
<p>Joshra: /* 使用 xinitrc */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Desktop environments (正體中文)]]<br />
[[Category:HOWTOs (正體中文)]]<br />
[[Category:正體中文]]<br />
[[cs:KDE]]<br />
[[de:KDE]]<br />
[[en:KDE]]<br />
[[es:KDE]]<br />
[[fr:KDE]]<br />
[[it:KDE]]<br />
[[pl:KDE]]<br />
[[ru:KDE]]<br />
[[tr:KDE_Masaüstü_Ortamı]]<br />
[[zh-CN:KDE]]<br />
{{Article summary start}}<br />
{{Article summary text|KDE 是一個功能豐富的桌面環境,以其整合良好的應用程式聞名,如 Konqueror、Dolphin、Plasma、KWrite 和 Konsole。}}<br />
{{Article summary end}}<br />
==KDE SC 4.5 Arch Linux 註記==<br />
<br />
'''KDE 4.5''' Software Compilation is the current major release of KDE that includes a number of improvements and bug fixes. The new Arch package set for KDE makes it possible to only install those applications you like.''<br />
<br />
Important features of the Archlinux KDE SC in short:<br />
* '''Split packages'''; for more Information see [[KDE_Packages|KDE Packages]].<br />
* You can use different Phonon backends, like Gstreamer or Xine<br />
* Meta packages ensure a smooth upgrade and emulate the old monolith packages for those who prefer them.<br />
<br />
Important hints for upgraders:<br />
* Always check if your mirror is '''up to date'''.<br />
* pacman will ask you to replace '''all''' kde packages with kde-meta packages.<br />
* '''Do not force an update'''. If pacman complains about conflicts please '''file a bug report'''.<br />
* You can remove the meta packages and the sub packages you do not need after the update.<br />
* If you do not like split packages just keep using the kde-meta packages.<br />
<br />
:Information about upstream changes are be available [http://kde.org/announcements/4.5 here]<br />
<br />
=== KDE 4.5 Archlinux 套件的特殊資訊 ===<br />
<br />
* KDEpim has seen no new release, please continue to use version 4.4.5. KDEpim 4.5 shall be released with KDE 4.5.1<br />
* Due to incompatibility with ruby 1.9, ruby kdebindings are not provided<br />
* Webkit support in konqueror is provided by kwebkitpart<br />
* KDM is now started as the kdm user<br />
* Upstream removed five translations: csb, mai, mk, si and tg<br />
<br />
==安裝 KDE 4.5 Software Compilation==<br />
<br />
=== 安裝全套的 KDE SC ===<br />
<br />
要安裝全部的 KDE 設定,首先要'''完整升級您的系統''':<br />
<br />
pacman -Syu<br />
<br />
然後:<br />
<br />
pacman -S kde<br />
<br />
如果你需要語言檔案:<br />
<br />
pacman -S kde-l10n-您的語言<br />
<br />
例如 kde-l10n-'''de''',就是德語。<br />
<br />
{{Note| KDE 4.x 是'''模塊化'''的,你可以安裝自己偏愛的 KDE 應用程式,而不必安裝所有的套件。請見 [[KDE Packages]] 獲得更多資訊。}}<br />
<br />
=== 最小安裝 ===<br />
<br />
如果你想有一個最小安裝的 KDE SC,這裡有一個範例:<br />
<br />
pacman -S kdebase-workspace kdebase-konsole<br />
<br />
== 啟動 KDE ==<br />
<br />
啟動 KDE 的方法,取決於你的喜好。基本上有兩種方式啟動 KDE。使用 '''KDM''' 或 '''xinitrc'''。<br />
<br />
=== 使用 KDM (KDE Display Manager)===<br />
''It is highly recommended to get familiar with the [http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Display_Manager full article] concerning display managers, before you make any changes. See also [[KDM]] Wiki page.''<br />
<br />
==== 作為一個守護進程啟動 KDM ====<br />
增加 "'''kdm'''" (不需要雙引號) 到 daemons 陣列裡面, 設定檔案的路徑在 '''{{ic|/etc/rc.conf}}'''<br />
<br />
DAEMONS=(dbus hal syslog-ng network netfs crond ... '''kdm''')<br />
<br />
==== 透過 /etc/inittab 啟動 KDM [''最佳''] ==== <br />
<br />
編輯 '''{{ic|/etc/inittab}}''' 並註釋掉:<br />
#id:3:initdefault:<br />
<br />
[...]<br />
<br />
#x:5:respawn:/usr/bin/xdm -nodaemon<br />
<br />
然後去掉下面的註釋:<br />
<br />
id:5:initdefault:<br />
<br />
[...]<br />
<br />
x:5:respawn:/usr/bin/kdm -nodaemon<br />
<br />
{{Note|這兩種方法 KDM 會自動加載 Xorg。}}<br />
<br />
===使用 xinitrc===<br />
'' '''xinitrc''' 的觀念在 [http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xinitrc 這裡] 有非常完整的解釋<br />
<br />
編輯 '''{{ic|/home/}}'''{{ic|''你的帳號''}}'''{{ic|/.xinitrc}}'''. 然後取消下面這行的註解:<br />
exec startkde <br />
After a reboot or/and login, each execution of Xorg ('''startx''' or '''xinit''') will start KDE automatically.<br />
<br />
{{Warning| By doing this you won't have restart/shutdown functions enabled in your KDE menu.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note| If you want to start Xorg at boot, please read [[Start X at Login]] article.}}<br />
<br />
==配置==<br />
<br />
{{Note|配置 KDE 主要是使用''''系統設定''''。當你右擊桌面時,'桌面設定'還有一些其他的選項可用於桌面。}}<br />
<br />
For other personalization options not covered below such as activities, different wallpapers on one cube, etc please refer to the [[Plasma]] wiki page.<br />
<br />
===個人化===<br />
<br />
如何建立您個人風格的 KDE 桌面,使用不同的 Plasma 主題、視窗外框和圖示主題。<br />
<br />
====Plasma 桌面====<br />
<br />
[[Plasma]] 是一種桌面整合技術。提供多種功能,從顯示壁紙到新增元件到桌面。<br />
<br />
=====主題=====<br />
<br />
可以透過桌面設定控制面板安裝[http://kde-look.org/index.php?xcontentmode=76&PHPSESSID=bba0ae5354c7818b519687ebf5badf0e Plasma 主題]。Plasma 主題定義您的面板和 plasmoids 的外觀。如果你想要用系統安裝他們,主題可以在官方套件庫和 [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?O=0&K=plasmatheme&do_Search=Go AUR] 中找到。<br />
<br />
=====元件=====<br />
Plasmoids 是一個小腳本或程式碼寫成的 KDE 應用程式,可以以非常愉快的方式提升您桌面的功能。基於 KDE 的 Plasma 技術。您能夠顯示系統關鍵資訊像''剩餘硬碟空間''或''網絡連接監視器''。<br />
取得更多元件的最簡單的方法,是左鍵點擊一個面板或桌面:<br />
<br />
新增元件 -> 取得新元件 -> 下載元件<br />
<br />
這會呈現出一個不錯的 [http://www.kde-look.org/ kde-look.org] 前端。並只需點擊一下滑鼠,就可讓您(反)安裝元件。<br />
[https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?O=0&K=plasmoid&do_Search=Go&PP=25&SO=d&SB=v 套件庫]也可取得它們。<br />
<br />
====視窗外框====<br />
<br />
[http://kde-look.org/index.php?xcontentmode=75 視窗外框]可以修改,藉由<br />
系統設定 -> 應用程序外觀 -> 風格<br />
在這裡,您只要按一下就可以直接下載和安裝更多的主題。有些可以用 [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?O=0&K=kdestyle&do_Search=Go&PP=25&SO=d&SB=v AUR] 取得。<br />
<br />
====KDE 4 Theme Integration with GTK Applications====<br />
To better integrate GTK and KDE 4 themes, you can use '''QtCurve'''.<br />
<br />
pacman -S qtcurve-gtk2 qtcurve-kde4<br />
<br />
Or you can download a GTK theme that matches your version of KDE [http://kde-look.org/content/show.php?content=103741 here]. This theme comes closer to the original Oxygen and is updated frequently.<br />
<br />
=====Automatic procedure=====<br />
<br />
To change the GTK theme to QtCurve or something else a few applications are available:<br />
<br />
pacman -S lxappearance<br />
pacman -S gtk-theme-switch2<br />
pacman -S gtk-chtheme<br />
<br />
Then change the theme of your choice in the respective application:<br />
<br />
lxappearance<br />
gtk-theme-switch2<br />
gtk-chtheme<br />
<br />
=====Manual procedure=====<br />
To manually change the GTK theme to QtCurve, you need to create the file {{ic|~/.gtkrc-2.0-kde4}} with the following content:<br />
include "/usr/share/themes/QtCurve/gtk-2.0/gtkrc"<br />
include "/etc/gtk-2.0/gtkrc"<br />
<br />
style "user-font"<br />
{<br />
font_name="Sans Serif"<br />
}<br />
widget_class "*" style "user-font" <br />
gtk-theme-name="QtCurve"<br />
Then you need to create the symbolic link {{ic|~/.gtkrc-2.0}}:<br />
ln -s .gtkrc-2.0-kde4 .gtkrc-2.0<br />
If you want also specify a font, you can add (and adapt) the following line to the file:<br />
gtk-font-name="Sans Serif 9"<br />
<br />
=====圖示=====<br />
If you're using Oxygen icons and want a consistent look in GTK open/save dialogs, you can install an [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?O=0&K=oxygenrefit2-icon-theme&do_Search=Go oxygenrefit2] icon theme from AUR and set it as your GTK icon theme. Add the theme to the {{ic|~/.gtkrc-2.0}} file or you can use lxappearance and set it.<br />
gtk-icon-theme-name="OxygenRefit2"<br />
There are also a couple GTK themes built on the [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=24329 gtk-kde42-oxygen-theme Oxygen style] that can also do this.<br />
<br />
====圖示主題====<br />
Not many full system icons themes are available for KDE 4. You can open up '''System Settings > Application Appearance > Icons''' and browse for new ones or install them manually. Many of them can be found on [http://www.kde-look.org/ kde-look.org].<br />
<br />
====Arch Linux Logo Icon in Kicker menu====<br />
Right-Click on the Kicker menu button, press "'''Application launcher settings'''" and then press the icon on the '''right'''. Then you may choose Arch Linux icon or any other icon that will replace the default one.<br />
<br />
====字型====<br />
<br />
如果預設情況下,KDE 的字型看起來不佳,嘗試安裝 [http://www.archlinux.org/packages/extra/any/ttf-dejavu/ ttf-dejavu] 和 [http://www.archlinux.org/packages/community/any/ttf-liberation/ ttf-liberation] 套件。安裝之後,一定要登出並重新登入。您不必修改 KDE 系統設定中"字型"面板的任何設定。<br />
<br />
If you have personally set up how your [[Fonts]] render, be aware that System Settings may alter their appearance. When you go '''System Settings > Appearance > Fonts''' System Settings will likely alter your font configuration file ({{ic|fonts.conf}}). There is no way to prevent this but if you set the values to match your {{ic|fonts.conf}} file the expected font rendering will return (it will require you to restart your application or in a few cases for you to have to restart your desktop). Note too that Gnomes' Font Preferences will also do this if you use both desktop environments.<br />
<br />
====空間效率====<br />
KDE is often '''critizised''' for being bloated. The user might get this perception from seeing''' many toolbars and pretty big scaled icons in the applications'''. One thing that improved the situation was the new Kwin-Theme that came with KDE SC 4.4.* with the more elegant buttons that one can also resize. '''KDE Apps allows to hide many toolbars, menubars and statusbars'''.<br />
<br />
=====All sorts of *bars=====<br />
Most toolbars of a program can be removed in the menubar-entry "'''Settings'''". There you often can hide the statusbar and often all toolbars. The last step should be to remove the menubar itself via '''Ctrl + M'''. If you do not want to remove any bars you can still make them smaller or remove the text via:<br />
System-Settings -> Appearance -> Style -> Tab "Finetuning" -> "Main toolbar text", "secondary toolbar text"<br />
<br />
Since most aspect ratios of modern flat screens are wider than 4:3 it could be reasonable to put the toolbar '''at the left or right of a window''' to artificially stretch windows more to the monitors aspect ratio.<br />
<br />
=====Plasma=====<br />
There are also some settings and modifications you can apply to your plasmoids to make KDE less space wasting. For example, the "Digital Clock" wastes more space than the "Analogue Clock". The little plasma icon ("Casheew") that one can see in the panel can be hidden by locking the widgets via rightklicking onto the panel.<br />
If you have got many tasks in your task-manager you should consider using ''Smooth-tasks''. This alternative task-manager allows you to just display the icons of a task thus using less space but still maintaining the ability of the user to distinguish the different tasks.<br />
<br />
Install [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=29410 smooth-tasks] from the [[AUR]].<br />
<br />
After installing and substituting it with the original task-manager you should have a deep look at the settings since they are much broader.<br />
one way of using the features of smooth-tasks could be to only display the icons of tasks and move the panel to the left or right of the screen. This is most usefull on widescreens.<br />
On very small screens it could be reasonable to set the bottom-panel to auto-hide completely.<br />
For netbooks there exists a special form factor to make a better use of the screen:<br />
<br />
System-Settings -> Desktop -> Workspace -> Form factor<br />
<br />
=====KWin=====<br />
The windows decorations can also be resized by making the buttons in the decoration smaller thus making the whole top border smaller:<br />
System Settings -> Appearance -> Windows -> Button size<br />
You could also remove the side-border of all windows via:<br />
System Settings -> Appearance -> Windows -> Border size<br />
<br />
=== 網絡/列印 ===<br />
<br />
KDE SC 4.5 已經加入 NetworkManager 支援。請見 [[Networkmanager#KDE4|NetworkManager]] 了解更多資訊。<br />
<br />
===Samba/Windows 支援===<br />
<br />
如果你想要訪問 Windows 服務:<br />
<br />
pacman -S samba<br />
<br />
然後,您可以配置您的 Samba 共享,透過<br />
<br />
系統設定 > 共享 > Samba<br />
<br />
=== KDE 桌面活動 ===<br />
<br />
KDE are Plasma based "virtual desktop"-like set of Plasma Widgets where you can independently configure widgets as if you had more than one screens/desktops. <br />
Since KDE 4.5, the feature of changing Desktop Activities has been simplified. <br />
<br />
On your desktop, click the Cashew Plasmoid and on the pop-up window press "Activities".<br />
<br />
A plasma bar will appear at the bottom of the screen which presents you the current Plasma Desktop Activities which exist. You can then navigate between them by pressing their correspondent icon.<br />
<br />
===省電===<br />
<br />
KDE 整合了省電服務,稱為"''Powerdevil電源管理'''",可以調整省電系統配置或螢幕的亮度(如果支援)。<br />
<br />
==== 如何啟用一般的省電 ====<br />
<br />
進入系統設定>電源管理。<br />
進入設定檔管理員,進入"當市電電源已插上時"(或電池選項)勾選"省電"。在"編輯設定檔">"省電",勾選"開啟系統省電模式",然後按套用。<br />
<br />
==== How to enable Cpufreq based powersaving ====<br />
<br />
Since KDE 4.5, [http://lists.kde.org/?l=kde-devel&m=126800277431817&w=2 Powerdevil doesn't handle CPU power schemes through Cpufreq]. CPU is being used by using the hardware or/and kernel "'''ondemand'''" governor power scheme and that's the official way to have the system's power management handled, according to the guidelines by the kernel power-management devs.<br />
<br />
{{Warning| Using Cpufreq in order to handle your CPU power schemes, that means, controlling it through software, IS NOT suggested for use since modern CPUs are capable of powersaving through their BIOSes.<br />
<br />
[http://www.codon.org.uk/~mjg59/power/good_practices.html Visit this link] for more info on good power management practices.}}<br />
<br />
If you do want, you still can use Cpufreq for your system which is accessible through the '''Solid Device Framework'''.<br />
<br />
So in order to do that, follow these steps:<br />
<br />
1. You need to create a script for every Cpufreq governor you want to be used. In this example, you will now create a script to enable the powersaving governor.<br />
<br />
Create a script in /usr/bin<br />
<br />
# touch /usr/bin/kde-cpufreq-powersave<br />
<br />
Add these in the script<br />
<br />
#!/bin/bash<br />
solid-powermanagement set cpufreq powersave<br />
<br />
Make it executable<br />
<br />
# chmod +x /usr/bin/kde-cpufreq-powersave<br />
<br />
2. Install cpufrequtils<br />
<br />
pacman -S cpufrequtils<br />
<br />
and make sure you have your CPU's cpufreq module loaded. For more information on this, visit [[Cpufreq|this article]].<br />
<br />
3. Then, in '''System Settings > Power Management''', go to "Edit Profiles" > "Powersave", and make sure that "Enable System power saving" is enabled.<br />
<br />
After that, press the file dialog button next to the phrase "When loading profile execute" and choose the script you have just created. Now, each time you choose the Powersaving profile through Powerdevil, Cpufreq will force the powersaving governor.<br />
<br />
You can do the same for other profiles and governors.<br />
<br />
==系統管理==<br />
<br />
===設定鍵盤排版,以便切換輸入語言===<br />
In order to do that, navigate to <br />
System Settings > Input Devices > Keyboard<br />
There you may choose your keyboard model at first.<br />
{{Note| It is preferable that, if you use Evdev, that means Xorg automatic configuration for keyboards, you should choose "Evdev-managed keyboard".}}<br />
In the "'''Layouts'''" tab, you choose the languages you may want to use by pressing the "Add Layout" button and therefore the variant and the language.<br />
In the "'''Advanced'''" tab, you can choose the keyboard combination you want in order to change the layouts in the "Key(s) to change layout" sub-menu.<br />
<br />
===Terminate Xorg-server through KDE system settings===<br />
Navigate to <br />
System Settings > Input Devices > Keyboard > Advanced (tab) > "Key Sequence to terminate X server" submenu<br />
and tick the checkbox.<br />
<br />
==桌面搜尋和語義學桌面==<br />
Most users who freshly install KDE are wondering what functionality the following four pieces of software are able to offer. Most features are still somehow hidden under the hood and yet not many applications featured in the KDE SC are using these interfaces. This capter intends to first explain the features and then convince the user of the power these tools offer once properly integrated into KDE. The following sections are more or less a roughly shortened version of [[http://thomasmcguire.wordpress.com/2009/10/03/akonadi-nepomuk-and-strigi-explained/ this blogpost].<br />
<br />
===Soprano===<br />
Soprano is a library for QT that is able to process RDF data. This is semantic data. Semantic data is a special kind of metadata which is much more flexible than metadata you might know from MP3-Tags or Meta-Tags in HTML since RDF data more resembles the structure of a spoken sentence, thus allowing a much wider field of ways dealing with them. Soprano stores semantic data in a backend and allows low level access to this data.<br />
<br />
===Nepomuk===<br />
Nepomuk is somehow the glue between Soprano and the KDE Desktop and thus the user. Nepomuk allows to tag the files with various entries and offers an API for the applications featured in KDE SC. It is enabled by default. Nepomuk can be turned on and off in<br />
System Settings -> "Advanced" Tab -> Desktop Search<br />
<br />
===Akonadi===<br />
Akonadi is one of the ways of getting data into Nepomuk. Its intention is to gather all kinds of PIM data from KMail, KAdressbook or Kopete. It collects chat contacts, email adresses, email attachments and email contents. First of all it feeds Nepomuk with this data but moreover does also provide a centralized accesspoint for all this data.<br />
<br />
===Strigi 搜尋===<br />
Strigi is another way of feeding data into Nepomuk. It preverably indexes the users home-folder. Indexing means that it not only gathers filenames but also information about your music collection or tagged downloads you did with Kget. The Strigi search is also integrated into KDEs launcher which can be accessed via:<br />
{{Keypress|Alt}} + {{Keypress|F2}}<br />
<br />
By default, Dolphin has a search bar on top-right where you may type what you want to be found from Strigi's index. <br />
<br />
{{Note | Strigi has implications for resource usage on your computer - CPU, memory, disk access, disk space, battery life. If Strigi is too resource-hungry for you, you can turn it off in "'''System Settings > Advanced > Desktop Search'''". }}<br />
<br />
Strigi folder indexing can be configured in:<br />
System Settings -> "Advanced" Tab -> Desktop Search<br />
<br />
==KDM (KDE Desktop Manager)==<br />
<br />
===KDM Xserver 檔案===<br />
An example configuration for KDM can be found at '''/usr/share/config/kdm/kdmrc'''. See '''/usr/share/doc/HTML/en/kdm/kdmrc-ref.docbook''' for all options.<br />
<br />
===配置 KDM===<br />
<br />
您可以訪問'''系統設定 > 登入畫面'''進行修改。當你按下"套用"時,會出現一個 '''KDE Polkit 授權'''視窗要求您提供 root 密碼,才能完成修改。<br />
<br />
==== 使用者配置 KDM 的問題 ====<br />
<br />
If you seem not to be able to KDM settings when launching System Settings as user, press<br />
<br />
{{Keypress|Alt}} + {{Keypress|F2}}<br />
<br />
and type<br />
<br />
kdesu systemsettings<br />
<br />
In the pop-up kdesu window, enter your root password and wait for System Settings to be launched.<br />
<br />
{{Note| Since you have launched it as root, be careful when changing your settings. All settings configuration in root-launched System Settings are saved under /root/.kde4 and not under ~/.kde4 (your home location).}}<br />
<br />
In the System Settings window, go to Login Screen.<br />
<br />
==Phonon==<br />
<br />
===什麼是 Phonon?===<br />
<br />
''Phonon is the multimedia API for KDE 4. Phonon was created to allow KDE 4 to be independent of any single multimedia framework such as GStreamer or xine and to provide a stable API for KDE 4's lifetime. It was done for various reasons: to create a simple KDE/Qt style multimedia API, to better support native multimedia frameworks on Windows and Mac OS X, and to fix problems of frameworks becoming unmaintained or having API or ABI instability.<br />
''<br />
<br />
from Wikipedia.<br />
<br />
'''Phonon''' is being widely used within KDE, for both audio (e.g., the System notifications or KDE audio apps) and video (e.g., the Dolphin video thumbnails).<br />
<br />
===Which backend should I choose ?===<br />
<br />
You can choose between various backends, like Gstreamer, Xine ( [http://www.archlinux.org/packages/?q=phonon phonon-xine] ) or VLC ( [http://www.archlinux.org/packages/?q=phonon-vlc phonon-vlc] ).<br />
<br />
==使用 WebKit 在 Konqueror==<br />
<br />
===什麼是 WebKit?===<br />
<br />
WebKit is an open source browser engine developped by Apple Inc. It is used by Safari and Google Chrome. WebKit is a derivative from the KHTML and KJS libraries and contain many improvements.<br />
<br />
===如何用於 konqueror===<br />
<br />
It is possible to use WebKit in Konqueror instead of KHTML. First install the kwebkitpart package :<br />
<br />
pacman -S kwebkitpart<br />
<br />
Then execute the following command<br />
<br />
keditfiletype text / html<br />
<br />
<br />
In the window that opens go to the "Embedding" tab. Move the entry "WebKit" up to the top of the list and then hit the "OK" button and restart Konqueror.<br />
<br />
==疑難解答==<br />
<br />
===KHotkeys 問題===<br />
Ιf '''khotkeys''' does not work, make sure you have a fully updated system first.<br />
You can also create ~/.kde4/Autostart/reloadkhotkeys.sh with contents <br />
#!/bin/bash<br />
(sleep 3 && qdbus org.kde.kded /modules/khotkeys reread_configuration) &<br />
and then do a<br />
chmod u+x ~/.kde4/Autostart/reloadkhotkeys.sh<br />
then logout & login.<br />
<br />
===Enabling thumbnails under Konqueror and Dolphin file managers===<br />
For thumbnails of videos in konqueror and dolphin:<br />
pacman -S kdemultimedia-mplayerthumbs<br />
<br />
===I encounter problems with automounting (or) KDE behaves strangely for no apparent reason===<br />
Since the new X-Server 1.8 arrived in the stable repos some users got the impression that HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) might not be needed anymore at all. But for a fully functional KDE-Desktop it is neccessary to run hal:<br />
/etc/rc.d/hal start<br />
For ease of use you should add it to your daemons list in ''/etc/rc.conf'':<br />
DAEMONS=( .. @hal ..)<br />
It is no problem to start HAL in the background to shave some time of boot.<br />
If you are using udev to automatically mount your drives with an udev-rule without running hal you should take note of the fact that these mounted drives will '''not''' be recognized by KDE. So no entry of this device will show up in Dolphin and Device Notifier won't notify you either.<br />
<br />
=== Suspend to Disk/Ram not working ===<br />
If suspend to disk/ram does not work the be sure hal is running, also make sure you are in the power group (remember to logout)<br />
Also, if you are starting KDE with startx try adding ck-launch-session to the .xinitrc,<br />
as so:<br />
#!/bin/sh<br />
#<br />
# ~/.xinitrc<br />
#<br />
# Executed by startx (run your window manager from here)<br />
# exec gnome-session<br />
exec ck-launch-session startkde<br />
# exec startxfce4<br />
# ...or the Window Manager of your choice<br />
This is done automatically with kdm.<br />
<br />
=== 圖形的相關問題===<br />
<br />
==== 2D桌面效能低落(或)2D 出現假影 ====<br />
<br />
請確保您的顯示卡有安裝適當的驅動程式,為了使您的桌面至少有 2D 加速。參考這些文章了解更多資訊:[[ATI]]、[[NVIDIA]]、[[Intel]]了解更多資訊,以確保一切都正確無誤。<br />
The open source ATI and Intel drivers and the proprietary Nvidia driver should provide the best 2D acceleration.<br />
<br />
If this doesn't solve your problems, maybe your driver doesn't provide a good XRender acceleration which the current QT painter engine relies on by default. You can change the painter engine to software based only by invoking the application with the "-graphicssystem raster" command line. This rendering engine can be set as the default one by recompiling QT with the same as configure option, "-graphicssystem raster".<br />
<br />
==== Konsole is slow in applications like vim ====<br />
This is a problem that is caused by slow glyph rendering. You can solve this by switching to a scalable font like Bitstream Vera Sans Mono.<br />
<br />
==== 低落的 3D 桌面效能====<br />
<br />
KDE 預設啟用桌面特效。較舊的顯示卡對於 3D 桌面加速可能會不夠用。您可以關閉桌面特效<br />
系統設定 > 桌面 <br />
或者您可以開關桌面特效,藉由<br />
{{Keypress|Alt}} + {{Keypress|Shift}} + {{Keypress|F12}}<br />
<br />
{{Note| You may encounter such problems with 3D desktop performance even when using a more powerful graphics card, but using catalyst proprietary driver (fglrx). This driver is known for having issues with 3D acceleration. Visit [[ATI|the ATi Wiki page]] for more troubleshooting.}}<br />
<br />
===== KDE 4.5 specific graphics' issues =====<br />
<br />
Many users who use the ATI and Intel open-source drivers have encountered several performance regressions with the latest KWin update in KDE 4.5. Please try one of the following workarounds (in order of merit) if you have such a problem (via System Settings > Desktop Effects > Advanced):<br />
<br />
* Add '''export LIBGL_ALWAYS_INDIRECT=1''' to ''/etc/profile''<br />
** Optionally (because the above already forces this), ''uncheck'' '''Enable direct rendering''' under ''OpenGL Options''<br />
** Reboot (and we mean reboot - don't try to restart the X server)<br />
* Use '''XRender''' as the ''Compositing type''<br />
* Disable Desktop Effects (compositing) altogether<br />
<br />
See upstream bug report: https://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=241402<br />
<br />
=== KDE 下的聲音問題===<br />
<br />
====ALSA 相關問題====<br />
{{Note| First make sure you have '''alsa-lib''' and '''alsa-utils''' installed.}}<br />
<br />
====="Falling back to default" messages when trying to listen to any sound in KDE=====<br />
When you encounter such messages:<br />
:The audio playback device ''<name-of-the-sound-device>'' does not work.<br />
:Falling back to default<br />
Go to<br />
System Settings > Multimedia<br />
and set the device named "'''default'''" above all the other devices in each box you see.<br />
<br />
=====I cannot play mp3 files when having Gstreamer backend in Qt Phonon=====<br />
That can be solved by installing gstreamer0.10-plugins<br />
pacman -S gstreamer0.10-plugins<br />
You can also change the backend used by Phonon, by installing the phonon-xine<br />
pacman -S phonon-xine<br />
if you encounter problems that are not solved after installing gstreamer plugins. Then choose Xine in<br />
System Settings > Multimedia > Backend (tab)<br />
(it may have been autoselected after installing phonon-xine)<br />
<br />
=====Amarok "waits" before playing any track=====<br />
If you have encountered this error, the problem is backend specific. In order to solve this problem, change Amarok's backend from '''gstreamer''' to '''xine'''.<br />
<br />
====OSS4 相關問題====<br />
如果您有安裝 OSS4 並遇到問題,你應該注意到 Kmix 的開發者仍然在整合 OSSv4 支援。這裡有一個仍然是實驗性的[https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=29286 AUR 套件]。<br />
Arch uses phonon with the Gstreamer backend that should work for most applications. Alternately you could try [[KDE#I_can.27t_play_mp3_files_when_having_Gstreamer_backend_in_Qt_Phonon|phonon with Xine]].<br />
<br />
=== Arch linux 特定的打包問題 ===<br />
Due to some changes on the packages or pacman problems, there could be some problems during upgrading. Please read the sections below, if you have a problem.<br />
<br />
===我想要一個最小化安裝的 KDE。當我安裝套件後並登入 KDE,但沒有面板出現===<br />
如果你想要一個最小化安裝的 KDE。登入並聽到登入音效,但沒有其他的事發生。可能是因為沒有安裝 Plasma 的二進位檔。這些都包含在<br />
kdebase-workspace<br />
安裝這個套件,並重新啟動 Xorg。<br />
<br />
===我想要在我的系統安裝一個全新的 KDE。我應該怎麼做?===<br />
只要重新命名 KDE 的設定目錄就可(以防萬一您之後需要):<br />
mv ~/.kde4 ~/.kde4-backup<br />
<br />
===Plasma 桌面行為奇怪,但我不知道該怎麼辦===<br />
Plasma 問題主要是由於不穩定的 '''plasmoids''' 或 '''plasma 主題'''所造成的。首先,找到您最新安裝的 plasmoid 或 plasma 主題,並停用它,甚至將它刪除。<br />
如果你不能發現問題,但你不希望失去所有的 KDE 設定,這樣做:<br />
rm -r ~/.kde4/share/config/plasma*<br />
這個命令會'''刪除你的使用者的所有 plasma 相關設定''',當你將重新登入 KDE,將會回到你的'''預設'''設定。<br />
<br />
==其他 KDE 專案==<br />
===Chakra 專案===<br />
<br />
{{Warning| Chakra Project may soon '''split''' from Arch's main system. You should be informed on Chakra Project's news and devs' decisions on [http://chakra-project.org/ Chakra Project website].}}<br />
<br />
====Split KDE packages====<br />
[http://chakra-project.org/ The Chakra Project] is a community-based modular version of KDE 4 and Live CD project, which includes a number of UI enhancements for KDE 4.x. Visit [http://chakra-project.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page the Chakra Project Wiki main page] for more information.<br />
<br />
====Chakra 專案 Arch Live CD====<br />
<br />
The Chakra Project also provides a full featured Live CD, which has the latest stable KDEmod4 packages included.<br />
You may visit [http://chakra-project.org/download-iso.html the Chakra Project Live CD webpage] in order to find more information.<br />
<br />
====Passing from KDEmod to [extra]'s KDE====<br />
<br />
{{Note|You do have instructions for passing from '''[extra]''''s KDE4 to KDEmod4 [http://chakra-project.org/download-kdemod.html here]. }}<br />
<br />
Both flavours of KDE provide the same Desktop Environment, so if you install the one or the other, in the same upstream version, there should not be any problem regarding plasmoids, themes, styles or any KDE related application.<br />
<br />
So, if you want, for any reason, to pass from KDEmod to '''[extra]''''s KDE, do:<br />
<br />
pacman -Rd kdemod<br />
<br />
OR<br />
<br />
pacman -Rd kdemod-uninstall<br />
<br />
and it should be removed, but with the '''-d''' argument, the KDE dependent packages '''are not''' uninstalled, but only the Desktop Environment. But, if you want to '''completelly''' remove any KDEmod specific application/plasmoid/style etc too, do<br />
<br />
pacman -Rcns kdemod<br />
<br />
and then make sure that everything has been uninstalled:<br />
<br />
pacman -Q | grep kde<br />
<br />
{{Note| If you want to use the same KDE specific settings from the previous KDEmod installation, move or rename ~/'''.kdemod4''' to ~/'''.kde4''' }}<br />
<br />
After this, you may have KDEmod uninstalled.<br />
<br />
Then, follow [[KDE#Installing_KDE_4.5|this]].<br />
<br />
===KDE unstable===<br />
====KDEmod testing/unstable====<br />
<br />
You may visit [http://chakra-project.org/repos.html this webpage] and see which repos can you add in''' pacman.conf''' in order to test the KDEmod unstable packages.<br />
<br />
====KDE unstable (快照)====<br />
<br />
===== 非官方的 kde-unstable =====<br />
<br />
The member '''ProgDan''' has created a repo where he uploads the testing KDE packages when a new '''upstream snapshot''' is out. You may visit [http://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=76245 this topic] for more information.<br />
<br />
===== 半官方的 kde-unstable =====<br />
<br />
When KDE is reaching beta or RC milestone, KDE "unstable" packages are uploaded to the [kde-unstable] repo. <br />
<br />
You may add it by adding:<br />
<br />
[kde-unstable]<br />
Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist<br />
<br />
in '''{{ic|/etc/pacman.conf}}'''<br />
<br />
They stay there until KDE is declared stable and passes to [extra].<br />
<br />
Make sure [http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/KDE#Distro_and_Upstream_bug_report you make bug reports] if you find any issues.<br />
<br />
Read [http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/DeveloperWiki:KDE#Users this section] in the wiki as well.<br />
<br />
===KDE Legacy===<br />
<br />
====Downgrading to KDEmod3 from KDE 4====<br />
For those people who decide that KDE 4 is still not yet "ready" for them, there is a website about how to downgrade to a version of KDE 3.5 called '''kdemod3''':<br />
* [http://chakra-project.org/download-kdemod3.html KDEmod3]<br />
<br />
'''Warning''': There have been issues reported regarding Libjpeg7, that caused KDEmod3 to behave strangely. In order to solve that, install [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=28427 libjpeg6] [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=33795 libpng12 from AUR]. The libs '''libjpeg6''' and '''libpng12''' can be safely installed along side the current libraries. You will also want to update [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=19338 poppler-qt3 from AUR]. The only conflict you will find is a conflict between poppler and poppler-qt3 during poppler updates. '''poppler-qt3''' is a dependency for the kdemod3-kdegraphics-kpdf package, but as a work-around you can simply remove poppler-qt3 with the --nodeps flag, complete the Arch update of poppler and then reinstall poppler-qt3. More info [http://chakra-project.org/bbs/viewtopic.php?id=1097 here]<br />
<br />
{{Warning| KDE 3 is no longer maintained and supported by the KDE developers. KDEmod3 is no longer maintained by the Chakra Projects developers. Use it on your own risk, regarding any bugs, performance issues or security risks.}}<br />
<br />
==== Unofficial community repository for KDEmod3 ====<br />
<br />
[http://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=97612 In this thread] you may find info on a rebuild of the unsupported KDEmod3.<br />
<br />
==Bugs==<br />
===Common bugs===<br />
If you think you found something that seems like bug, please see [[Common_Issues]] and regarding that: KDE 4 config files are usually located at <br />
<br />
~/.kde4/share/config/<br />
<br />
and for app-specific configs <br />
<br />
~/.kde4/share/apps/<br />
<br />
===發行版和上游的錯誤回報===<br />
It is preferrable that if you find a minor or serious bug, you should visit [http://bugs.archlinux.org the Arch Bug Tracker] or/and [http://bugs.kde.org KDE Bug Tracker] in order to report that. Make sure that you be clear on what you want to report.<br />
<br />
If you have any issue and you write about in on the Arch forums, first make sure that you have '''FULLY''' updated your system using a good sync mirror (check [https://www.archlinux.de/?page=MirrorStatus here]) or try '''reflector'''.<br />
<br />
==外部鏈接==<br />
* [http://www.kde.org KDE Homepage]<br />
* [http://bugs.kde.org KDE Bug Tracker]<br />
* [http://bugs.archlinux.org Arch Linux Bug Tracker]<br />
* [http://websvn.kde.org KDE WebSVN]</div>
Joshra
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=KDE_(%E6%AD%A3%E9%AB%94%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87)&diff=236940
KDE (正體中文)
2012-11-27T01:20:47Z
<p>Joshra: /* 使用 xinitrc */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Desktop environments (正體中文)]]<br />
[[Category:HOWTOs (正體中文)]]<br />
[[Category:正體中文]]<br />
[[cs:KDE]]<br />
[[de:KDE]]<br />
[[en:KDE]]<br />
[[es:KDE]]<br />
[[fr:KDE]]<br />
[[it:KDE]]<br />
[[pl:KDE]]<br />
[[ru:KDE]]<br />
[[tr:KDE_Masaüstü_Ortamı]]<br />
[[zh-CN:KDE]]<br />
{{Article summary start}}<br />
{{Article summary text|KDE 是一個功能豐富的桌面環境,以其整合良好的應用程式聞名,如 Konqueror、Dolphin、Plasma、KWrite 和 Konsole。}}<br />
{{Article summary end}}<br />
==KDE SC 4.5 Arch Linux 註記==<br />
<br />
'''KDE 4.5''' Software Compilation is the current major release of KDE that includes a number of improvements and bug fixes. The new Arch package set for KDE makes it possible to only install those applications you like.''<br />
<br />
Important features of the Archlinux KDE SC in short:<br />
* '''Split packages'''; for more Information see [[KDE_Packages|KDE Packages]].<br />
* You can use different Phonon backends, like Gstreamer or Xine<br />
* Meta packages ensure a smooth upgrade and emulate the old monolith packages for those who prefer them.<br />
<br />
Important hints for upgraders:<br />
* Always check if your mirror is '''up to date'''.<br />
* pacman will ask you to replace '''all''' kde packages with kde-meta packages.<br />
* '''Do not force an update'''. If pacman complains about conflicts please '''file a bug report'''.<br />
* You can remove the meta packages and the sub packages you do not need after the update.<br />
* If you do not like split packages just keep using the kde-meta packages.<br />
<br />
:Information about upstream changes are be available [http://kde.org/announcements/4.5 here]<br />
<br />
=== KDE 4.5 Archlinux 套件的特殊資訊 ===<br />
<br />
* KDEpim has seen no new release, please continue to use version 4.4.5. KDEpim 4.5 shall be released with KDE 4.5.1<br />
* Due to incompatibility with ruby 1.9, ruby kdebindings are not provided<br />
* Webkit support in konqueror is provided by kwebkitpart<br />
* KDM is now started as the kdm user<br />
* Upstream removed five translations: csb, mai, mk, si and tg<br />
<br />
==安裝 KDE 4.5 Software Compilation==<br />
<br />
=== 安裝全套的 KDE SC ===<br />
<br />
要安裝全部的 KDE 設定,首先要'''完整升級您的系統''':<br />
<br />
pacman -Syu<br />
<br />
然後:<br />
<br />
pacman -S kde<br />
<br />
如果你需要語言檔案:<br />
<br />
pacman -S kde-l10n-您的語言<br />
<br />
例如 kde-l10n-'''de''',就是德語。<br />
<br />
{{Note| KDE 4.x 是'''模塊化'''的,你可以安裝自己偏愛的 KDE 應用程式,而不必安裝所有的套件。請見 [[KDE Packages]] 獲得更多資訊。}}<br />
<br />
=== 最小安裝 ===<br />
<br />
如果你想有一個最小安裝的 KDE SC,這裡有一個範例:<br />
<br />
pacman -S kdebase-workspace kdebase-konsole<br />
<br />
== 啟動 KDE ==<br />
<br />
啟動 KDE 的方法,取決於你的喜好。基本上有兩種方式啟動 KDE。使用 '''KDM''' 或 '''xinitrc'''。<br />
<br />
=== 使用 KDM (KDE Display Manager)===<br />
''It is highly recommended to get familiar with the [http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Display_Manager full article] concerning display managers, before you make any changes. See also [[KDM]] Wiki page.''<br />
<br />
==== 作為一個守護進程啟動 KDM ====<br />
增加 "'''kdm'''" (不需要雙引號) 到 daemons 陣列裡面, 設定檔案的路徑在 '''{{ic|/etc/rc.conf}}'''<br />
<br />
DAEMONS=(dbus hal syslog-ng network netfs crond ... '''kdm''')<br />
<br />
==== 透過 /etc/inittab 啟動 KDM [''最佳''] ==== <br />
<br />
編輯 '''{{ic|/etc/inittab}}''' 並註釋掉:<br />
#id:3:initdefault:<br />
<br />
[...]<br />
<br />
#x:5:respawn:/usr/bin/xdm -nodaemon<br />
<br />
然後去掉下面的註釋:<br />
<br />
id:5:initdefault:<br />
<br />
[...]<br />
<br />
x:5:respawn:/usr/bin/kdm -nodaemon<br />
<br />
{{Note|這兩種方法 KDM 會自動加載 Xorg。}}<br />
<br />
===使用 xinitrc===<br />
'' '''xinitrc''' 的觀念在 [http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xinitrc 這裡] 有非常完整的解釋<br />
<br />
Edit '''{{ic|/home/}}'''{{ic|''your-username''}}'''{{ic|/.xinitrc}}'''. Then uncomment:<br />
exec startkde <br />
After a reboot or/and login, each execution of Xorg ('''startx''' or '''xinit''') will start KDE automatically.<br />
<br />
{{Warning| By doing this you won't have restart/shutdown functions enabled in your KDE menu.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note| If you want to start Xorg at boot, please read [[Start X at Login]] article.}}<br />
<br />
==配置==<br />
<br />
{{Note|配置 KDE 主要是使用''''系統設定''''。當你右擊桌面時,'桌面設定'還有一些其他的選項可用於桌面。}}<br />
<br />
For other personalization options not covered below such as activities, different wallpapers on one cube, etc please refer to the [[Plasma]] wiki page.<br />
<br />
===個人化===<br />
<br />
如何建立您個人風格的 KDE 桌面,使用不同的 Plasma 主題、視窗外框和圖示主題。<br />
<br />
====Plasma 桌面====<br />
<br />
[[Plasma]] 是一種桌面整合技術。提供多種功能,從顯示壁紙到新增元件到桌面。<br />
<br />
=====主題=====<br />
<br />
可以透過桌面設定控制面板安裝[http://kde-look.org/index.php?xcontentmode=76&PHPSESSID=bba0ae5354c7818b519687ebf5badf0e Plasma 主題]。Plasma 主題定義您的面板和 plasmoids 的外觀。如果你想要用系統安裝他們,主題可以在官方套件庫和 [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?O=0&K=plasmatheme&do_Search=Go AUR] 中找到。<br />
<br />
=====元件=====<br />
Plasmoids 是一個小腳本或程式碼寫成的 KDE 應用程式,可以以非常愉快的方式提升您桌面的功能。基於 KDE 的 Plasma 技術。您能夠顯示系統關鍵資訊像''剩餘硬碟空間''或''網絡連接監視器''。<br />
取得更多元件的最簡單的方法,是左鍵點擊一個面板或桌面:<br />
<br />
新增元件 -> 取得新元件 -> 下載元件<br />
<br />
這會呈現出一個不錯的 [http://www.kde-look.org/ kde-look.org] 前端。並只需點擊一下滑鼠,就可讓您(反)安裝元件。<br />
[https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?O=0&K=plasmoid&do_Search=Go&PP=25&SO=d&SB=v 套件庫]也可取得它們。<br />
<br />
====視窗外框====<br />
<br />
[http://kde-look.org/index.php?xcontentmode=75 視窗外框]可以修改,藉由<br />
系統設定 -> 應用程序外觀 -> 風格<br />
在這裡,您只要按一下就可以直接下載和安裝更多的主題。有些可以用 [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?O=0&K=kdestyle&do_Search=Go&PP=25&SO=d&SB=v AUR] 取得。<br />
<br />
====KDE 4 Theme Integration with GTK Applications====<br />
To better integrate GTK and KDE 4 themes, you can use '''QtCurve'''.<br />
<br />
pacman -S qtcurve-gtk2 qtcurve-kde4<br />
<br />
Or you can download a GTK theme that matches your version of KDE [http://kde-look.org/content/show.php?content=103741 here]. This theme comes closer to the original Oxygen and is updated frequently.<br />
<br />
=====Automatic procedure=====<br />
<br />
To change the GTK theme to QtCurve or something else a few applications are available:<br />
<br />
pacman -S lxappearance<br />
pacman -S gtk-theme-switch2<br />
pacman -S gtk-chtheme<br />
<br />
Then change the theme of your choice in the respective application:<br />
<br />
lxappearance<br />
gtk-theme-switch2<br />
gtk-chtheme<br />
<br />
=====Manual procedure=====<br />
To manually change the GTK theme to QtCurve, you need to create the file {{ic|~/.gtkrc-2.0-kde4}} with the following content:<br />
include "/usr/share/themes/QtCurve/gtk-2.0/gtkrc"<br />
include "/etc/gtk-2.0/gtkrc"<br />
<br />
style "user-font"<br />
{<br />
font_name="Sans Serif"<br />
}<br />
widget_class "*" style "user-font" <br />
gtk-theme-name="QtCurve"<br />
Then you need to create the symbolic link {{ic|~/.gtkrc-2.0}}:<br />
ln -s .gtkrc-2.0-kde4 .gtkrc-2.0<br />
If you want also specify a font, you can add (and adapt) the following line to the file:<br />
gtk-font-name="Sans Serif 9"<br />
<br />
=====圖示=====<br />
If you're using Oxygen icons and want a consistent look in GTK open/save dialogs, you can install an [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?O=0&K=oxygenrefit2-icon-theme&do_Search=Go oxygenrefit2] icon theme from AUR and set it as your GTK icon theme. Add the theme to the {{ic|~/.gtkrc-2.0}} file or you can use lxappearance and set it.<br />
gtk-icon-theme-name="OxygenRefit2"<br />
There are also a couple GTK themes built on the [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=24329 gtk-kde42-oxygen-theme Oxygen style] that can also do this.<br />
<br />
====圖示主題====<br />
Not many full system icons themes are available for KDE 4. You can open up '''System Settings > Application Appearance > Icons''' and browse for new ones or install them manually. Many of them can be found on [http://www.kde-look.org/ kde-look.org].<br />
<br />
====Arch Linux Logo Icon in Kicker menu====<br />
Right-Click on the Kicker menu button, press "'''Application launcher settings'''" and then press the icon on the '''right'''. Then you may choose Arch Linux icon or any other icon that will replace the default one.<br />
<br />
====字型====<br />
<br />
如果預設情況下,KDE 的字型看起來不佳,嘗試安裝 [http://www.archlinux.org/packages/extra/any/ttf-dejavu/ ttf-dejavu] 和 [http://www.archlinux.org/packages/community/any/ttf-liberation/ ttf-liberation] 套件。安裝之後,一定要登出並重新登入。您不必修改 KDE 系統設定中"字型"面板的任何設定。<br />
<br />
If you have personally set up how your [[Fonts]] render, be aware that System Settings may alter their appearance. When you go '''System Settings > Appearance > Fonts''' System Settings will likely alter your font configuration file ({{ic|fonts.conf}}). There is no way to prevent this but if you set the values to match your {{ic|fonts.conf}} file the expected font rendering will return (it will require you to restart your application or in a few cases for you to have to restart your desktop). Note too that Gnomes' Font Preferences will also do this if you use both desktop environments.<br />
<br />
====空間效率====<br />
KDE is often '''critizised''' for being bloated. The user might get this perception from seeing''' many toolbars and pretty big scaled icons in the applications'''. One thing that improved the situation was the new Kwin-Theme that came with KDE SC 4.4.* with the more elegant buttons that one can also resize. '''KDE Apps allows to hide many toolbars, menubars and statusbars'''.<br />
<br />
=====All sorts of *bars=====<br />
Most toolbars of a program can be removed in the menubar-entry "'''Settings'''". There you often can hide the statusbar and often all toolbars. The last step should be to remove the menubar itself via '''Ctrl + M'''. If you do not want to remove any bars you can still make them smaller or remove the text via:<br />
System-Settings -> Appearance -> Style -> Tab "Finetuning" -> "Main toolbar text", "secondary toolbar text"<br />
<br />
Since most aspect ratios of modern flat screens are wider than 4:3 it could be reasonable to put the toolbar '''at the left or right of a window''' to artificially stretch windows more to the monitors aspect ratio.<br />
<br />
=====Plasma=====<br />
There are also some settings and modifications you can apply to your plasmoids to make KDE less space wasting. For example, the "Digital Clock" wastes more space than the "Analogue Clock". The little plasma icon ("Casheew") that one can see in the panel can be hidden by locking the widgets via rightklicking onto the panel.<br />
If you have got many tasks in your task-manager you should consider using ''Smooth-tasks''. This alternative task-manager allows you to just display the icons of a task thus using less space but still maintaining the ability of the user to distinguish the different tasks.<br />
<br />
Install [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=29410 smooth-tasks] from the [[AUR]].<br />
<br />
After installing and substituting it with the original task-manager you should have a deep look at the settings since they are much broader.<br />
one way of using the features of smooth-tasks could be to only display the icons of tasks and move the panel to the left or right of the screen. This is most usefull on widescreens.<br />
On very small screens it could be reasonable to set the bottom-panel to auto-hide completely.<br />
For netbooks there exists a special form factor to make a better use of the screen:<br />
<br />
System-Settings -> Desktop -> Workspace -> Form factor<br />
<br />
=====KWin=====<br />
The windows decorations can also be resized by making the buttons in the decoration smaller thus making the whole top border smaller:<br />
System Settings -> Appearance -> Windows -> Button size<br />
You could also remove the side-border of all windows via:<br />
System Settings -> Appearance -> Windows -> Border size<br />
<br />
=== 網絡/列印 ===<br />
<br />
KDE SC 4.5 已經加入 NetworkManager 支援。請見 [[Networkmanager#KDE4|NetworkManager]] 了解更多資訊。<br />
<br />
===Samba/Windows 支援===<br />
<br />
如果你想要訪問 Windows 服務:<br />
<br />
pacman -S samba<br />
<br />
然後,您可以配置您的 Samba 共享,透過<br />
<br />
系統設定 > 共享 > Samba<br />
<br />
=== KDE 桌面活動 ===<br />
<br />
KDE are Plasma based "virtual desktop"-like set of Plasma Widgets where you can independently configure widgets as if you had more than one screens/desktops. <br />
Since KDE 4.5, the feature of changing Desktop Activities has been simplified. <br />
<br />
On your desktop, click the Cashew Plasmoid and on the pop-up window press "Activities".<br />
<br />
A plasma bar will appear at the bottom of the screen which presents you the current Plasma Desktop Activities which exist. You can then navigate between them by pressing their correspondent icon.<br />
<br />
===省電===<br />
<br />
KDE 整合了省電服務,稱為"''Powerdevil電源管理'''",可以調整省電系統配置或螢幕的亮度(如果支援)。<br />
<br />
==== 如何啟用一般的省電 ====<br />
<br />
進入系統設定>電源管理。<br />
進入設定檔管理員,進入"當市電電源已插上時"(或電池選項)勾選"省電"。在"編輯設定檔">"省電",勾選"開啟系統省電模式",然後按套用。<br />
<br />
==== How to enable Cpufreq based powersaving ====<br />
<br />
Since KDE 4.5, [http://lists.kde.org/?l=kde-devel&m=126800277431817&w=2 Powerdevil doesn't handle CPU power schemes through Cpufreq]. CPU is being used by using the hardware or/and kernel "'''ondemand'''" governor power scheme and that's the official way to have the system's power management handled, according to the guidelines by the kernel power-management devs.<br />
<br />
{{Warning| Using Cpufreq in order to handle your CPU power schemes, that means, controlling it through software, IS NOT suggested for use since modern CPUs are capable of powersaving through their BIOSes.<br />
<br />
[http://www.codon.org.uk/~mjg59/power/good_practices.html Visit this link] for more info on good power management practices.}}<br />
<br />
If you do want, you still can use Cpufreq for your system which is accessible through the '''Solid Device Framework'''.<br />
<br />
So in order to do that, follow these steps:<br />
<br />
1. You need to create a script for every Cpufreq governor you want to be used. In this example, you will now create a script to enable the powersaving governor.<br />
<br />
Create a script in /usr/bin<br />
<br />
# touch /usr/bin/kde-cpufreq-powersave<br />
<br />
Add these in the script<br />
<br />
#!/bin/bash<br />
solid-powermanagement set cpufreq powersave<br />
<br />
Make it executable<br />
<br />
# chmod +x /usr/bin/kde-cpufreq-powersave<br />
<br />
2. Install cpufrequtils<br />
<br />
pacman -S cpufrequtils<br />
<br />
and make sure you have your CPU's cpufreq module loaded. For more information on this, visit [[Cpufreq|this article]].<br />
<br />
3. Then, in '''System Settings > Power Management''', go to "Edit Profiles" > "Powersave", and make sure that "Enable System power saving" is enabled.<br />
<br />
After that, press the file dialog button next to the phrase "When loading profile execute" and choose the script you have just created. Now, each time you choose the Powersaving profile through Powerdevil, Cpufreq will force the powersaving governor.<br />
<br />
You can do the same for other profiles and governors.<br />
<br />
==系統管理==<br />
<br />
===設定鍵盤排版,以便切換輸入語言===<br />
In order to do that, navigate to <br />
System Settings > Input Devices > Keyboard<br />
There you may choose your keyboard model at first.<br />
{{Note| It is preferable that, if you use Evdev, that means Xorg automatic configuration for keyboards, you should choose "Evdev-managed keyboard".}}<br />
In the "'''Layouts'''" tab, you choose the languages you may want to use by pressing the "Add Layout" button and therefore the variant and the language.<br />
In the "'''Advanced'''" tab, you can choose the keyboard combination you want in order to change the layouts in the "Key(s) to change layout" sub-menu.<br />
<br />
===Terminate Xorg-server through KDE system settings===<br />
Navigate to <br />
System Settings > Input Devices > Keyboard > Advanced (tab) > "Key Sequence to terminate X server" submenu<br />
and tick the checkbox.<br />
<br />
==桌面搜尋和語義學桌面==<br />
Most users who freshly install KDE are wondering what functionality the following four pieces of software are able to offer. Most features are still somehow hidden under the hood and yet not many applications featured in the KDE SC are using these interfaces. This capter intends to first explain the features and then convince the user of the power these tools offer once properly integrated into KDE. The following sections are more or less a roughly shortened version of [[http://thomasmcguire.wordpress.com/2009/10/03/akonadi-nepomuk-and-strigi-explained/ this blogpost].<br />
<br />
===Soprano===<br />
Soprano is a library for QT that is able to process RDF data. This is semantic data. Semantic data is a special kind of metadata which is much more flexible than metadata you might know from MP3-Tags or Meta-Tags in HTML since RDF data more resembles the structure of a spoken sentence, thus allowing a much wider field of ways dealing with them. Soprano stores semantic data in a backend and allows low level access to this data.<br />
<br />
===Nepomuk===<br />
Nepomuk is somehow the glue between Soprano and the KDE Desktop and thus the user. Nepomuk allows to tag the files with various entries and offers an API for the applications featured in KDE SC. It is enabled by default. Nepomuk can be turned on and off in<br />
System Settings -> "Advanced" Tab -> Desktop Search<br />
<br />
===Akonadi===<br />
Akonadi is one of the ways of getting data into Nepomuk. Its intention is to gather all kinds of PIM data from KMail, KAdressbook or Kopete. It collects chat contacts, email adresses, email attachments and email contents. First of all it feeds Nepomuk with this data but moreover does also provide a centralized accesspoint for all this data.<br />
<br />
===Strigi 搜尋===<br />
Strigi is another way of feeding data into Nepomuk. It preverably indexes the users home-folder. Indexing means that it not only gathers filenames but also information about your music collection or tagged downloads you did with Kget. The Strigi search is also integrated into KDEs launcher which can be accessed via:<br />
{{Keypress|Alt}} + {{Keypress|F2}}<br />
<br />
By default, Dolphin has a search bar on top-right where you may type what you want to be found from Strigi's index. <br />
<br />
{{Note | Strigi has implications for resource usage on your computer - CPU, memory, disk access, disk space, battery life. If Strigi is too resource-hungry for you, you can turn it off in "'''System Settings > Advanced > Desktop Search'''". }}<br />
<br />
Strigi folder indexing can be configured in:<br />
System Settings -> "Advanced" Tab -> Desktop Search<br />
<br />
==KDM (KDE Desktop Manager)==<br />
<br />
===KDM Xserver 檔案===<br />
An example configuration for KDM can be found at '''/usr/share/config/kdm/kdmrc'''. See '''/usr/share/doc/HTML/en/kdm/kdmrc-ref.docbook''' for all options.<br />
<br />
===配置 KDM===<br />
<br />
您可以訪問'''系統設定 > 登入畫面'''進行修改。當你按下"套用"時,會出現一個 '''KDE Polkit 授權'''視窗要求您提供 root 密碼,才能完成修改。<br />
<br />
==== 使用者配置 KDM 的問題 ====<br />
<br />
If you seem not to be able to KDM settings when launching System Settings as user, press<br />
<br />
{{Keypress|Alt}} + {{Keypress|F2}}<br />
<br />
and type<br />
<br />
kdesu systemsettings<br />
<br />
In the pop-up kdesu window, enter your root password and wait for System Settings to be launched.<br />
<br />
{{Note| Since you have launched it as root, be careful when changing your settings. All settings configuration in root-launched System Settings are saved under /root/.kde4 and not under ~/.kde4 (your home location).}}<br />
<br />
In the System Settings window, go to Login Screen.<br />
<br />
==Phonon==<br />
<br />
===什麼是 Phonon?===<br />
<br />
''Phonon is the multimedia API for KDE 4. Phonon was created to allow KDE 4 to be independent of any single multimedia framework such as GStreamer or xine and to provide a stable API for KDE 4's lifetime. It was done for various reasons: to create a simple KDE/Qt style multimedia API, to better support native multimedia frameworks on Windows and Mac OS X, and to fix problems of frameworks becoming unmaintained or having API or ABI instability.<br />
''<br />
<br />
from Wikipedia.<br />
<br />
'''Phonon''' is being widely used within KDE, for both audio (e.g., the System notifications or KDE audio apps) and video (e.g., the Dolphin video thumbnails).<br />
<br />
===Which backend should I choose ?===<br />
<br />
You can choose between various backends, like Gstreamer, Xine ( [http://www.archlinux.org/packages/?q=phonon phonon-xine] ) or VLC ( [http://www.archlinux.org/packages/?q=phonon-vlc phonon-vlc] ).<br />
<br />
==使用 WebKit 在 Konqueror==<br />
<br />
===什麼是 WebKit?===<br />
<br />
WebKit is an open source browser engine developped by Apple Inc. It is used by Safari and Google Chrome. WebKit is a derivative from the KHTML and KJS libraries and contain many improvements.<br />
<br />
===如何用於 konqueror===<br />
<br />
It is possible to use WebKit in Konqueror instead of KHTML. First install the kwebkitpart package :<br />
<br />
pacman -S kwebkitpart<br />
<br />
Then execute the following command<br />
<br />
keditfiletype text / html<br />
<br />
<br />
In the window that opens go to the "Embedding" tab. Move the entry "WebKit" up to the top of the list and then hit the "OK" button and restart Konqueror.<br />
<br />
==疑難解答==<br />
<br />
===KHotkeys 問題===<br />
Ιf '''khotkeys''' does not work, make sure you have a fully updated system first.<br />
You can also create ~/.kde4/Autostart/reloadkhotkeys.sh with contents <br />
#!/bin/bash<br />
(sleep 3 && qdbus org.kde.kded /modules/khotkeys reread_configuration) &<br />
and then do a<br />
chmod u+x ~/.kde4/Autostart/reloadkhotkeys.sh<br />
then logout & login.<br />
<br />
===Enabling thumbnails under Konqueror and Dolphin file managers===<br />
For thumbnails of videos in konqueror and dolphin:<br />
pacman -S kdemultimedia-mplayerthumbs<br />
<br />
===I encounter problems with automounting (or) KDE behaves strangely for no apparent reason===<br />
Since the new X-Server 1.8 arrived in the stable repos some users got the impression that HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) might not be needed anymore at all. But for a fully functional KDE-Desktop it is neccessary to run hal:<br />
/etc/rc.d/hal start<br />
For ease of use you should add it to your daemons list in ''/etc/rc.conf'':<br />
DAEMONS=( .. @hal ..)<br />
It is no problem to start HAL in the background to shave some time of boot.<br />
If you are using udev to automatically mount your drives with an udev-rule without running hal you should take note of the fact that these mounted drives will '''not''' be recognized by KDE. So no entry of this device will show up in Dolphin and Device Notifier won't notify you either.<br />
<br />
=== Suspend to Disk/Ram not working ===<br />
If suspend to disk/ram does not work the be sure hal is running, also make sure you are in the power group (remember to logout)<br />
Also, if you are starting KDE with startx try adding ck-launch-session to the .xinitrc,<br />
as so:<br />
#!/bin/sh<br />
#<br />
# ~/.xinitrc<br />
#<br />
# Executed by startx (run your window manager from here)<br />
# exec gnome-session<br />
exec ck-launch-session startkde<br />
# exec startxfce4<br />
# ...or the Window Manager of your choice<br />
This is done automatically with kdm.<br />
<br />
=== 圖形的相關問題===<br />
<br />
==== 2D桌面效能低落(或)2D 出現假影 ====<br />
<br />
請確保您的顯示卡有安裝適當的驅動程式,為了使您的桌面至少有 2D 加速。參考這些文章了解更多資訊:[[ATI]]、[[NVIDIA]]、[[Intel]]了解更多資訊,以確保一切都正確無誤。<br />
The open source ATI and Intel drivers and the proprietary Nvidia driver should provide the best 2D acceleration.<br />
<br />
If this doesn't solve your problems, maybe your driver doesn't provide a good XRender acceleration which the current QT painter engine relies on by default. You can change the painter engine to software based only by invoking the application with the "-graphicssystem raster" command line. This rendering engine can be set as the default one by recompiling QT with the same as configure option, "-graphicssystem raster".<br />
<br />
==== Konsole is slow in applications like vim ====<br />
This is a problem that is caused by slow glyph rendering. You can solve this by switching to a scalable font like Bitstream Vera Sans Mono.<br />
<br />
==== 低落的 3D 桌面效能====<br />
<br />
KDE 預設啟用桌面特效。較舊的顯示卡對於 3D 桌面加速可能會不夠用。您可以關閉桌面特效<br />
系統設定 > 桌面 <br />
或者您可以開關桌面特效,藉由<br />
{{Keypress|Alt}} + {{Keypress|Shift}} + {{Keypress|F12}}<br />
<br />
{{Note| You may encounter such problems with 3D desktop performance even when using a more powerful graphics card, but using catalyst proprietary driver (fglrx). This driver is known for having issues with 3D acceleration. Visit [[ATI|the ATi Wiki page]] for more troubleshooting.}}<br />
<br />
===== KDE 4.5 specific graphics' issues =====<br />
<br />
Many users who use the ATI and Intel open-source drivers have encountered several performance regressions with the latest KWin update in KDE 4.5. Please try one of the following workarounds (in order of merit) if you have such a problem (via System Settings > Desktop Effects > Advanced):<br />
<br />
* Add '''export LIBGL_ALWAYS_INDIRECT=1''' to ''/etc/profile''<br />
** Optionally (because the above already forces this), ''uncheck'' '''Enable direct rendering''' under ''OpenGL Options''<br />
** Reboot (and we mean reboot - don't try to restart the X server)<br />
* Use '''XRender''' as the ''Compositing type''<br />
* Disable Desktop Effects (compositing) altogether<br />
<br />
See upstream bug report: https://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=241402<br />
<br />
=== KDE 下的聲音問題===<br />
<br />
====ALSA 相關問題====<br />
{{Note| First make sure you have '''alsa-lib''' and '''alsa-utils''' installed.}}<br />
<br />
====="Falling back to default" messages when trying to listen to any sound in KDE=====<br />
When you encounter such messages:<br />
:The audio playback device ''<name-of-the-sound-device>'' does not work.<br />
:Falling back to default<br />
Go to<br />
System Settings > Multimedia<br />
and set the device named "'''default'''" above all the other devices in each box you see.<br />
<br />
=====I cannot play mp3 files when having Gstreamer backend in Qt Phonon=====<br />
That can be solved by installing gstreamer0.10-plugins<br />
pacman -S gstreamer0.10-plugins<br />
You can also change the backend used by Phonon, by installing the phonon-xine<br />
pacman -S phonon-xine<br />
if you encounter problems that are not solved after installing gstreamer plugins. Then choose Xine in<br />
System Settings > Multimedia > Backend (tab)<br />
(it may have been autoselected after installing phonon-xine)<br />
<br />
=====Amarok "waits" before playing any track=====<br />
If you have encountered this error, the problem is backend specific. In order to solve this problem, change Amarok's backend from '''gstreamer''' to '''xine'''.<br />
<br />
====OSS4 相關問題====<br />
如果您有安裝 OSS4 並遇到問題,你應該注意到 Kmix 的開發者仍然在整合 OSSv4 支援。這裡有一個仍然是實驗性的[https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=29286 AUR 套件]。<br />
Arch uses phonon with the Gstreamer backend that should work for most applications. Alternately you could try [[KDE#I_can.27t_play_mp3_files_when_having_Gstreamer_backend_in_Qt_Phonon|phonon with Xine]].<br />
<br />
=== Arch linux 特定的打包問題 ===<br />
Due to some changes on the packages or pacman problems, there could be some problems during upgrading. Please read the sections below, if you have a problem.<br />
<br />
===我想要一個最小化安裝的 KDE。當我安裝套件後並登入 KDE,但沒有面板出現===<br />
如果你想要一個最小化安裝的 KDE。登入並聽到登入音效,但沒有其他的事發生。可能是因為沒有安裝 Plasma 的二進位檔。這些都包含在<br />
kdebase-workspace<br />
安裝這個套件,並重新啟動 Xorg。<br />
<br />
===我想要在我的系統安裝一個全新的 KDE。我應該怎麼做?===<br />
只要重新命名 KDE 的設定目錄就可(以防萬一您之後需要):<br />
mv ~/.kde4 ~/.kde4-backup<br />
<br />
===Plasma 桌面行為奇怪,但我不知道該怎麼辦===<br />
Plasma 問題主要是由於不穩定的 '''plasmoids''' 或 '''plasma 主題'''所造成的。首先,找到您最新安裝的 plasmoid 或 plasma 主題,並停用它,甚至將它刪除。<br />
如果你不能發現問題,但你不希望失去所有的 KDE 設定,這樣做:<br />
rm -r ~/.kde4/share/config/plasma*<br />
這個命令會'''刪除你的使用者的所有 plasma 相關設定''',當你將重新登入 KDE,將會回到你的'''預設'''設定。<br />
<br />
==其他 KDE 專案==<br />
===Chakra 專案===<br />
<br />
{{Warning| Chakra Project may soon '''split''' from Arch's main system. You should be informed on Chakra Project's news and devs' decisions on [http://chakra-project.org/ Chakra Project website].}}<br />
<br />
====Split KDE packages====<br />
[http://chakra-project.org/ The Chakra Project] is a community-based modular version of KDE 4 and Live CD project, which includes a number of UI enhancements for KDE 4.x. Visit [http://chakra-project.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page the Chakra Project Wiki main page] for more information.<br />
<br />
====Chakra 專案 Arch Live CD====<br />
<br />
The Chakra Project also provides a full featured Live CD, which has the latest stable KDEmod4 packages included.<br />
You may visit [http://chakra-project.org/download-iso.html the Chakra Project Live CD webpage] in order to find more information.<br />
<br />
====Passing from KDEmod to [extra]'s KDE====<br />
<br />
{{Note|You do have instructions for passing from '''[extra]''''s KDE4 to KDEmod4 [http://chakra-project.org/download-kdemod.html here]. }}<br />
<br />
Both flavours of KDE provide the same Desktop Environment, so if you install the one or the other, in the same upstream version, there should not be any problem regarding plasmoids, themes, styles or any KDE related application.<br />
<br />
So, if you want, for any reason, to pass from KDEmod to '''[extra]''''s KDE, do:<br />
<br />
pacman -Rd kdemod<br />
<br />
OR<br />
<br />
pacman -Rd kdemod-uninstall<br />
<br />
and it should be removed, but with the '''-d''' argument, the KDE dependent packages '''are not''' uninstalled, but only the Desktop Environment. But, if you want to '''completelly''' remove any KDEmod specific application/plasmoid/style etc too, do<br />
<br />
pacman -Rcns kdemod<br />
<br />
and then make sure that everything has been uninstalled:<br />
<br />
pacman -Q | grep kde<br />
<br />
{{Note| If you want to use the same KDE specific settings from the previous KDEmod installation, move or rename ~/'''.kdemod4''' to ~/'''.kde4''' }}<br />
<br />
After this, you may have KDEmod uninstalled.<br />
<br />
Then, follow [[KDE#Installing_KDE_4.5|this]].<br />
<br />
===KDE unstable===<br />
====KDEmod testing/unstable====<br />
<br />
You may visit [http://chakra-project.org/repos.html this webpage] and see which repos can you add in''' pacman.conf''' in order to test the KDEmod unstable packages.<br />
<br />
====KDE unstable (快照)====<br />
<br />
===== 非官方的 kde-unstable =====<br />
<br />
The member '''ProgDan''' has created a repo where he uploads the testing KDE packages when a new '''upstream snapshot''' is out. You may visit [http://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=76245 this topic] for more information.<br />
<br />
===== 半官方的 kde-unstable =====<br />
<br />
When KDE is reaching beta or RC milestone, KDE "unstable" packages are uploaded to the [kde-unstable] repo. <br />
<br />
You may add it by adding:<br />
<br />
[kde-unstable]<br />
Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist<br />
<br />
in '''{{ic|/etc/pacman.conf}}'''<br />
<br />
They stay there until KDE is declared stable and passes to [extra].<br />
<br />
Make sure [http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/KDE#Distro_and_Upstream_bug_report you make bug reports] if you find any issues.<br />
<br />
Read [http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/DeveloperWiki:KDE#Users this section] in the wiki as well.<br />
<br />
===KDE Legacy===<br />
<br />
====Downgrading to KDEmod3 from KDE 4====<br />
For those people who decide that KDE 4 is still not yet "ready" for them, there is a website about how to downgrade to a version of KDE 3.5 called '''kdemod3''':<br />
* [http://chakra-project.org/download-kdemod3.html KDEmod3]<br />
<br />
'''Warning''': There have been issues reported regarding Libjpeg7, that caused KDEmod3 to behave strangely. In order to solve that, install [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=28427 libjpeg6] [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=33795 libpng12 from AUR]. The libs '''libjpeg6''' and '''libpng12''' can be safely installed along side the current libraries. You will also want to update [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=19338 poppler-qt3 from AUR]. The only conflict you will find is a conflict between poppler and poppler-qt3 during poppler updates. '''poppler-qt3''' is a dependency for the kdemod3-kdegraphics-kpdf package, but as a work-around you can simply remove poppler-qt3 with the --nodeps flag, complete the Arch update of poppler and then reinstall poppler-qt3. More info [http://chakra-project.org/bbs/viewtopic.php?id=1097 here]<br />
<br />
{{Warning| KDE 3 is no longer maintained and supported by the KDE developers. KDEmod3 is no longer maintained by the Chakra Projects developers. Use it on your own risk, regarding any bugs, performance issues or security risks.}}<br />
<br />
==== Unofficial community repository for KDEmod3 ====<br />
<br />
[http://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=97612 In this thread] you may find info on a rebuild of the unsupported KDEmod3.<br />
<br />
==Bugs==<br />
===Common bugs===<br />
If you think you found something that seems like bug, please see [[Common_Issues]] and regarding that: KDE 4 config files are usually located at <br />
<br />
~/.kde4/share/config/<br />
<br />
and for app-specific configs <br />
<br />
~/.kde4/share/apps/<br />
<br />
===發行版和上游的錯誤回報===<br />
It is preferrable that if you find a minor or serious bug, you should visit [http://bugs.archlinux.org the Arch Bug Tracker] or/and [http://bugs.kde.org KDE Bug Tracker] in order to report that. Make sure that you be clear on what you want to report.<br />
<br />
If you have any issue and you write about in on the Arch forums, first make sure that you have '''FULLY''' updated your system using a good sync mirror (check [https://www.archlinux.de/?page=MirrorStatus here]) or try '''reflector'''.<br />
<br />
==外部鏈接==<br />
* [http://www.kde.org KDE Homepage]<br />
* [http://bugs.kde.org KDE Bug Tracker]<br />
* [http://bugs.archlinux.org Arch Linux Bug Tracker]<br />
* [http://websvn.kde.org KDE WebSVN]</div>
Joshra
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=KDE_(%E6%AD%A3%E9%AB%94%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87)&diff=236939
KDE (正體中文)
2012-11-27T01:18:43Z
<p>Joshra: /* 作為一個守護進程啟動 KDM */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Desktop environments (正體中文)]]<br />
[[Category:HOWTOs (正體中文)]]<br />
[[Category:正體中文]]<br />
[[cs:KDE]]<br />
[[de:KDE]]<br />
[[en:KDE]]<br />
[[es:KDE]]<br />
[[fr:KDE]]<br />
[[it:KDE]]<br />
[[pl:KDE]]<br />
[[ru:KDE]]<br />
[[tr:KDE_Masaüstü_Ortamı]]<br />
[[zh-CN:KDE]]<br />
{{Article summary start}}<br />
{{Article summary text|KDE 是一個功能豐富的桌面環境,以其整合良好的應用程式聞名,如 Konqueror、Dolphin、Plasma、KWrite 和 Konsole。}}<br />
{{Article summary end}}<br />
==KDE SC 4.5 Arch Linux 註記==<br />
<br />
'''KDE 4.5''' Software Compilation is the current major release of KDE that includes a number of improvements and bug fixes. The new Arch package set for KDE makes it possible to only install those applications you like.''<br />
<br />
Important features of the Archlinux KDE SC in short:<br />
* '''Split packages'''; for more Information see [[KDE_Packages|KDE Packages]].<br />
* You can use different Phonon backends, like Gstreamer or Xine<br />
* Meta packages ensure a smooth upgrade and emulate the old monolith packages for those who prefer them.<br />
<br />
Important hints for upgraders:<br />
* Always check if your mirror is '''up to date'''.<br />
* pacman will ask you to replace '''all''' kde packages with kde-meta packages.<br />
* '''Do not force an update'''. If pacman complains about conflicts please '''file a bug report'''.<br />
* You can remove the meta packages and the sub packages you do not need after the update.<br />
* If you do not like split packages just keep using the kde-meta packages.<br />
<br />
:Information about upstream changes are be available [http://kde.org/announcements/4.5 here]<br />
<br />
=== KDE 4.5 Archlinux 套件的特殊資訊 ===<br />
<br />
* KDEpim has seen no new release, please continue to use version 4.4.5. KDEpim 4.5 shall be released with KDE 4.5.1<br />
* Due to incompatibility with ruby 1.9, ruby kdebindings are not provided<br />
* Webkit support in konqueror is provided by kwebkitpart<br />
* KDM is now started as the kdm user<br />
* Upstream removed five translations: csb, mai, mk, si and tg<br />
<br />
==安裝 KDE 4.5 Software Compilation==<br />
<br />
=== 安裝全套的 KDE SC ===<br />
<br />
要安裝全部的 KDE 設定,首先要'''完整升級您的系統''':<br />
<br />
pacman -Syu<br />
<br />
然後:<br />
<br />
pacman -S kde<br />
<br />
如果你需要語言檔案:<br />
<br />
pacman -S kde-l10n-您的語言<br />
<br />
例如 kde-l10n-'''de''',就是德語。<br />
<br />
{{Note| KDE 4.x 是'''模塊化'''的,你可以安裝自己偏愛的 KDE 應用程式,而不必安裝所有的套件。請見 [[KDE Packages]] 獲得更多資訊。}}<br />
<br />
=== 最小安裝 ===<br />
<br />
如果你想有一個最小安裝的 KDE SC,這裡有一個範例:<br />
<br />
pacman -S kdebase-workspace kdebase-konsole<br />
<br />
== 啟動 KDE ==<br />
<br />
啟動 KDE 的方法,取決於你的喜好。基本上有兩種方式啟動 KDE。使用 '''KDM''' 或 '''xinitrc'''。<br />
<br />
=== 使用 KDM (KDE Display Manager)===<br />
''It is highly recommended to get familiar with the [http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Display_Manager full article] concerning display managers, before you make any changes. See also [[KDM]] Wiki page.''<br />
<br />
==== 作為一個守護進程啟動 KDM ====<br />
增加 "'''kdm'''" (不需要雙引號) 到 daemons 陣列裡面, 設定檔案的路徑在 '''{{ic|/etc/rc.conf}}'''<br />
<br />
DAEMONS=(dbus hal syslog-ng network netfs crond ... '''kdm''')<br />
<br />
==== 透過 /etc/inittab 啟動 KDM [''最佳''] ==== <br />
<br />
編輯 '''{{ic|/etc/inittab}}''' 並註釋掉:<br />
#id:3:initdefault:<br />
<br />
[...]<br />
<br />
#x:5:respawn:/usr/bin/xdm -nodaemon<br />
<br />
然後去掉下面的註釋:<br />
<br />
id:5:initdefault:<br />
<br />
[...]<br />
<br />
x:5:respawn:/usr/bin/kdm -nodaemon<br />
<br />
{{Note|這兩種方法 KDM 會自動加載 Xorg。}}<br />
<br />
===使用 xinitrc===<br />
''The meaning and usage of '''xinitrc''' is very well described [http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xinitrc here].<br />
<br />
Edit '''{{ic|/home/}}'''{{ic|''your-username''}}'''{{ic|/.xinitrc}}'''. Then uncomment:<br />
exec startkde <br />
After a reboot or/and login, each execution of Xorg ('''startx''' or '''xinit''') will start KDE automatically.<br />
<br />
{{Warning| By doing this you won't have restart/shutdown functions enabled in your KDE menu.}}<br />
<br />
{{Note| If you want to start Xorg at boot, please read [[Start X at Login]] article.}}<br />
<br />
==配置==<br />
<br />
{{Note|配置 KDE 主要是使用''''系統設定''''。當你右擊桌面時,'桌面設定'還有一些其他的選項可用於桌面。}}<br />
<br />
For other personalization options not covered below such as activities, different wallpapers on one cube, etc please refer to the [[Plasma]] wiki page.<br />
<br />
===個人化===<br />
<br />
如何建立您個人風格的 KDE 桌面,使用不同的 Plasma 主題、視窗外框和圖示主題。<br />
<br />
====Plasma 桌面====<br />
<br />
[[Plasma]] 是一種桌面整合技術。提供多種功能,從顯示壁紙到新增元件到桌面。<br />
<br />
=====主題=====<br />
<br />
可以透過桌面設定控制面板安裝[http://kde-look.org/index.php?xcontentmode=76&PHPSESSID=bba0ae5354c7818b519687ebf5badf0e Plasma 主題]。Plasma 主題定義您的面板和 plasmoids 的外觀。如果你想要用系統安裝他們,主題可以在官方套件庫和 [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?O=0&K=plasmatheme&do_Search=Go AUR] 中找到。<br />
<br />
=====元件=====<br />
Plasmoids 是一個小腳本或程式碼寫成的 KDE 應用程式,可以以非常愉快的方式提升您桌面的功能。基於 KDE 的 Plasma 技術。您能夠顯示系統關鍵資訊像''剩餘硬碟空間''或''網絡連接監視器''。<br />
取得更多元件的最簡單的方法,是左鍵點擊一個面板或桌面:<br />
<br />
新增元件 -> 取得新元件 -> 下載元件<br />
<br />
這會呈現出一個不錯的 [http://www.kde-look.org/ kde-look.org] 前端。並只需點擊一下滑鼠,就可讓您(反)安裝元件。<br />
[https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?O=0&K=plasmoid&do_Search=Go&PP=25&SO=d&SB=v 套件庫]也可取得它們。<br />
<br />
====視窗外框====<br />
<br />
[http://kde-look.org/index.php?xcontentmode=75 視窗外框]可以修改,藉由<br />
系統設定 -> 應用程序外觀 -> 風格<br />
在這裡,您只要按一下就可以直接下載和安裝更多的主題。有些可以用 [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?O=0&K=kdestyle&do_Search=Go&PP=25&SO=d&SB=v AUR] 取得。<br />
<br />
====KDE 4 Theme Integration with GTK Applications====<br />
To better integrate GTK and KDE 4 themes, you can use '''QtCurve'''.<br />
<br />
pacman -S qtcurve-gtk2 qtcurve-kde4<br />
<br />
Or you can download a GTK theme that matches your version of KDE [http://kde-look.org/content/show.php?content=103741 here]. This theme comes closer to the original Oxygen and is updated frequently.<br />
<br />
=====Automatic procedure=====<br />
<br />
To change the GTK theme to QtCurve or something else a few applications are available:<br />
<br />
pacman -S lxappearance<br />
pacman -S gtk-theme-switch2<br />
pacman -S gtk-chtheme<br />
<br />
Then change the theme of your choice in the respective application:<br />
<br />
lxappearance<br />
gtk-theme-switch2<br />
gtk-chtheme<br />
<br />
=====Manual procedure=====<br />
To manually change the GTK theme to QtCurve, you need to create the file {{ic|~/.gtkrc-2.0-kde4}} with the following content:<br />
include "/usr/share/themes/QtCurve/gtk-2.0/gtkrc"<br />
include "/etc/gtk-2.0/gtkrc"<br />
<br />
style "user-font"<br />
{<br />
font_name="Sans Serif"<br />
}<br />
widget_class "*" style "user-font" <br />
gtk-theme-name="QtCurve"<br />
Then you need to create the symbolic link {{ic|~/.gtkrc-2.0}}:<br />
ln -s .gtkrc-2.0-kde4 .gtkrc-2.0<br />
If you want also specify a font, you can add (and adapt) the following line to the file:<br />
gtk-font-name="Sans Serif 9"<br />
<br />
=====圖示=====<br />
If you're using Oxygen icons and want a consistent look in GTK open/save dialogs, you can install an [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?O=0&K=oxygenrefit2-icon-theme&do_Search=Go oxygenrefit2] icon theme from AUR and set it as your GTK icon theme. Add the theme to the {{ic|~/.gtkrc-2.0}} file or you can use lxappearance and set it.<br />
gtk-icon-theme-name="OxygenRefit2"<br />
There are also a couple GTK themes built on the [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=24329 gtk-kde42-oxygen-theme Oxygen style] that can also do this.<br />
<br />
====圖示主題====<br />
Not many full system icons themes are available for KDE 4. You can open up '''System Settings > Application Appearance > Icons''' and browse for new ones or install them manually. Many of them can be found on [http://www.kde-look.org/ kde-look.org].<br />
<br />
====Arch Linux Logo Icon in Kicker menu====<br />
Right-Click on the Kicker menu button, press "'''Application launcher settings'''" and then press the icon on the '''right'''. Then you may choose Arch Linux icon or any other icon that will replace the default one.<br />
<br />
====字型====<br />
<br />
如果預設情況下,KDE 的字型看起來不佳,嘗試安裝 [http://www.archlinux.org/packages/extra/any/ttf-dejavu/ ttf-dejavu] 和 [http://www.archlinux.org/packages/community/any/ttf-liberation/ ttf-liberation] 套件。安裝之後,一定要登出並重新登入。您不必修改 KDE 系統設定中"字型"面板的任何設定。<br />
<br />
If you have personally set up how your [[Fonts]] render, be aware that System Settings may alter their appearance. When you go '''System Settings > Appearance > Fonts''' System Settings will likely alter your font configuration file ({{ic|fonts.conf}}). There is no way to prevent this but if you set the values to match your {{ic|fonts.conf}} file the expected font rendering will return (it will require you to restart your application or in a few cases for you to have to restart your desktop). Note too that Gnomes' Font Preferences will also do this if you use both desktop environments.<br />
<br />
====空間效率====<br />
KDE is often '''critizised''' for being bloated. The user might get this perception from seeing''' many toolbars and pretty big scaled icons in the applications'''. One thing that improved the situation was the new Kwin-Theme that came with KDE SC 4.4.* with the more elegant buttons that one can also resize. '''KDE Apps allows to hide many toolbars, menubars and statusbars'''.<br />
<br />
=====All sorts of *bars=====<br />
Most toolbars of a program can be removed in the menubar-entry "'''Settings'''". There you often can hide the statusbar and often all toolbars. The last step should be to remove the menubar itself via '''Ctrl + M'''. If you do not want to remove any bars you can still make them smaller or remove the text via:<br />
System-Settings -> Appearance -> Style -> Tab "Finetuning" -> "Main toolbar text", "secondary toolbar text"<br />
<br />
Since most aspect ratios of modern flat screens are wider than 4:3 it could be reasonable to put the toolbar '''at the left or right of a window''' to artificially stretch windows more to the monitors aspect ratio.<br />
<br />
=====Plasma=====<br />
There are also some settings and modifications you can apply to your plasmoids to make KDE less space wasting. For example, the "Digital Clock" wastes more space than the "Analogue Clock". The little plasma icon ("Casheew") that one can see in the panel can be hidden by locking the widgets via rightklicking onto the panel.<br />
If you have got many tasks in your task-manager you should consider using ''Smooth-tasks''. This alternative task-manager allows you to just display the icons of a task thus using less space but still maintaining the ability of the user to distinguish the different tasks.<br />
<br />
Install [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=29410 smooth-tasks] from the [[AUR]].<br />
<br />
After installing and substituting it with the original task-manager you should have a deep look at the settings since they are much broader.<br />
one way of using the features of smooth-tasks could be to only display the icons of tasks and move the panel to the left or right of the screen. This is most usefull on widescreens.<br />
On very small screens it could be reasonable to set the bottom-panel to auto-hide completely.<br />
For netbooks there exists a special form factor to make a better use of the screen:<br />
<br />
System-Settings -> Desktop -> Workspace -> Form factor<br />
<br />
=====KWin=====<br />
The windows decorations can also be resized by making the buttons in the decoration smaller thus making the whole top border smaller:<br />
System Settings -> Appearance -> Windows -> Button size<br />
You could also remove the side-border of all windows via:<br />
System Settings -> Appearance -> Windows -> Border size<br />
<br />
=== 網絡/列印 ===<br />
<br />
KDE SC 4.5 已經加入 NetworkManager 支援。請見 [[Networkmanager#KDE4|NetworkManager]] 了解更多資訊。<br />
<br />
===Samba/Windows 支援===<br />
<br />
如果你想要訪問 Windows 服務:<br />
<br />
pacman -S samba<br />
<br />
然後,您可以配置您的 Samba 共享,透過<br />
<br />
系統設定 > 共享 > Samba<br />
<br />
=== KDE 桌面活動 ===<br />
<br />
KDE are Plasma based "virtual desktop"-like set of Plasma Widgets where you can independently configure widgets as if you had more than one screens/desktops. <br />
Since KDE 4.5, the feature of changing Desktop Activities has been simplified. <br />
<br />
On your desktop, click the Cashew Plasmoid and on the pop-up window press "Activities".<br />
<br />
A plasma bar will appear at the bottom of the screen which presents you the current Plasma Desktop Activities which exist. You can then navigate between them by pressing their correspondent icon.<br />
<br />
===省電===<br />
<br />
KDE 整合了省電服務,稱為"''Powerdevil電源管理'''",可以調整省電系統配置或螢幕的亮度(如果支援)。<br />
<br />
==== 如何啟用一般的省電 ====<br />
<br />
進入系統設定>電源管理。<br />
進入設定檔管理員,進入"當市電電源已插上時"(或電池選項)勾選"省電"。在"編輯設定檔">"省電",勾選"開啟系統省電模式",然後按套用。<br />
<br />
==== How to enable Cpufreq based powersaving ====<br />
<br />
Since KDE 4.5, [http://lists.kde.org/?l=kde-devel&m=126800277431817&w=2 Powerdevil doesn't handle CPU power schemes through Cpufreq]. CPU is being used by using the hardware or/and kernel "'''ondemand'''" governor power scheme and that's the official way to have the system's power management handled, according to the guidelines by the kernel power-management devs.<br />
<br />
{{Warning| Using Cpufreq in order to handle your CPU power schemes, that means, controlling it through software, IS NOT suggested for use since modern CPUs are capable of powersaving through their BIOSes.<br />
<br />
[http://www.codon.org.uk/~mjg59/power/good_practices.html Visit this link] for more info on good power management practices.}}<br />
<br />
If you do want, you still can use Cpufreq for your system which is accessible through the '''Solid Device Framework'''.<br />
<br />
So in order to do that, follow these steps:<br />
<br />
1. You need to create a script for every Cpufreq governor you want to be used. In this example, you will now create a script to enable the powersaving governor.<br />
<br />
Create a script in /usr/bin<br />
<br />
# touch /usr/bin/kde-cpufreq-powersave<br />
<br />
Add these in the script<br />
<br />
#!/bin/bash<br />
solid-powermanagement set cpufreq powersave<br />
<br />
Make it executable<br />
<br />
# chmod +x /usr/bin/kde-cpufreq-powersave<br />
<br />
2. Install cpufrequtils<br />
<br />
pacman -S cpufrequtils<br />
<br />
and make sure you have your CPU's cpufreq module loaded. For more information on this, visit [[Cpufreq|this article]].<br />
<br />
3. Then, in '''System Settings > Power Management''', go to "Edit Profiles" > "Powersave", and make sure that "Enable System power saving" is enabled.<br />
<br />
After that, press the file dialog button next to the phrase "When loading profile execute" and choose the script you have just created. Now, each time you choose the Powersaving profile through Powerdevil, Cpufreq will force the powersaving governor.<br />
<br />
You can do the same for other profiles and governors.<br />
<br />
==系統管理==<br />
<br />
===設定鍵盤排版,以便切換輸入語言===<br />
In order to do that, navigate to <br />
System Settings > Input Devices > Keyboard<br />
There you may choose your keyboard model at first.<br />
{{Note| It is preferable that, if you use Evdev, that means Xorg automatic configuration for keyboards, you should choose "Evdev-managed keyboard".}}<br />
In the "'''Layouts'''" tab, you choose the languages you may want to use by pressing the "Add Layout" button and therefore the variant and the language.<br />
In the "'''Advanced'''" tab, you can choose the keyboard combination you want in order to change the layouts in the "Key(s) to change layout" sub-menu.<br />
<br />
===Terminate Xorg-server through KDE system settings===<br />
Navigate to <br />
System Settings > Input Devices > Keyboard > Advanced (tab) > "Key Sequence to terminate X server" submenu<br />
and tick the checkbox.<br />
<br />
==桌面搜尋和語義學桌面==<br />
Most users who freshly install KDE are wondering what functionality the following four pieces of software are able to offer. Most features are still somehow hidden under the hood and yet not many applications featured in the KDE SC are using these interfaces. This capter intends to first explain the features and then convince the user of the power these tools offer once properly integrated into KDE. The following sections are more or less a roughly shortened version of [[http://thomasmcguire.wordpress.com/2009/10/03/akonadi-nepomuk-and-strigi-explained/ this blogpost].<br />
<br />
===Soprano===<br />
Soprano is a library for QT that is able to process RDF data. This is semantic data. Semantic data is a special kind of metadata which is much more flexible than metadata you might know from MP3-Tags or Meta-Tags in HTML since RDF data more resembles the structure of a spoken sentence, thus allowing a much wider field of ways dealing with them. Soprano stores semantic data in a backend and allows low level access to this data.<br />
<br />
===Nepomuk===<br />
Nepomuk is somehow the glue between Soprano and the KDE Desktop and thus the user. Nepomuk allows to tag the files with various entries and offers an API for the applications featured in KDE SC. It is enabled by default. Nepomuk can be turned on and off in<br />
System Settings -> "Advanced" Tab -> Desktop Search<br />
<br />
===Akonadi===<br />
Akonadi is one of the ways of getting data into Nepomuk. Its intention is to gather all kinds of PIM data from KMail, KAdressbook or Kopete. It collects chat contacts, email adresses, email attachments and email contents. First of all it feeds Nepomuk with this data but moreover does also provide a centralized accesspoint for all this data.<br />
<br />
===Strigi 搜尋===<br />
Strigi is another way of feeding data into Nepomuk. It preverably indexes the users home-folder. Indexing means that it not only gathers filenames but also information about your music collection or tagged downloads you did with Kget. The Strigi search is also integrated into KDEs launcher which can be accessed via:<br />
{{Keypress|Alt}} + {{Keypress|F2}}<br />
<br />
By default, Dolphin has a search bar on top-right where you may type what you want to be found from Strigi's index. <br />
<br />
{{Note | Strigi has implications for resource usage on your computer - CPU, memory, disk access, disk space, battery life. If Strigi is too resource-hungry for you, you can turn it off in "'''System Settings > Advanced > Desktop Search'''". }}<br />
<br />
Strigi folder indexing can be configured in:<br />
System Settings -> "Advanced" Tab -> Desktop Search<br />
<br />
==KDM (KDE Desktop Manager)==<br />
<br />
===KDM Xserver 檔案===<br />
An example configuration for KDM can be found at '''/usr/share/config/kdm/kdmrc'''. See '''/usr/share/doc/HTML/en/kdm/kdmrc-ref.docbook''' for all options.<br />
<br />
===配置 KDM===<br />
<br />
您可以訪問'''系統設定 > 登入畫面'''進行修改。當你按下"套用"時,會出現一個 '''KDE Polkit 授權'''視窗要求您提供 root 密碼,才能完成修改。<br />
<br />
==== 使用者配置 KDM 的問題 ====<br />
<br />
If you seem not to be able to KDM settings when launching System Settings as user, press<br />
<br />
{{Keypress|Alt}} + {{Keypress|F2}}<br />
<br />
and type<br />
<br />
kdesu systemsettings<br />
<br />
In the pop-up kdesu window, enter your root password and wait for System Settings to be launched.<br />
<br />
{{Note| Since you have launched it as root, be careful when changing your settings. All settings configuration in root-launched System Settings are saved under /root/.kde4 and not under ~/.kde4 (your home location).}}<br />
<br />
In the System Settings window, go to Login Screen.<br />
<br />
==Phonon==<br />
<br />
===什麼是 Phonon?===<br />
<br />
''Phonon is the multimedia API for KDE 4. Phonon was created to allow KDE 4 to be independent of any single multimedia framework such as GStreamer or xine and to provide a stable API for KDE 4's lifetime. It was done for various reasons: to create a simple KDE/Qt style multimedia API, to better support native multimedia frameworks on Windows and Mac OS X, and to fix problems of frameworks becoming unmaintained or having API or ABI instability.<br />
''<br />
<br />
from Wikipedia.<br />
<br />
'''Phonon''' is being widely used within KDE, for both audio (e.g., the System notifications or KDE audio apps) and video (e.g., the Dolphin video thumbnails).<br />
<br />
===Which backend should I choose ?===<br />
<br />
You can choose between various backends, like Gstreamer, Xine ( [http://www.archlinux.org/packages/?q=phonon phonon-xine] ) or VLC ( [http://www.archlinux.org/packages/?q=phonon-vlc phonon-vlc] ).<br />
<br />
==使用 WebKit 在 Konqueror==<br />
<br />
===什麼是 WebKit?===<br />
<br />
WebKit is an open source browser engine developped by Apple Inc. It is used by Safari and Google Chrome. WebKit is a derivative from the KHTML and KJS libraries and contain many improvements.<br />
<br />
===如何用於 konqueror===<br />
<br />
It is possible to use WebKit in Konqueror instead of KHTML. First install the kwebkitpart package :<br />
<br />
pacman -S kwebkitpart<br />
<br />
Then execute the following command<br />
<br />
keditfiletype text / html<br />
<br />
<br />
In the window that opens go to the "Embedding" tab. Move the entry "WebKit" up to the top of the list and then hit the "OK" button and restart Konqueror.<br />
<br />
==疑難解答==<br />
<br />
===KHotkeys 問題===<br />
Ιf '''khotkeys''' does not work, make sure you have a fully updated system first.<br />
You can also create ~/.kde4/Autostart/reloadkhotkeys.sh with contents <br />
#!/bin/bash<br />
(sleep 3 && qdbus org.kde.kded /modules/khotkeys reread_configuration) &<br />
and then do a<br />
chmod u+x ~/.kde4/Autostart/reloadkhotkeys.sh<br />
then logout & login.<br />
<br />
===Enabling thumbnails under Konqueror and Dolphin file managers===<br />
For thumbnails of videos in konqueror and dolphin:<br />
pacman -S kdemultimedia-mplayerthumbs<br />
<br />
===I encounter problems with automounting (or) KDE behaves strangely for no apparent reason===<br />
Since the new X-Server 1.8 arrived in the stable repos some users got the impression that HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) might not be needed anymore at all. But for a fully functional KDE-Desktop it is neccessary to run hal:<br />
/etc/rc.d/hal start<br />
For ease of use you should add it to your daemons list in ''/etc/rc.conf'':<br />
DAEMONS=( .. @hal ..)<br />
It is no problem to start HAL in the background to shave some time of boot.<br />
If you are using udev to automatically mount your drives with an udev-rule without running hal you should take note of the fact that these mounted drives will '''not''' be recognized by KDE. So no entry of this device will show up in Dolphin and Device Notifier won't notify you either.<br />
<br />
=== Suspend to Disk/Ram not working ===<br />
If suspend to disk/ram does not work the be sure hal is running, also make sure you are in the power group (remember to logout)<br />
Also, if you are starting KDE with startx try adding ck-launch-session to the .xinitrc,<br />
as so:<br />
#!/bin/sh<br />
#<br />
# ~/.xinitrc<br />
#<br />
# Executed by startx (run your window manager from here)<br />
# exec gnome-session<br />
exec ck-launch-session startkde<br />
# exec startxfce4<br />
# ...or the Window Manager of your choice<br />
This is done automatically with kdm.<br />
<br />
=== 圖形的相關問題===<br />
<br />
==== 2D桌面效能低落(或)2D 出現假影 ====<br />
<br />
請確保您的顯示卡有安裝適當的驅動程式,為了使您的桌面至少有 2D 加速。參考這些文章了解更多資訊:[[ATI]]、[[NVIDIA]]、[[Intel]]了解更多資訊,以確保一切都正確無誤。<br />
The open source ATI and Intel drivers and the proprietary Nvidia driver should provide the best 2D acceleration.<br />
<br />
If this doesn't solve your problems, maybe your driver doesn't provide a good XRender acceleration which the current QT painter engine relies on by default. You can change the painter engine to software based only by invoking the application with the "-graphicssystem raster" command line. This rendering engine can be set as the default one by recompiling QT with the same as configure option, "-graphicssystem raster".<br />
<br />
==== Konsole is slow in applications like vim ====<br />
This is a problem that is caused by slow glyph rendering. You can solve this by switching to a scalable font like Bitstream Vera Sans Mono.<br />
<br />
==== 低落的 3D 桌面效能====<br />
<br />
KDE 預設啟用桌面特效。較舊的顯示卡對於 3D 桌面加速可能會不夠用。您可以關閉桌面特效<br />
系統設定 > 桌面 <br />
或者您可以開關桌面特效,藉由<br />
{{Keypress|Alt}} + {{Keypress|Shift}} + {{Keypress|F12}}<br />
<br />
{{Note| You may encounter such problems with 3D desktop performance even when using a more powerful graphics card, but using catalyst proprietary driver (fglrx). This driver is known for having issues with 3D acceleration. Visit [[ATI|the ATi Wiki page]] for more troubleshooting.}}<br />
<br />
===== KDE 4.5 specific graphics' issues =====<br />
<br />
Many users who use the ATI and Intel open-source drivers have encountered several performance regressions with the latest KWin update in KDE 4.5. Please try one of the following workarounds (in order of merit) if you have such a problem (via System Settings > Desktop Effects > Advanced):<br />
<br />
* Add '''export LIBGL_ALWAYS_INDIRECT=1''' to ''/etc/profile''<br />
** Optionally (because the above already forces this), ''uncheck'' '''Enable direct rendering''' under ''OpenGL Options''<br />
** Reboot (and we mean reboot - don't try to restart the X server)<br />
* Use '''XRender''' as the ''Compositing type''<br />
* Disable Desktop Effects (compositing) altogether<br />
<br />
See upstream bug report: https://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=241402<br />
<br />
=== KDE 下的聲音問題===<br />
<br />
====ALSA 相關問題====<br />
{{Note| First make sure you have '''alsa-lib''' and '''alsa-utils''' installed.}}<br />
<br />
====="Falling back to default" messages when trying to listen to any sound in KDE=====<br />
When you encounter such messages:<br />
:The audio playback device ''<name-of-the-sound-device>'' does not work.<br />
:Falling back to default<br />
Go to<br />
System Settings > Multimedia<br />
and set the device named "'''default'''" above all the other devices in each box you see.<br />
<br />
=====I cannot play mp3 files when having Gstreamer backend in Qt Phonon=====<br />
That can be solved by installing gstreamer0.10-plugins<br />
pacman -S gstreamer0.10-plugins<br />
You can also change the backend used by Phonon, by installing the phonon-xine<br />
pacman -S phonon-xine<br />
if you encounter problems that are not solved after installing gstreamer plugins. Then choose Xine in<br />
System Settings > Multimedia > Backend (tab)<br />
(it may have been autoselected after installing phonon-xine)<br />
<br />
=====Amarok "waits" before playing any track=====<br />
If you have encountered this error, the problem is backend specific. In order to solve this problem, change Amarok's backend from '''gstreamer''' to '''xine'''.<br />
<br />
====OSS4 相關問題====<br />
如果您有安裝 OSS4 並遇到問題,你應該注意到 Kmix 的開發者仍然在整合 OSSv4 支援。這裡有一個仍然是實驗性的[https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=29286 AUR 套件]。<br />
Arch uses phonon with the Gstreamer backend that should work for most applications. Alternately you could try [[KDE#I_can.27t_play_mp3_files_when_having_Gstreamer_backend_in_Qt_Phonon|phonon with Xine]].<br />
<br />
=== Arch linux 特定的打包問題 ===<br />
Due to some changes on the packages or pacman problems, there could be some problems during upgrading. Please read the sections below, if you have a problem.<br />
<br />
===我想要一個最小化安裝的 KDE。當我安裝套件後並登入 KDE,但沒有面板出現===<br />
如果你想要一個最小化安裝的 KDE。登入並聽到登入音效,但沒有其他的事發生。可能是因為沒有安裝 Plasma 的二進位檔。這些都包含在<br />
kdebase-workspace<br />
安裝這個套件,並重新啟動 Xorg。<br />
<br />
===我想要在我的系統安裝一個全新的 KDE。我應該怎麼做?===<br />
只要重新命名 KDE 的設定目錄就可(以防萬一您之後需要):<br />
mv ~/.kde4 ~/.kde4-backup<br />
<br />
===Plasma 桌面行為奇怪,但我不知道該怎麼辦===<br />
Plasma 問題主要是由於不穩定的 '''plasmoids''' 或 '''plasma 主題'''所造成的。首先,找到您最新安裝的 plasmoid 或 plasma 主題,並停用它,甚至將它刪除。<br />
如果你不能發現問題,但你不希望失去所有的 KDE 設定,這樣做:<br />
rm -r ~/.kde4/share/config/plasma*<br />
這個命令會'''刪除你的使用者的所有 plasma 相關設定''',當你將重新登入 KDE,將會回到你的'''預設'''設定。<br />
<br />
==其他 KDE 專案==<br />
===Chakra 專案===<br />
<br />
{{Warning| Chakra Project may soon '''split''' from Arch's main system. You should be informed on Chakra Project's news and devs' decisions on [http://chakra-project.org/ Chakra Project website].}}<br />
<br />
====Split KDE packages====<br />
[http://chakra-project.org/ The Chakra Project] is a community-based modular version of KDE 4 and Live CD project, which includes a number of UI enhancements for KDE 4.x. Visit [http://chakra-project.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page the Chakra Project Wiki main page] for more information.<br />
<br />
====Chakra 專案 Arch Live CD====<br />
<br />
The Chakra Project also provides a full featured Live CD, which has the latest stable KDEmod4 packages included.<br />
You may visit [http://chakra-project.org/download-iso.html the Chakra Project Live CD webpage] in order to find more information.<br />
<br />
====Passing from KDEmod to [extra]'s KDE====<br />
<br />
{{Note|You do have instructions for passing from '''[extra]''''s KDE4 to KDEmod4 [http://chakra-project.org/download-kdemod.html here]. }}<br />
<br />
Both flavours of KDE provide the same Desktop Environment, so if you install the one or the other, in the same upstream version, there should not be any problem regarding plasmoids, themes, styles or any KDE related application.<br />
<br />
So, if you want, for any reason, to pass from KDEmod to '''[extra]''''s KDE, do:<br />
<br />
pacman -Rd kdemod<br />
<br />
OR<br />
<br />
pacman -Rd kdemod-uninstall<br />
<br />
and it should be removed, but with the '''-d''' argument, the KDE dependent packages '''are not''' uninstalled, but only the Desktop Environment. But, if you want to '''completelly''' remove any KDEmod specific application/plasmoid/style etc too, do<br />
<br />
pacman -Rcns kdemod<br />
<br />
and then make sure that everything has been uninstalled:<br />
<br />
pacman -Q | grep kde<br />
<br />
{{Note| If you want to use the same KDE specific settings from the previous KDEmod installation, move or rename ~/'''.kdemod4''' to ~/'''.kde4''' }}<br />
<br />
After this, you may have KDEmod uninstalled.<br />
<br />
Then, follow [[KDE#Installing_KDE_4.5|this]].<br />
<br />
===KDE unstable===<br />
====KDEmod testing/unstable====<br />
<br />
You may visit [http://chakra-project.org/repos.html this webpage] and see which repos can you add in''' pacman.conf''' in order to test the KDEmod unstable packages.<br />
<br />
====KDE unstable (快照)====<br />
<br />
===== 非官方的 kde-unstable =====<br />
<br />
The member '''ProgDan''' has created a repo where he uploads the testing KDE packages when a new '''upstream snapshot''' is out. You may visit [http://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=76245 this topic] for more information.<br />
<br />
===== 半官方的 kde-unstable =====<br />
<br />
When KDE is reaching beta or RC milestone, KDE "unstable" packages are uploaded to the [kde-unstable] repo. <br />
<br />
You may add it by adding:<br />
<br />
[kde-unstable]<br />
Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist<br />
<br />
in '''{{ic|/etc/pacman.conf}}'''<br />
<br />
They stay there until KDE is declared stable and passes to [extra].<br />
<br />
Make sure [http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/KDE#Distro_and_Upstream_bug_report you make bug reports] if you find any issues.<br />
<br />
Read [http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/DeveloperWiki:KDE#Users this section] in the wiki as well.<br />
<br />
===KDE Legacy===<br />
<br />
====Downgrading to KDEmod3 from KDE 4====<br />
For those people who decide that KDE 4 is still not yet "ready" for them, there is a website about how to downgrade to a version of KDE 3.5 called '''kdemod3''':<br />
* [http://chakra-project.org/download-kdemod3.html KDEmod3]<br />
<br />
'''Warning''': There have been issues reported regarding Libjpeg7, that caused KDEmod3 to behave strangely. In order to solve that, install [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=28427 libjpeg6] [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=33795 libpng12 from AUR]. The libs '''libjpeg6''' and '''libpng12''' can be safely installed along side the current libraries. You will also want to update [https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=19338 poppler-qt3 from AUR]. The only conflict you will find is a conflict between poppler and poppler-qt3 during poppler updates. '''poppler-qt3''' is a dependency for the kdemod3-kdegraphics-kpdf package, but as a work-around you can simply remove poppler-qt3 with the --nodeps flag, complete the Arch update of poppler and then reinstall poppler-qt3. More info [http://chakra-project.org/bbs/viewtopic.php?id=1097 here]<br />
<br />
{{Warning| KDE 3 is no longer maintained and supported by the KDE developers. KDEmod3 is no longer maintained by the Chakra Projects developers. Use it on your own risk, regarding any bugs, performance issues or security risks.}}<br />
<br />
==== Unofficial community repository for KDEmod3 ====<br />
<br />
[http://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=97612 In this thread] you may find info on a rebuild of the unsupported KDEmod3.<br />
<br />
==Bugs==<br />
===Common bugs===<br />
If you think you found something that seems like bug, please see [[Common_Issues]] and regarding that: KDE 4 config files are usually located at <br />
<br />
~/.kde4/share/config/<br />
<br />
and for app-specific configs <br />
<br />
~/.kde4/share/apps/<br />
<br />
===發行版和上游的錯誤回報===<br />
It is preferrable that if you find a minor or serious bug, you should visit [http://bugs.archlinux.org the Arch Bug Tracker] or/and [http://bugs.kde.org KDE Bug Tracker] in order to report that. Make sure that you be clear on what you want to report.<br />
<br />
If you have any issue and you write about in on the Arch forums, first make sure that you have '''FULLY''' updated your system using a good sync mirror (check [https://www.archlinux.de/?page=MirrorStatus here]) or try '''reflector'''.<br />
<br />
==外部鏈接==<br />
* [http://www.kde.org KDE Homepage]<br />
* [http://bugs.kde.org KDE Bug Tracker]<br />
* [http://bugs.archlinux.org Arch Linux Bug Tracker]<br />
* [http://websvn.kde.org KDE WebSVN]</div>
Joshra
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=Beginners%27_guide_(%E6%AD%A3%E9%AB%94%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87)&diff=234551
Beginners' guide (正體中文)
2012-11-09T11:19:52Z
<p>Joshra: /* Configure X (Optional) */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:正體中文]]<br />
[[bg:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
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[[de:Anleitung für Einsteiger]]<br />
[[en:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
[[es:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
[[fa:راهنمای_تازهکارها]]<br />
[[fr:Installation]]<br />
[[he:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
[[hr:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
[[hu:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
[[id:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
[[it:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
[[ja:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
[[ko:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
[[lt:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
[[nl:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
[[pl:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
[[pt:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
[[ru:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
[[sk:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
[[sr:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
[[tr:Yeni_başlayanlar_rehberi]]<br />
[[uk:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
[[zh-CN:Beginners' Guide]]<br />
{{translateme|仍有部分章節尚未翻譯}}<br />
{{Article summary start|摘要}}<br />
{{Article summary text|本頁提供了十分詳細的解說資料,引導初學者安裝、設定並使用一套全功能的 Arch Linux 系統。}}<br />
{{Article summary heading|相關資料}}<br />
{{Article summary wiki|:Category:Accessibility}}<br />
{{Article summary wiki|Official Arch Linux Install Guide}}<br />
{{Article summary wiki|General Recommendations}}<br />
{{Article summary end}}<br />
<br />
==前言==<br />
<br />
===簡介===<br />
歡迎您!本文件將會帶領您完成 [[Arch Linux (正體中文)|Arch Linux]] 的安裝與設定;[[Arch Linux (正體中文)|Arch Linux]] 是一個簡潔、輕量、適合電腦能力較高者使用的 GNU/Linux 發行版本。這份教學主要是寫給新的 Arch 使用者,但也盡全力的做為所有使用者的參考和資料庫。<br />
<br />
在安裝之前,建議您瀏覽一下 [[FAQ (正體中文)|FAQ]]。<br />
<br />
'''Arch Linux 發行版本的特點:'''<br />
* [[The Arch Way (正體中文)|簡潔]]的設計與哲學<br />
* [http://www.archlinux.org/packages/?q= 所有套件包]都針對 [[Wikipedia:P6 (microarchitecture)|i686]] 和 [[Wikipedia:x86-64|x86_64]] 硬體架構編譯<br />
* [[Wikipedia:Rolling release|滾動發行]]模式,只需一次安装,軟體可無縫升级到最新版本<br />
* [[Arch Boot Process|BSD 風格]]的啟動腳本,所有配置都集中在一份文件內<br />
* [[mkinitcpio]]:一個簡單、動態的 [[Wikipedia:initrd|initramfs]] 建立工具<br />
* 以[[pacman (正體中文)|Pacman]]作為[[Wikipedia:Package manager|套件管理員]]:輕量、靈活、占用記憶體空間小<br />
* [[Arch Build System (正體中文)| Arch Build System]]:與 ports 類似的套件建構系統,提供用原始碼建立 Arch 安裝套件的簡易架構<br />
* [[Arch User Repository| Arch User Repository]]:成千上萬的 Arch 建構腳本,由 Arch 的使用者提供。您也可以分享自己的建構腳本!<br />
<br />
=== 授權條款 ===<br />
<br />
Arch Linux、pacman、文件與脚本:<br />
版權所有 © 2002-2007 by Judd Vinet<br />
版權所有 © 2007-2011 by Aaron Griffin<br />
<br />
並以 [http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html GNU 通用公共授權條款第 2 版]授權。<br />
<br />
=== Arch之道 ===<br />
<br />
'''Arch 背後的設計原則就是保持[[The Arch Way (正體中文)|簡潔]]。'''<br />
<br />
「簡潔」,在這裡意味著「免除不必要的擴充、修改與複雜度」。換言之,即為優雅、最簡約的處事方式。<br />
<br />
'''當您在思考簡潔時,請將這些想法謹記於心:'''<br />
<br />
*「『簡潔』的立場是技術,而非可用性。學習曲線較高的優雅技術,比易用但較差的技術佳。」- Aaron Griffin<br />
*”Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem”(拉丁語),或「如無必要,勿增實體」- Occam's razor (奥卡姆剃刀原则)。術語「剃刀」,指的是去除非必要的複雜部分,以得到簡潔的解釋、方法或理論。<br />
*「[我的方法中]非凡的部分就是它的簡潔,大道至簡。」 - Bruce Lee (李小龍)<br />
<br />
=== 關於這份教學 ===<br />
[https://github.com/falconindy/arch-install-scripts Arch 安装脚本] 是用來簡化 Arch 安裝的 [[Bash]] 脚本集。這份教學包含了使用這些腳本的基礎安裝步驟。<br />
<br />
{{注意|因為缺乏維護,AIF (Arch Installation Framework,Arch 安装框架) 現在已不內附於最新的安装媒體 (2012.07.15) 內 (更多資訊請參閱 http://www.archlinux.org/news/install-media-20120715-released/ )。}}<br />
<br />
社群維護的 [[Main Page (正體中文)|Arch wiki]] 是出色的資源,碰到問題時可以先到這裡查閱。如果您在其他地方找不到答案,[[Wikipedia:IRC|IRC]] 頻道 (irc://irc.freenode.net/#archlinux) 以及[https://bbs.archlinux.org/ 論壇]都是提問的好地方。另外,碰到您不熟悉的指令時,記得用 {{ic|man}} 查詢它們的用法,通常使用 {{ic|man ''command''}} 呼叫即可。<br />
<br />
{{注意|確實按照教學操作,是安裝和配置完整 Arch Linux 系統的關鍵。所以''請''從頭到尾完整的閱讀一遍。強烈建議您在執行裡面的步驟<u>之前</u>,先完整的閱讀每一個章節。}}<br />
<br />
本教學分為五個章節:<br />
<br />
*[[#準備|第一部份:準備]]<br />
*[[#安裝|第二部份:安裝]]<br />
*[[#配置|第三部份:配置]]<br />
*[[#其他|第四部份:其他]]<br />
*[[#附錄|第五部份:附錄]]<br />
<br />
==準備==<br />
<br />
{{註記|如果您要將 Arch 安裝到已經存在的 GNU/Linux 發行版本或 LiveCD,請參閱[[Install from Existing Linux|這份 wiki 文章]]。這種方式特別適用於以 [[VNC]] 或 [[SSH]] 為媒介的遠端安裝。 下面的內容假設以傳統的方式安裝。}}<br />
<br />
===獲得最新的安裝媒介===<br />
<br />
您可以從[http://archlinux.org/download/ 這裡]獲得 Arch 的官方安裝媒介。最新的版本是 2012.10.06。<br />
<br />
Pre-release 映像檔也可以取得,可在[http://releng.archlinux.org/isos/ 這裡]下載。'''它們並非官方的釋出版本,因此不提供官方支援。''' <br />
<br />
====檢查下載檔案的完整度====<br />
<br />
打開終端機,以 {{ic|cd}} 指令前往下載檔案放置的目錄,並執行 {{ic|sha1sum}} 指令:<br />
{{bc|$ sha1sum --check name_of_checksum_file.txt}}<br />
它會在您擁有的檔案後面加上一個 "OK" (請忽略其他條目)。如果沒有,請重新下載一遍。<br />
<br />
md5sum 也是以同樣的方式檢查。<br />
<br />
====CD 安裝====<br />
<br />
用您喜歡的 CD/DVD 燒錄機器與軟體,將 .iso 映像檔案燒錄至 CD 或 DVD,然後從[[#啟動 Arch Linux 安裝程序|啟動 Arch Linux 安裝程序]]繼續。<br />
<br />
{{註記|不同光碟機和 CD 本身的品質差異甚大。一般來說,為了得到可靠的燒錄品質,建議使用低速燒錄。有些使用者會建議用'''''4x 甚至 2x 的速度'''''。如果燒錄的 CD 有異常的狀況,請試著用系統支援的最低速度來燒錄。}}<br />
<br />
====隨身碟安裝====<br />
<br />
詳細的步驟,請參閱 [[USB Installation Media]]。無論是使用讀卡機或是 USB 隨身碟,只要 BIOS 支援從中啟動,都可以使用這些裝置。<br />
<br />
=====Linux/Unix 下的方式=====<br />
<br />
{{警告|只要是您指定的目標,{{ic|dd}} 都會照實寫入,就算是'''硬碟'''也不例外 (可能導致潛在的資料損失、檔案系統崩潰)。因此在傳送 ISO 映像檔時,請特別留意!}}<br />
<br />
插入一個空白(或沒有重要資料)的隨身碟,確認它的路徑,並使用 {{ic|dd}} 程式將 .iso 映像檔案寫入裝置:<br />
<br />
{{bc|1=# dd if=archlinux-2012.07.15-netinstall-dual.iso of=/dev/sd''x'' bs=4M}}<br />
<br />
{{ic|<nowiki>if=</nowiki>}} 是 .iso 映像檔案的路徑;{{ic|<nowiki>of=</nowiki>}} 則是 USB 隨身碟的路徑。'''注意'''要使用 {{ic|/dev/sd'''x'''}} 而非 {{ic|/dev/sd'''x1'''}} (使用整個隨身碟,而非某個分區)。您的隨身碟容量需要大到可以容納整個 ISO 映像檔。<br />
<br />
要確認映像是否成功寫入隨身碟,請記下讀取與寫入的記錄區 (record) 數目,接著執行以下的指令來檢查:<br />
<br />
{{bc|1=# dd if=/dev/sd''x'' count=''<number of records>'' status=noxfer <nowiki>|</nowiki> sha1sum}}<br />
<br />
sha1sum 回傳的值,應該要跟從鏡像站台下載的 Arch Linux 映像檔案 (2012.07.15) 的 [http://www.archlinux.org/iso/2012.07.15/sha1sums.txt original sha1sum]相符。<br />
<br />
一個典型的操作過程如下:<br />
<br />
將 .iso 映像檔案寫入隨身碟:<br />
{{hc|<nowiki># dd if=archlinux-2012.07.15-netinstall-dual.iso of=/dev/sdc bs=4M</nowiki>|<nowiki> 744973+0 records in<br />
744973+0 records out<br />
381426176 bytes (381 MB) copied, 106.611 s, 3.6 MB/s<br />
</nowiki>}}<br />
<br />
驗證完整度:<br />
{{hc|<nowiki># dd if=/dev/sdc count=744973 status=noxfer | sha1sum</nowiki>|<nowiki> e2a108a7027d47d813d1f9bb04ce6939a1df21fd -<br />
744973+0 records in<br />
744973+0 records out</nowiki>}}<br />
<br />
然後跳轉至[[#啟動 Arch Linux 安裝程序|啟動 Arch Linux 安裝程序]]繼續。<br />
<br />
=====Microsoft Windows 下的方式=====<br />
<br />
從[https://launchpad.net/win32-image-writer/+download 這裡]下載 Disk Imager 的 binaries 以執行。<br />
{{警告|Disk Imager 0.6 在 Windows 7 下已知可能造成寫入錯誤,導致 C: 的資料損毀。建議使用 0.5 版或是下述的其他方式。}}<br />
插入隨身碟。啟動 Disk Imager 並選擇映像檔案 (Disk Imager 只接受 {{ic|*.img}} 格式的檔案,您需要在開啟檔案視窗中輸入 {{ic|*.iso}},才能選擇 Arch 檔案)。選擇對應至隨身碟的磁碟字母號後,點擊 {{ic|Write}}。<br />
<br />
還有其他的方式可以[[Install from a USB flash drive#On Windows|將可開機 ISO 映像檔案寫入至 USB 隨身碟]]。如果有無法連接 USB 隨身碟的問題,試著用不同的 USB 插口與連接線。<br />
<br />
然後跳轉至[[#啟動 Arch Linux 安裝程序|啟動 Arch Linux 安裝程序]]繼續。<br />
<br />
====透過網路安裝====<br />
<br />
除了燒錄光碟或寫入隨身碟,若您已經有一台開機的伺服器,也可以選擇用網路啟動 .iso 映像檔案。更多資訊請參閱[[Install Arch from network (via PXE)|這篇文章]],然後跳轉至[[#啟動 Arch Linux 安裝程序|啟動 Arch Linux 安裝程序]]繼續。<br />
<br />
====在虛擬機器上安裝====<br />
<br />
<br />
將 Arch Linux 安裝在[[wikipedia:Virtual_machine|虛擬機器]],是熟悉 Arch Linux 的好方法,安裝過程中也不需離開您現在的作業系統、也不會動到硬碟原本的分割區。此外,您也可以在安裝過程中,用瀏覽器查閱這份「新手教學」。對某些使用者而言,有一份獨立在虛擬機器上跑的 Arch Linux 作測試,好處多多。<br />
<br />
常見的虛擬機器軟體有 [[VirtualBox]]、[[VMware]]、[[QEMU]]、[[Xen]]、[[Varch]]、[[Parallels]]。<br />
<br />
準備虛擬機器的步驟因軟體而異,但通常跟以下的步驟相距不遠:<br />
# 建立虛擬硬碟映像檔,用來存放作業系統。<br />
# 正確設置虛擬機器的參數。<br />
# 使用虛擬光碟機,啟動下載的 ISO 映像檔案。<br />
# 繼續按照[[#啟動 Arch Linux 安裝程序|啟動 Arch Linux 安裝程序]]的步驟安裝。<br />
<br />
下面的文章可能對您有幫助:<br />
*[[Arch Linux VirtualBox Guest]]<br />
*[[Installing Arch Linux from VirtualBox]]<br />
*[[VirtualBox Arch Linux Guest On Physical Drive]]<br />
*[[Installing Arch Linux in VMware]]<br />
<br />
===啟動 Arch Linux 安裝程序===<br />
<br />
{{提示|基本安裝的記憶體需求為 64MB。}}<br />
<br />
{{提示|安裝過程中,螢幕可能會自動變黑。若有此情況,只要按 Alt 鍵就可以安全喚醒螢幕,正常顯示畫面。}}<br />
<br />
====引導開機====<br />
<br />
插入準備好的 CD 或隨身碟,用它來開機。您可能要更改電腦 BIOS 的開機順序,通常在 POST (開機自我檢測) 的時候按下 {{Keypress|Delete}}、{{Keypress|F1}}、{{Keypress|F2}}、{{Keypress|F11}} 或 {{Keypress|F12}}。<br />
<br />
'''主選單:''' 此時應該會顯示主選單。用方向鍵標亮您要的選擇後按下 {{Keypress|Enter}}。不同的 ISO 映像,其選單會略有不同。<br />
<br />
====啟動系統====<br />
<br />
從主選單選擇 "Boot Arch Linux",按下 {{Keypress|Enter}} 以開始安裝程序。現在將會載入系統,以 'root' 的身分自動登入後,出現一個 shell 待您輸入指令。<br />
<br />
{{註記|要以 [[SSH]] 連線遠端安裝 Arch Linux 的使用者,建議在這時做些調整,在 live CD 環境下啟用 SSH 連線。請參閱 [Install from SSH]]。}}<br />
<br />
=====啟動疑難排解=====<br />
<br />
如果使用 Intel 顯示晶片組,螢幕在開機過程中變成一片空白,那問題可能跟「核心模式設定」([[Kernel Mode Setting (正體中文)|KMS]]) 有關。一個可能的解決辦法是重新啟動電腦,在 [[GRUB Legacy]] 選單下按 {{Keypress|Tab}},進入核心選項。在 {{ic|kernel}} 那一行的最後加上這個:<br />
nomodeset<br />
或是加上:<br />
video=SVIDEO-1:d<br />
這個(如果有用)不會停用 KMS。更多資訊請參閱 [[Intel]] 文章。<br />
<br />
如果螢幕'''沒有'''變空白,而是在開機中嘗試載入核心時卡住,就按 {{Keypress|Tab}} 編輯 kernel 那一行,加上以下字句:<br />
acpi=off<br />
<br />
無論修改哪個選項,都只要按 {{Keypress|Enter}} 就可以用改過的選項開機。<br />
<br />
==安裝==<br />
開機以後,安裝程序會自動以 '''root''' 的身分登入,並使用 US 美式鍵盤布局。<br />
<br />
===更改鍵盤布局===<br />
<br />
如果您不是使用美式鍵盤,可以用這個指令選擇鍵盤布局:<br />
{{bc|# loadkeys ''layout''}}<br />
把 ''layout'' 改成您的鍵盤布局,如 {{ic|fr}}、{{ic|uk}} 或 {{ic|be-latin1}}<br />
<br />
有很多國家、類型的鍵盤布局可以使用。這些布局檔案可以在 {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/keymaps/}} 下找到 (使用 {{ic|loadkeys}} 時可無視路徑與副檔名)。<br />
<br />
===在 Live 安裝環境下設定網路===<br />
====設定有線連線====<br />
<br />
若您的電腦有連接至乙太網路(有線網路),就遵循這裡的步驟。<br />
<br />
=====動態 IP (DHCP)=====<br />
假設連接的是一個有線網路,並且有個 DHCP 伺服器 (如,使用路由器),執行:<br />
# dhcpcd<br />
以取得連接。<br />
要是您有多個介面 (像是多張乙太網路卡),輸入 {{ic|dhcpcd <interface>}} 指定介面,例如:<br />
# dhcpcd eth0<br />
<br />
=====固定 IP=====<br />
如果您無法存取、或是未使用 DHCP,得指定一個固定 IP 位址。<br />
您需要知道這些設定值:<br />
* 固定 IP 位址<br />
* 子網路遮罩<br />
* 通訊閘的 IP 位址<br />
* 網域名稱伺服器 (DNS) 的 IP 位址<br />
* 網域名稱 (除非是本地網路,可以自行命名)。<br />
在終端機下輸入:<br />
# ip addr add <ip address>/<subnetmask> dev <interface><br />
舉例:<br />
# ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev eth0<br />
<br />
更多選項請參閱 {{ic|man ip}}<br />
<br />
如下例所示,加入通訊閘:<br />
# ip route add default via <ip address><br />
(更換成您自己的通訊閘 IP 位址)<br />
<br />
舉例:<br />
# ip route add default via 192.168.1.1<br />
<br />
如下例所示,編輯 {{ic|/etc/resolv.conf}},更換成您的名稱伺服器 IP 位址,以及您的本地網域名稱:<br />
nameserver 61.23.173.5<br />
nameserver 61.95.849.8<br />
search example.com<br />
<br />
{{註記|目前 {{ic|nameserver}} 容許的行數最多 3 條。}}<br />
{{註記|更多網路配置的進階資訊,請參閱[[configuring network|配置網路]]。}}<br />
<br />
{{提示|如果您不需要設置 ADSL 或無線網路,現在就可以跳轉至[[#準備硬碟|準備硬碟]]。}}<br />
<br />
====設定 ADSL 橋接====<br />
<br />
若您有個數據機、路由器,要以橋接模式連線到 ISP,就遵循這裡的步驟。<br />
<br />
呼叫:<br />
{{bc|# pppoe-setup}}<br />
<br />
如果一切都設置完成,沒有問題,就用此指令連線到您的 ISP:<br />
{{bc|# pppoe-start}}<br />
<br />
跳轉至[[#準備硬碟|準備硬碟]]繼續。<br />
<br />
====設定無線網路====<br />
若您在安裝過程中,需要無線網路連線 (WiFi),就遵循這裡的步驟。<br />
<br />
目前安裝媒介的 Live 環境已經可以使用無線網路的驅動與工具了。若您對無線網路硬體有一定的了解,是成功配置無線網路的重要前提。請注意,以下的快速設置,'''會在安裝過程中執行'''並初始化您的無線網路硬體,以供'''安裝媒介的 Live 環境'''使用。在安裝完成、重新開機以後,這些步驟 (或其他型式的無線網路管理)'''必須於安裝好的系統內再次執行一遍'''。<br />
<br />
另外要注意,若安裝過程中沒必要使用無線網路,就不需執行以下的步驟。安裝完成後,您可以在任意時候將無線網路的功能建立好。<br />
<br />
{{註記|以下的範例會以 {{ic|wlan0}} 當作介面,{{ic|linksys}} 當作 ESSID。請根據安裝的實際狀況作更改。}}<br />
<br />
基本的過程為:<br />
* (選用) 偵測無線網路介面:<br />
{{bc|<nowiki># lspci | grep -i net</nowiki>}}<br />
如果使用 USB 配接器:<br />
{{bc|<nowiki># lsusb </nowiki>}}<br />
* 用 {{ic|/usr/sbin/iwconfig}} 確認 udev 已經將驅動程式載入,驅動程式是否建立可用的無線網路的核心接口:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# iwconfig|<nowiki> lo no wireless extensions.<br />
eth0 no wireless extensions.<br />
wlan0 unassociated ESSID:""<br />
Mode:Managed Channel=0 Access Point: Not-Associated<br />
Bit Rate:0 kb/s Tx-Power=20 dBm Sensitivity=8/0<br />
Retry limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off<br />
Power Management:off<br />
Link Quality:0 Signal level:0 Noise level:0<br />
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0<br />
Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:0 Missed beacon:0<br />
</nowiki>}}<br />
在這個範例,{{ic|wlan0}} 是可以使用的無線網路介面。 <br />
<br />
{{註記|若未看見類似的輸出,代表驅動程式沒有被載入。您必須自行將驅動程式載入。詳情請參閱[[Wireless Setup|無線網路設置]]。}}<br />
<br />
* 啟用介面:{{bc|# ip link set wlan0 up}}<br />
<br />
除了對應的驅動程式,有少數的無線網路晶片組還需要'''韌體'''。若有這種狀況,在啟用介面時可能會出現這個錯誤:<br />
<br />
{{hc|# ip link set wlan0 up|SIOCSIFFLAGS: No such file or directory}}<br />
<br />
若不確定,呼叫 {{ic|/usr/bin/dmesg}} 檢查核心記錄,看有沒有無線網路晶片請求韌體的記錄。<br />
<br />
這是 Intel 晶片組在開機時,向核心請求所需韌體的範例輸出:<br />
<br />
{{hc|<nowiki>$ dmesg | grep firmware</nowiki>|firmware: requesting iwlwifi-5000-1.ucode}}<br />
<br />
如果沒有任何輸出,可以表示系統的無線網路晶片組不需韌體。<br />
<br />
{{警告|無線網路晶片(所需)的韌體套件已事先安裝在 Live 環境(於 CD/USB 碟)內的 {{ic|/usr/lib/firmware}} 目錄,但為了讓重新開機後的新系統可以使用無線網路,它們'''必須安裝在您的新系統下!'''安裝套件的方式,在本教學的後面會提及。重新開機前請確認無線網路的'''模組'''與'''韌體'''都已經安裝完畢!若不確定您的晶片組需要什麼對應韌體,請參閱[[Wireless Setup|無線網路設置]]。這是十分常見的錯誤。}}<br />
<br />
* 如果忘記、或不知道 ESSID 是什麼,使用 {{ic|iwlist <interface> scan}} 掃描附近的網路:<br />
{{hc|# iwlist wlan0 scan|<nowiki><br />
Cell 01 - Address: 04:25:10:6B:7F:9D<br />
Channel:2<br />
Frequency:2.417 GHz (Channel 2)<br />
Quality=31/70 Signal level=-79 dBm <br />
Encryption key:off<br />
ESSID:"dlink"<br />
Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s<br />
Bit Rates:6 Mb/s; 9 Mb/s; 12 Mb/s; 18 Mb/s; 24 Mb/s<br />
36 Mb/s; 48 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s<br />
</nowiki>}}<br />
<br />
* 如果使用 WPA 加密:<br />
<br />
要使用 WPA 加密,需要將金鑰加密,並跟 ESSID 一起保存在檔案中,之後 {{ic|wpa_supplicant}} 才能拿它連線。因此,需要作一些額外的步驟:<br />
<br />
為了簡化與備份的需求,重新命名預設的 {{ic|wpa_supplicant.conf}} 檔案:<br />
{{bc|# mv /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf.original}}<br />
<br />
使用 {{ic|wpa_passphrase}},提供您的無線網路名稱,與要被加密的 WPA 金鑰,寫入 {{ic|/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf}}。<br />
<br />
以下的範例會加密 "linksys" 無線網路的 "my_secret_passkey" 金鑰,並產生一個新的配置檔案 ({{ic|/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf}}),接著將加密的金鑰重新導向,寫入檔案:<br />
{{bc|# wpa_passphrase linksys "my_secret_passkey" > /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf}}<br />
<br />
{{註記|如果以上的指令失敗,顯示 {{ic|bash: event not found}} 錯誤,可能是無線網路的名稱用到了特殊字元 (例如 {{ic|!}})。此時嘗試以下的指令:<br />
{{bc|# sh -c 'wpa_passphrase linksys "my_secret_passkey" > /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf'}}<br />
要是網路名稱或密語使用了特殊字元,讓您陷入麻煩時,可以試試以下的指令。{{ic|~/mykey}} 是一個暫定的文字檔,只包含了您的密語 (passphrase):<br />
{{bc|# cat ~/mykey <nowiki>|</nowiki> wpa_passphrase linksys > /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf}}<br />
另外,為了安全著想,在設定好 {{ic|/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf}} 檔案後,可以將 {{ic|~/mykey}} 檔案刪除掉。}}<br />
<br />
更多資訊與疑難排解,請參閱 [[WPA Supplicant]]。<br />
<br />
{{註記|{{ic|/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf}} 是以純文字的格式儲存。在安裝環境下使用沒有疑慮,但等您重新開機進入新系統,重新設置 WPA 的時候,記得更改 {{ic|/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf}} 的權限 (例如 {{ic|chmod 0600 /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf}}:只有 root 才可以讀取、寫入 )。}}<br />
<br />
* 將無線網路裝置與想用的存取點產生關聯。步驟因加密方式 (無、WEP 或 WPA) 而有差異。您需要知道所選的無線網路的名稱 (ESSID)。<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! 加密方式 || 指令<br />
|-<br />
| 無加密 || {{ic|iwconfig wlan0 essid "linksys"}}<br />
|-<br />
| WEP w/ Hex Key || {{ic|iwconfig wlan0 essid "linksys" key "0241baf34c"}}<br />
|-<br />
| WEP w/ ASCII passphrase || {{ic|iwconfig wlan0 essid "linksys" key "s:pass1"}}<br />
|-<br />
| WPA || {{ic|wpa_supplicant -B -Dwext -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{註記|網路連線之後會由 Arch 預設的網路守護程序 (如 [[netcfg]]、[[wicd]]) 啟動。您也可以使用喜歡的網路管理工具。}}<br />
<br />
{{註記|若您需要無線網路連線,記得要安裝 {{Pkg|wireless_tools}} 套件。某些無線網路介面還需要 [[Wireless Setup#ndiswrapper|'''ndiswrapper''']] 與特定的 [[Wireless Setup#Drivers and firmware|'''韌體''']]。若您計劃使用 WPA 加密,會需要 [[WPA Supplicant|'''wpa_supplicant''']]。[[Wireless Setup|無線網路設置]]頁面會提供幫助,為您的無線網路裝置選擇正確的套件。另外強烈建議安裝 '''[[netcfg]]''',在重新啟動進入新系統之後,它可以幫您設定好網路連線。}}<br />
<br />
{{註記|若您正在 Live 環境下,並已經 chroot 到您的安裝系統以下,現在可以從指令列開啟 networkmanager:{{ic|/etc/rc.d/dbus start}} 與 {{ic|/etc/rc.d/networkmanager start}},用 {{ic|nmcli con list}} 列出可以使用的連線,並以 {{ic|nmcli con up id NAME}} 使用連線 (NAME 是網路連線的名稱)。}}<br />
<br />
* 在做完以上適當的關聯方式之後,稍待一會兒,確定已經連上存取點之後再繼續:<br />
{{bc|# iwconfig wlan0}}<br />
輸出應該會指出,無線網路已經跟介面產生關聯。<br />
* 使用 {{ic|/sbin/dhcpcd <interface>}} 請求 IP 位址,像這樣:<br />
{{bc|# dhcpcd wlan0}}<br />
* 最後,使用 {{ic|/bin/ping}},確認連線正常:<br />
{{hc|# ping -c 3 www.google.com|<nowiki><br />
PING www.l.google.com (74.125.224.146) 56(84) bytes of data.<br />
64 bytes from 74.125.224.146: icmp_req=1 ttl=49 time=87.7 ms<br />
64 bytes from 74.125.224.146: icmp_req=2 ttl=49 time=87.0 ms<br />
64 bytes from 74.125.224.146: icmp_req=3 ttl=49 time=94.6 ms<br />
<br />
--- www.l.google.com ping statistics ---<br />
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2002ms<br />
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 87.052/89.812/94.634/3.430 ms<br />
</nowiki>}}<br />
<br />
您現在應該可以使用網路連線了。如果沒有,請參閱更詳盡的[[Wireless Setup|無線網路設置]]頁面。<br />
<br />
===準備硬碟===<br />
<br />
{{警告|硬碟分割會破壞資料。在此'''強烈'''建議您先行備份所有重要資料。}}<br />
<br />
{{註記|磁碟分割可以使用您喜歡的分割工具,如 [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/download.php GParted] 或其他可用的工具。目前的安裝媒介已包含了很多磁碟分割工具:'''fdisk'''、'''cfdisk'''、'''gdisk'''、'''cgdisk''' 和 '''parted'''。}}<br />
<br />
若您已事先為硬碟做好分割,呼叫帶 {{ic|-l}}(小寫的 L) 參數的 {{ic|/sbin/fdisk}} 指令,檢查目前的磁碟代號與配置。<br />
<br />
以 root 的身份輸入:<br />
{{bc|# fdisk -l}}<br />
記下待安裝 Arch 的磁碟和分割區。每個分割區後面都附加了號碼以供辨認。例如:{{ic|sda1}} 代表磁碟的第一個分割區,而 {{ic|sda}} 則代表整顆硬碟。您現在可以跳至[[#設定裝置、檔案系統與掛載點|設定裝置、檔案系統與掛載點]]。<br />
<br />
{{註記|若要安裝在 USB 隨身碟上,請參閱 [[Installing Arch Linux on a USB key]]。}}<br />
<br />
接下來本小節會展示一個全新安裝 Arch 的配置範例,並且使用 '''cfdisk''' 這個分割工具。您不一定要使用這裡的配置或工具;這只是一個示例而已。<br />
<br />
更多分割硬碟的資訊請參閱 [[Partitioning]]。<br />
<br />
更多可用的檔案系統類型請參閱 [[File Systems]]。<br />
<br />
====手動分割硬碟====<br />
<br />
目前的安裝媒介包含了磁碟分割工具 [[Wikipedia:fdisk|fdisk]]、[[Wikipedia:cfdisk|cfdisk]]、{{ic|gdisk}}、{{ic|cgdisk}} 與 [[Wikipedia:parted|parted]]。{{ic|gdisk}} 和 {{ic|cgdisk}} 只支援 [[GPT]] 分割表;{{ic|fdisk}} 和 {{ic|cfdisk}} 只支援 [[Master_Boot_Record|MBR]] 分割表;{{ic|parted}} 兩者皆支援。本範例將使用 '''cfdisk'''。<br />
<br />
用 '''cfdisk''' 開啟所選的目標硬碟,以便手動分割 (如果您有個 [[SSD]] 硬碟,其他工具如 [[GUID_Partition_Table|gdisk]] 或 [http://www.gnu.org/software/parted/manual/html_mono/parted.html GNU Parted] 也可以考慮)。這個範例會使用第一個硬碟,代號即為 '''sda''':<br />
<br />
# cfdisk /dev/sda<br />
<br />
這個系統範例將包括 15GB 的 root ({{ic|/}}) 分割區、1GB 的 {{ic|swap}} 分割區,剩餘的磁碟空間則分給 {{ic|/home}} 分割區。再次強調,真正的分割取決於個人的選擇,此範例只用於展示作法。<br />
<br />
選擇 '''N'''ew -> 'Primary',為 '''root''' ({{ic|/}}) 檔案系統輸入想要的大小 (本範例設定為 15.44 GB)。這個分割區會成為磁碟的開端。選擇 '''T'''ype,將它指定為 {{ic|83 Linux}}。所建的 {{ic|/}} 分割區會顯示為 {{ic|sda1}}。之後選擇 "Bootable",將 root 標記成可開機。 <br />
<br />
接下來建立第二個分割區:''swap''。選擇適當的大小 (這裡設 ~1 GB),指定 '''T'''ype 為 {{ic|82 (Linux swap / Solaris)}}。所建的 swap 分割區會顯示為 {{ic|sda2}}。<br />
<br />
磁碟剩餘的空間則用來建立第三個分割區,給 {{ic|/home}} 目錄使用。將它指定為主要分割區,並設定大小。選擇 '''T'''ype 為 {{ic|83 Linux}}。所建的 {{ic|/home}} 分割區會顯示為 {{ic|sda3}}。<br />
<br />
此時範例會像這樣:<br />
<br />
Name Flags Part Type FS Type [Label] Size (MB)<br />
-------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
sda1 Boot Primary Linux 15440 #root<br />
sda2 Primary Linux swap / Solaris 1024 #swap<br />
sda3 Primary Linux 133000 #/home<br />
<br />
選擇 '''W'''rite 並輸入 {{ic|yes}}。請注意,這個操作會'''破壞'''硬碟的資料!選擇 '''Q'''uit 可以離開分割程式。<br />
<br />
更多分割硬碟的資訊請參閱 [[Partitioning]]。 <br />
<br />
{{註記|最近 Linux 核心已經包含 libata 與 PATA 的模組,所有 IDE、SATA 與 SCSI 硬碟都採用了 sd''x'' 的命名方式。這種決定十分正常完善,不會構成任何問題。}}<br />
{{註記|若您有使用 (U)EFI,會需要一個獨立的分割區,當作 UEFI 系統分割區。請參閱[[Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface#Create_an_UEFI_System_Partition_in_Linux|這篇文章]]。}}<br />
<br />
=== 設定裝置、檔案系統與掛載點 ===<br />
將分割區用 {{ic|mkfs}} 程式格式化成一個檔案系統。在這個例子中,root 和 home 分區都使用 ext4 檔案系統。<br />
<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1<br />
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3<br />
<br />
格式化 swap 分區後啟動:<br />
<br />
# mkswap /dev/sda2 && swapon /dev/sda2<br />
<br />
更多可用的檔案系統類型,請參閱[[File Systems|檔案系統]]。<br />
<br />
=== 掛載分割區 ===<br />
將 / 分割區掛載於 {{ic|/mnt}}。<br />
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt<br />
<br />
為 /home 分割區建立目錄並掛載:<br />
<br />
# mkdir /mnt/home && mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/home<br />
<br />
===選擇安裝使用的鏡像站===<br />
安裝之前先編輯 {{ic|/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist}},把最想使用的鏡像站擺在最前面。這份 mirrorlist 文件,{{ic|pacstrap}} 會複製一份並安裝在新的系統上,所以最好現在就設定完成。<br />
{{註記|ftp.archlinux.org 限速為 50KB/s。}}<br />
<br />
=== 安裝基本系統 ===<br />
我們將使用 [https://github.com/falconindy/arch-install-scripts/blob/master/pacstrap.in pacstrap] 腳本來安裝基本系統。最小限度的系統需要 '''base''' 這個套件組;'''base-devel''' 套件組也非常建議安裝。此時若您需要其他套件,將它們加在 pacstrap 指令後面即可。<br />
<br />
# pacstrap /mnt base base-devel<br />
<br />
* {{Grp|base}}: [core] 來源的軟體套件,提供最小限度的基本環境。<br />
* {{Grp|base-devel}}: [core] 的額外工具,像是 {{ic|make}} 和 {{ic|automake}}。大部分新手都應該要安裝它,之後要擴充您的新系統時就會用到了。從 [[Arch User Repository|AUR]] 安裝軟體時,''base-devel'' 也是必須的。<br />
<br />
這樣就建立好您的基本 Arch 系統了。其他套件之後可以使用 [[pacman]] 安裝。<br />
<br />
{{註記|如果 pacman 在驗證套件時失敗,請檢查系統時間。系統時間無效 (例如顯示為 2010 年),簽署金鑰會被認定為過期(無效),套件的簽署檢查失敗,安裝程序就會被中斷。請確保系統時間已經手動調整,或是用 ntp 校正好,之後再重新執行 pacstrap 指令。更多校正系統時間的資訊請參閱[[Time|時間]]。}}<br />
<br />
=== 安裝開機載入程式 ===<br />
<br />
syslinux 或 GRUB2 '''擇一'''安裝 (您不需要同時安裝兩種)。<br />
<br />
==== [[Syslinux|Syslinux]] ====<br />
<br />
# pacstrap /mnt syslinux<br />
<br />
==== [[GRUB2|GRUB]] ====<br />
<br />
===== BIOS 系統 =====<br />
<br />
# pacstrap /mnt grub-bios<br />
<br />
===== EFI 系統 =====<br />
<br />
# pacstrap /mnt grub-efi-x86_64<br />
<br />
(個別情況下您需要改採用 {{ic|grub-efi-i386}})<br />
<br />
{{提示|在重新開機前不要忘記[[#設定開機載入程式|設定開機載入程式]]。這是一種初學者常犯的錯誤。}}<br />
<br />
=== 產生 fstab ===<br />
用以下指令產生 [[fstab]] 檔案。(要使用 UUID,請加上 {{ic|-U}} 選項;要使用磁碟標籤則加上 {{ic|-L}} 。)<br />
# genfstab -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab<br />
<br />
{{註記|繼續前最好先檢查我們自動產生的 fstab 檔案 ({{ic|/mnt/etc/fstab}})。若執行 genfstab、或者之後的安裝碰到錯誤,請'''不要'''再次執行 genfstab;'''直接'''編輯 fstab 檔案。另外,只有 {{ic|/}} 分割區的結尾要為 1。其他的分割區應該為 2 或是 0 (請參閱 [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Fstab#Field_definitions #Field definitions])。}}<br />
<br />
=== Chroot 到新系統 ===<br />
接下來我們 [[chroot]] 到我們全新安裝的系統。<br />
# arch-chroot /mnt<br />
<br />
{{Tip|如果您忘記用 pacstrap 腳本安裝套件,chroot 之後可以使用 '''pacman -S <package>''' 指令安裝}}<br />
<br />
===設定系統===<br />
{{提示|確實遵循、了解這些步驟,是正確配置系統的一個重要關鍵。}}<br />
<br />
在這個階段,我們要為 Arch Linux 的基礎系統設定主要的配置檔案。<br />
<br />
====配置檔案====<br />
<br />
{{ic|/etc/rc.conf}} 是 Arch 初始腳本的配置檔案,過去它還包含了系統其他部分的配置資料。{{ic|/etc/rc.conf}} 會決定開機時要啟動哪些守護程序 (daemon),和一些網路、儲存的資訊。<br />
<br />
{{註記|用 {{ic|/etc/rc.conf}} 以往的設定選項設定系統依然有用,但這已不是官方的推薦方針。新配置檔案的優先權高過 {{ic|/etc/rc.conf}}。這個改變的用意是弭平 Arch Linux 與其他發行版本間瑣碎的差異,以及 [[initscripts]] 與 [[systemd]] 的差異。下面的表格列出了要編輯的檔案,以及和它們相對應的 {{ic|etc/rc.conf}} 舊有配置。這些舊有設定未來會被忽略,因此請'''初學者'''、'''欲重新安裝的使用者'''都不要使用它們。也請參閱 [[systemd]] 和 [[rc.conf]],了解改動詳情。}}<br />
<br />
{{註記|這些檔案可能需要您自己建立。}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"| 設定<br />
! scope="col"| 配置檔案<br />
! scope="col"| 舊有 {{ic|/etc/rc.conf}} 區塊<br />
|-<br />
| align="center"|網域名稱<br />
| align="left"|{{ic|/etc/hostname}}<br />
{{ic|/etc/hosts}}<br />
| align="center"|{{ic|NETWORKING}}<br />
|-<br />
| align="center"|終端機字型與鍵盤布局<br />
| align="left"|{{ic|/etc/vconsole.conf}}<br />
| align="center"|{{ic|LOCALIZATION}}<br />
|-<br />
| align="center"|語言環境<br />
| align="left"|{{ic|/etc/locale.conf}}<br />
{{ic|/etc/locale.gen}}<br />
| align="center"|{{ic|LOCALIZATION}}<br />
|-<br />
| align="center"|時區<br />
| align="left"|{{ic|/etc/timezone}}<br />
{{ic|/etc/localtime}}<br />
| align="center"|{{ic|LOCALIZATION}}<br />
|-<br />
| align="center"|硬體時間<br />
| align="left"|{{ic|/etc/adjtime}}<br />
| align="center"|{{ic|LOCALIZATION}}<br />
|-<br />
| align="center"|核心模組<br />
| align="left"|{{ic|/etc/modules-load.d/}}<br />
| align="center"|{{ic|HARDWARE}}<br />
|-<br />
| align="center"|守護程序<br />
| align="left"|{{ic|/etc/rc.conf}}<br />
| align="center"|{{ic|DAEMONS}}<br />
|-<br />
| align="center"|有線網路<br />
| align="left"|{{ic|/etc/rc.conf}}<br />
| align="center"|{{ic|NETWORKING}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 網域名稱 ====<br />
在 {{ic|/etc/hostname}} 加入網域名稱。'''範例:'''<br />
<br />
myhostname<br />
<br />
照您的喜好設定。這會成為您電腦的名字。<br />
<br />
之後將'''網域名稱'''加入 {{ic|/etc/hosts}},做為別名:<br />
<br />
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost '''myhostname'''<br />
::1 localhost.localdomain localhost '''myhostname'''<br />
<br />
{{註記|::1 是 IPv6 的本地端 (lo),作用等同於 127.0.0.1}}<br />
<br />
{{警告|為了程式的相容性,要嚴格遵守這個格式('''包含 "localhost" 與您的主機名稱''')!要是格式錯誤,可能會導致網路表現不佳、特定程式開啟緩慢、甚至無法使用網路。對初學者來說是個常見的錯誤。}}<br />
<br />
若使用的是固定 IP,加入另外一行,遵照這種格式: <static-IP> <hostname.domainname.org> <hostname><br />
<br />
範例:<br />
<br />
192.168.1.100 '''myhostname'''.domain.org '''myhostname'''<br />
<br />
{{提示|為了方便,也可以用 {{ic|/etc/hosts}} 為區域或網際網路上的主機取別名,例如:<br />
<br />
192.168.1.90 media<br />
192.168.1.88 data<br />
<br />
上面的範例,可以讓您用名稱,直接存取自己網路上的媒體、資料伺服器,不需輸入它們各自的 IP 位址。}}<br />
<br />
==== 終端機字型與鍵盤布局 ====<br />
編輯 {{ic|/etc/vconsole.conf}}.<br />
:; KEYMAP: 可用鍵盤布局都放在 {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/keymaps}}。請注意,這個設定值只適用於 TTY,任何圖形視窗管理員或 '''X''' 都不會採用這裡的設定值。<br />
:; FONT : 可用的替代終端機字型放在 {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/}}。可以留空(預設值)。<br />
:; FONT_MAP : 定義開機時要與 setfont 程式載入的終端機布局。可用的布局表放在 {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consoletrans}}。可以留空(預設值)。<br />
<br />
'''範例:'''<br />
KEYMAP=us<br />
FONT=lat9w-16<br />
FONT_MAP=8859-1_to_uni<br />
<br />
==== 時區 ====<br />
編輯檔案 {{ic|/etc/timezone}},寫入您的 {{ic|州}}/{{ic|地區}}。這些都可以在 {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<州>/<地區>}}目錄下找到。'''範例:'''<br />
Asia/Taipei<br />
更多選項可以參閱 {{ic|man 5 timezone}}。<br />
<br />
另一種方式:使用以下指令建立 {{ic|/etc/localtime}} 軟連結,指向 {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<州>/<地區>}}:<br />
<br />
# ln -s {{ic|/usr/share/zoneinfo/<州>/<地區>}} /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
'''範例:'''<br />
<br />
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Taipei /etc/localtime<br />
<br />
==== 語言環境 ====<br />
=====啟用語言環境===== <br />
{{ic|/usr/sbin/locale-gen}} 指令會讀取 {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}} 檔案,以產生個別的語言環境。這些語言環境之後會給 '''glibc''' 、其他支持本地化的程式與函式庫使用,用來繪製文字、正確顯示當地的貨幣、時間與日期格式、字符排列方式,和其他的當地標準。<br />
<br />
預設 {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}} 是個僅包含註解文字的檔案。編輯之後,這個檔案不會被更改。{{ic|locale-gen}} 在每次升級 '''glibc''' 時,都會產生 {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}} 指定的所有語言環境。<br />
<br />
選擇需要的語言環境,並移除前面的 # (取消註解),例如:<br />
<br />
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
zh_TW.EUC-TW EUC-TW<br />
zh_TW.UTF-8 UTF-8<br />
zh_TW BIG5<br />
<br />
接著執行:<br />
<br />
# locale-gen<br />
<br />
{{註記|若選擇語言環境失敗,會出現 {{ic|"The current locale is invalid..."}} 錯誤。這也許是 Arch 新手最常碰到的錯誤了。}}<br />
<br />
=====設定全系統的語言環境=====<br />
在{{ic|/etc/locale.conf}} 設定[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Locale#Setting_system-wide_locale 語言環境]偏好設定。範例:<br />
<br />
{{hc|/etc/locale.conf|2=LANG=en_US.UTF-8}}<br />
<br />
執行 {{ic|source /etc/profile.d/locale.sh}} 載入目前 shell 的語言環境設定,或是再重新登入一遍。<br />
<br />
==== 硬體時間 ====<br />
這個要在 {{ic|/etc/adjtime}} 設定。同一台機器下的作業系統,硬體時間模式要設定為一致。否則,它們會覆寫時間,導致時間錯亂。<br />
<br />
您可以使用以下任一個指令,自動產生 {{ic|/etc/adjtime}} 檔案。<br />
<br />
{{註記|使用此方法時,確認 {{ic|/etc/rc.conf}} 的 HARDWARECLOCK 沒有任何東西。}}<br />
<br />
* [[Wikipedia:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (建議)<br />
<br />
# hwclock --systohc --utc<br />
<br />
{{註記|硬體時間使用 UTC,不代表軟體的時間會以 UTC 顯示。}}<br />
<br />
* '''localtime''' (不建議) - Windows 預設使用<br />
<br />
# hwclock --systohc --localtime<br />
<br />
{{警告|使用 ''localtime'' 可能導致數個已知且無法修復的錯誤。然而現在沒有取消支援 ''localtime'' 的計劃。}}<br />
<br />
=====在與 Windows 共存的機器上設定時間=====<br />
<br />
若您要將系統設定為 Arch 與 Windows 雙系統開機,有兩個選項:<br />
<br />
* 建議: 將 Arch Linux 和 Windows 都設定為使用 UTC (需要調整一個機碼,步驟請參閱[https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UbuntuTime#Make_Windows_use_UTC 這個頁面])。另外,確定 Windows 不會使用網路校正時間,否則硬體時鐘又會被調回使用 ''localtime''。若您想要這種功能 (NTP 同步),應該改在 Arch Linux 下使用 [[ntpd]]。<br />
<br />
* 不建議: 將 Arch Linux 設定為 ''localtime'',之後 ([[#設定系統|設定系統]]) 在 {{ic|/etc/rc.conf}} 的 {{ic|DAEMONS}} 列中移除 {{ic|hwclock}} (硬體時鐘的校正交給 Windows 處理)。<br />
<br />
==== 核心模組 ====<br />
{{提示|正常情況下,udev 會自動載入所有需要的模組,因此不太需要在這裡加東西。只加入真正有需要的模組。}}<br />
編輯 {{ic|/etc/modules-load.d/}},以固定清單的方式,配置開機時要載入的核心模組。每個配置檔案以 {{ic|/etc/modules-load.d/<程式>.conf}} 的方式命名。配置檔案應該只包含一個清單,寫上欲載入的核心模組名稱,一行一個。空白行、第一個字元為 {{ic|#}} 或 {{ic|;}} 的行都會被忽略。範例:<br />
{{hc|/etc/modules-load.d/virtio-net.conf|<nowiki><br />
# 開機時載入 virtio-net.ko<br />
virtio-net</nowiki>}}<br />
<br />
====守護程序 (Daemon)====<br />
{{提示|雖然現在不需更改 DAEMONS 行,但這裡會解釋什麼是守護程序 (daemon),在本教學的後面會用到。}}<br />
<br />
[[Wikipedia:Daemon (computing)|守護程序 (Daemon)]],是在背景執行的程式,等待事件發生並提供服務。一個明顯的例子是網路伺服器:將請求的頁面發送出去 (例如:{{ic|httpd}}),或是 SSH 伺服器:等待使用者登入 (例如:{{ic|sshd}})。上面這些是全功能的程式,但也有那些不怎麼注目的 daemon,像是將訊息寫入日誌檔案 (例如:{{ic|syslog}}、{{ic|metalog}}),還有提供圖形介面登入 (例如:{{ic|gdm}}、{{ic|kdm}})。<br />
<br />
這些程式可以加進 {{ic|/etc/rc.conf}} 的 DAEMONS 行內,系統開機時就會啟動它們。DAEMONS 行列出的名稱,都是 {{ic|/etc/rc.d/}} 下所包含的腳本檔案,它們會在開機過程中,依照排列的順序啟動。非同步的初始化也有支援,可以讓開機速度變快:<br />
<br />
DAEMONS=(network @syslog-ng netfs @crond)<br />
<br />
* 腳本名稱前面加上一個驚嘆號 ({{ic|!}}),就不會執行。<br />
* 腳本名稱前面加上一個 &quot;at&quot; 符號 ({{ic|@}}),就會在背景執行;啟動序列不會等待每個 daemon 都成功結束才繼續走下一步。(可用於系統開機加速)。不要將那些被其他 daemon 需要的 daemon 調至背景執行。舉例來說,{{ic|mpd}} 依賴 {{ic|network}},讓 {{ic|network}} 於背景執行可能導致 {{ic|mpd}} 異常。<br />
* 安裝新的系統服務後,若想要在開機時自動啟動,請記得編輯這一行。<br />
{{提示|用這個指令 {{ic|rc.d list}} 可以列出所有可以使用的服務 (以及它們是否正在執行)。}}<br />
<br />
=== 設定網路 ===<br />
您需要再次設定網路,這一次要設定的是新環境的網路。這裡的步驟與條件跟[[#在 Live 安裝環境下設定網路|之前]]描述的十分類似,不過這次我們要設定一個永久網路,並且會在開機時自動啟動。<br />
{{註記|更進一步的網路配置資訊,請參閱[[configuring network|設定網路]]與[[Wireless_Setup|無線網路設定]]。}}<br />
<br />
====有線網路====<br />
若您只有使用有線網路,可以用 '''network''' 這個 daemon,對動態與固定 IP 定址而言都是簡單的方法。首先,確認 '''network''' 已經在 '''DAEMONS''' 行內:<br />
<br />
{{hc|/etc/rc.conf|<nowiki><br />
DAEMONS=(... network ...)<br />
</nowiki>}}<br />
<br />
接著如下,調整 {{ic|/etc/rc.conf}} 的 '''NETWORKING''' 區塊。請依照您的 IP 定址方式設置。<br />
<br />
===== 動態 IP (DHCP) =====<br />
假設要啟用的網路介面為 eth0,使用這種設置:<br />
<br />
interface=eth0<br />
address=<br />
netmask=<br />
gateway=<br />
<br />
DNS 伺服器位址會由 dhcpcd 自動填入。<br />
<br />
===== 固定 IP =====<br />
若需要使用固定 IP 位址,使用這種設置(此為示例,請依實際狀況更改!):<br />
<br />
interface=eth0<br />
address=192.168.0.2<br />
netmask=255.255.255.0<br />
broadcast=192.168.0.255<br />
gateway=192.168.0.1<br />
<br />
您還需要在 {{ic|/etc/resolv.conf}} 檔案內加入名稱伺服器 (DNS) 的 IP 位址,以及本地網域名稱,像這樣:<br />
nameserver 61.23.173.5<br />
nameserver 61.95.849.8<br />
search example.com<br />
<br />
{{提示|'''network''' 守護程序適合連至單一網路的系統。至於多個網路設置的系統 (如筆記型電腦),建議使用網路管理員程式,如 [[netcfg]],它可以將有線與無線網路連線一併管理。}}<br />
<br />
==== 無線網路 ====<br />
'''network''' 守護程序並不擅長處理[[Wireless_Setup|無線]]網路,無線網路需要額外的設定。您需要安裝其他程式來設定、管理無線網路的設定資料,像是 [[netcfg]]。[[NetworkManager]] 和 [[Wicd]] 也是蠻熱門的選用品。<br />
<br />
* 離開 chroot 環境:<br />
# exit<br />
<br />
* 安裝需要的套件:<br />
# pacstrap /mnt wireless_tools netcfg<br />
<br />
* 若需要 WPA/WPA2 無線網路加密,安裝:<br />
# pacstrap /mnt wpa_supplicant wpa_actiond<br />
<br />
* 若無線網路配接器需要韌體 (在[[#設定無線網路]]和 [[Wireless_Setup#Drivers_and_firmware]] 提到過),安裝有包含您所需韌體的套件,例如:<br />
# pacstrap /mnt zd1211-firmware<br />
<br />
* Chroot 回到新環境:<br />
# arch-chroot /mnt<br />
<br />
* 在 {{ic|/etc/network.d}} 目錄下,建立無線網路連線的網路設定資料:<br />
** 從 {{ic|/etc/network.d/examples/}} 複製一份設定資料到 {{ic|/etc/network.d/mynetwork}},重新命名 (''mynetwork'' 只是個範例;這個名稱不是網路設定值,也不需和無線網路名稱 (SSID) 相符)。這些模版跟您的無線網路連線的'''類型'''有關,例如 {{ic|wireless-wep}} 或 {{ic|wireless-wpa}}。請參閱 [[Netcfg#Configuration]],有列表列出可用的模版與用法。<br />
** {{ic|INTERFACE}} 設定為正確的無線網路介面。可以用 {{ic|iwconfig}} 檢查。<br />
** 確定無線網路連線使用的 {{ic|ESSID}} 和 {{ic|KEY}} (密語) 設定正確。欄位寫錯字也是一種常見錯誤。<br />
*** 注意,WEP 的'''字串'''金鑰 (非'''十六進位(hex)'''金鑰),必須在前面加上一個 {{ic|s:}} (例如:{{ic|<nowiki>KEY="s:somepasskey"</nowiki>}}).<br />
*** 若使用 WPA-Personal,可以指定密鑰為純文字或是十六進位碼。<br />
<br />
* 在 {{ic|/etc/rc.conf}} 的 {{ic|DAEMONS}} 行加入 {{ic|net-auto-wireless}}:<br />
{{hc|/etc/rc.conf|<nowiki><br />
DAEMONS=(... net-auto-wireless ...)<br />
</nowiki>}}<br />
<br />
並將無線網路的介面指定給 {{ic|/etc/conf.d/netcfg}} 的 {{ic|WIRELESS_INTERFACE}} 變數:<br />
<br />
{{hc|/etc/conf.d/netcfg|<nowiki><br />
WIRELESS_INTERFACE="wlan0"<br />
</nowiki>}}<br />
<br />
您也可以定義一張網路設定資料清單給 {{ic|/etc/conf.d/netcfg}} 的 {{ic|AUTO_PROFILES}} 變數,以供自動連線。如果未設置 {{ic|AUTO_PROFILES}},會嘗試連接所有的無線網路。<br />
<br />
{{註記|[[netcfg|Netcfg]] 還提供其他的守護程序以供自動連線。更多資訊請參閱 [[netcfg]] 文章。}}<br />
<br />
=== 建立初始 ramdisk 環境 ===<br />
依需求配置 {{ic|/etc/mkinitcpio.conf}} (參閱 [[mkinitcpio]]),並用以下指令建立初始 RAM disk:<br />
<br />
# mkinitcpio -p linux<br />
<br />
{{提示|大多數使用者可以直接使用 {{ic|/etc/mkinitcpio.conf}} 檔案提供的預設值。}}<br />
<br />
=== 設定開機載入程式 ===<br />
{{註記|這個步驟非常重要。忘記這裡的步驟是初學者常犯的錯誤之一。}}<br />
==== Syslinux ====<br />
如果您安裝的是 syslinux,編輯 {{ic|/boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg}} 以指向 {{ic|/}} 所在的分割區。<br />
<br />
接下來輸入以下的指令安裝 ({{ic|-i}})、設定 boot flag ({{ic|-a}})、寫入 MBR ({{ic|-m}})。<br />
<br />
# /usr/sbin/syslinux-install_update -iam<br />
更多配置與使用 syslinux 的資訊請參閱 [[Syslinux]]。<br />
<br />
==== Grub ====<br />
如果您安裝的是 GRUB2,您的 boot 分割區位於哪個硬碟,就將它安裝在那裡。<br />
<br />
# grub-install /dev/sda<br />
<br />
為了避免在開機時出現(無關緊要)的錯誤訊息:<br />
<br />
# mkdir -p /boot/grub/locale<br />
# cp /usr/share/locale/en\@quot/LC_MESSAGES/grub.mo /boot/grub/locale/en.mo<br />
<br />
建立 grub.cfg 檔案。<br />
<br />
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg<br />
更多配置與使用 GRUB2 的資訊請參閱 [[GRUB2]]。<br />
<br />
=== Root 密碼 ===<br />
用 {{ic|passwd}} 指令設定 root 的密碼。<br />
<br />
=== 卸載分割區並重新啟動 ===<br />
如果您仍然在 chroot 環境裡面,輸入 {{ic|exit}},或是按 {{ic|Ctrl+D}} 離開 chroot。<br />
<br />
既然分割區被掛載在 {{ic|/mnt}},我們使用以下的指令卸載它們。 <br />
# umount /mnt/{boot,home,}<br />
<br />
重新啟動,離開安裝程序:<br />
{{bc|# reboot}}<br />
{{提示|請確認是否已移除安裝媒介,並將 BIOS 更改回原本的開機順序(若您在安裝時有更動的話),否則還是會從安裝媒介開機!}}<br />
<br />
==配置==<br />
'''恭喜您,歡迎使用全新的 Arch Linux 系統!'''<br />
<br />
現在,您全新的 Arch Linux 基本系統已經是可以工作的 GNU/Linux 環境了,剩下就有待您的巧手了。以此為起點,您可以將這些優雅的工具集,組合成您期望或符合自己要求的樣子。<br />
<br />
使用 root 帳號登入。我們將要配置 pacman,並以 root 的身分更新系統。<br />
<br />
{{註記|虛擬終端機 1-6 都可以使用:用 {{Keypress|Alt+F1...F6}} 即可切換}}<br />
<br />
===更新===<br />
====用 pacman 更新、同步、升級系統====<br />
現在,我們要使用 [[pacman]] 升級系統。Pacman 是 Arch Linux 的套件管理員 ('''pac'''kage '''man'''ager)。Pacman 可以管理整個套件系統,處理安裝、移除、套件降級 (透過快取)、自定義編譯套件、自動解決相依性問題、遠端與本地端搜尋,還有更多。現在我們將使用 Pacman,從遠端的套件庫下載軟體套件,安裝到系統上。<br />
<br />
====熟悉 pacman====<br />
Pacman 是 Arch 使用者最好的朋友。強烈建議您學習、研究如何使用 '''pacman''' 工具。嘗試:<br />
{{bc|$ man pacman}}<br />
<br />
{{提示|若您發現文字太長,跑出螢幕,可以導出 {{ic|$MANWIDTH}} 環境變數:{{bc|1=# export MANWIDTH=80}}}}<br />
<br />
更多資訊請參閱 [[pacman]] 的 wiki 頁面,或是看看 [[pacman rosetta]] 頁面,了解 pacman 與其他熱門套件管理員之間的比較。<br />
<br />
====準備====<br />
You will need to temporarily edit the {{ic|/etc/pacman.conf}} file and set {{ic|SigLevel}} to {{Ic|Never}}, this will disable the signature check of the packages. And ignore warnings suggesting you to upgrade pacman.<br />
<br />
====配置網路(有必要的話)====<br />
If you properly configured your system, you should have a working network. Try to {{ic|ping example.com}} to verify:<br />
{{hc|$ ping -c 3 example.com |<nowiki>PING example.com (192.0.43.10) 56(84) bytes of data.<br />
64 bytes from 43-10.any.icann.org (192.0.43.10): icmp_req=1 ttl=248 time=25.6 ms<br />
64 bytes from 43-10.any.icann.org (192.0.43.10): icmp_req=2 ttl=248 time=22.9 ms<br />
64 bytes from 43-10.any.icann.org (192.0.43.10): icmp_req=3 ttl=248 time=23.6 ms<br />
<br />
--- example.com ping statistics ---<br />
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms<br />
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 22.912/24.062/25.632/1.156 ms</nowiki>}}<br />
<br />
If you have successfully established a network connection, continue with '''[[#Update, Sync, and Upgrade the system with pacman|Update, Sync, and Upgrade the system with pacman]]'''.<br />
<br />
If three attempts to ping example.com produce an "unknown host" error, then your network is not properly configured. Troubleshoot by checking the following files for integrity and proper settings:<br />
<br />
{{ic|/etc/rc.conf}} - Check your {{Ic|HOSTNAME}} and {{Ic|NETWORKING}} section for typos and errors.<br />
<br />
{{ic|/etc/hosts}} - Check for format errors and typos.<br />
<br />
{{ic|/etc/resolv.conf}} - Check this only if you are using a static IP. If you are using DHCP, this file will be dynamically created and destroyed by default.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|Advanced instructions for configuring the network can be found in the [[Network]] article.}}<br />
<br />
=====有線區域網路=====<br />
Check your Ethernet with<br />
{{bc|$ ip addr}}<br />
All interfaces will be listed. You should see an entry for {{Ic|eth0}}, or perhaps {{Ic|eth1}}. These examples will use {{Ic|eth0}}.<br />
<br />
'''Static IP'''<br />
<br />
If required, you can set a new static IP with:<br />
{{bc|# ip addr add <ip>/<netmask> dev <interface>}}<br />
and the default gateway with<br />
{{bc|# ip route add default via <ip>}}<br />
Verify that {{ic|/etc/resolv.conf}} contains your DNS server and add it if it is missing.<br />
Check your network again with {{ic|ping -c 3 www.google.com}}. If everything is working now, adjust {{ic|/etc/rc.conf}} as described above for static IP.<br />
<br />
'''DHCP'''<br />
<br />
If you have a DHCP server/router in your network try:<br />
{{bc|# dhcpcd eth0}}<br />
If this is working, adjust {{ic|/etc/rc.conf}} as described above, for dynamic IP.<br />
<br />
=====無線區域網路=====<br />
Please see [[<noinclude>Beginners' Guide/Installation</noinclude>#Setup_wireless_in_the_live_environment_(optional)|Wireless Quickstart For the Live Environment]] for details on connecting to a wireless network. Although you are no longer running off the installation media, the commands are the same as long as you installed all related wireless packages during package selection. Remember, your wireless device may need firmware in order to operate. For troubleshooting, check the detailed [[Wireless Setup]] page.<br />
<br />
=====代理伺服器=====<br />
If you are behind a proxy server, edit {{ic|/etc/wgetrc}} and set {{Ic|http_proxy}} and {{Ic|ftp_proxy}} in it.<br />
<br />
=====撥號數據機、ISDN 與 DSL (PPPoE)=====<br />
See [[Internet Access]] for detailed instructions.<br />
<br />
====/etc/pacman.conf====<br />
To make any changes to your repository selections or pacman options, edit {{ic|/etc/pacman.conf}}.<br />
<br />
Repositories are described below; enable all desired repositories by removing the # in front of the 'Include =' and '[repository]' lines.<br />
<br />
{{Note|<nowiki>When choosing repos, be sure to uncomment both the repository header lines in [brackets] as well as the 'Include =' lines. Failure to do so will result in the selected repository being omitted! This is a very common error.</nowiki>}}<br />
<br />
=====套件來源=====<br />
A [[Wikipedia:software repository|software repository]] is a storage location from which software packages may be retrieved and installed on a computer. Arch Linux [[Package Maintainer|package maintainers]] (developers and [[Trusted Users]]) maintain a number of official repositories containing software packages for essential and popular software, readily accessible via [[pacman]]. This article outlines those officially-supported repositories. See [[Official Repositories]] for more information including details about the purpose of each repository.<br />
<br />
Most people will want to use [core], [extra] and [community]. If you want to run 32-bit applications on Arch x86_64, enable the [multilib] repository by adding the lines below to {{ic|/etc/pacman.conf}}:<br />
<br />
[multilib]<br />
Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist<br />
<br />
=====AUR=====<br />
The '''[[Arch User Repository]]''' (AUR) holds the [community] and [unsupported] branches. Unlike the other branches, [unsupported] contains no binary packages and cannot (by design) be accessed directly by pacman. This branch is a collection of [[PKGBUILD]] bash scripts written by Arch users to build packages from source using the [[Arch Build System]]. Software in [unsupported] is generally not available in the other branches. When an [unsupported] package acquires enough popular votes, it may be moved to the [community] binary repository if one of the [[Trusted Users]] is willing to adopt and maintain it there.<br />
<br />
{{Note|There are a number of pacman wrappers ('''[[AUR Helpers]]''') available that provide seamless access to the AUR.}}<br />
<br />
====鏡像站====<br />
Same Arch packages are stored on multiple servers across the world. Selected mirrors are listed in {{Ic|/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist}}, ordered by priority. Initially {{Ic|/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist}} contains list of all known mirrors, some of which should be enabled to proceed any further.<br />
<br />
{{Note|If your installation medium is old, your mirrorlist might be outdated, which might lead to problems when updating Arch Linux with pacman (see {{Bug|22510}}). Therefore it is advised to obtain the latest mirror information as described below.}}<br />
<br />
=====選擇即時更新的鏡像站=====<br />
[https://archlinux.org/mirrors/status/ Arch Linux MirrorStatus] reports various aspects about the mirrors such as network problems with mirrors, data collection problems, the last time mirrors have been synced, etc. [https://archlinux.org/mirrorlist/ Mirrorlist Generator] uses this information to automatically rank mirrors close to your location by how up-to-date they are. Generated list can be simply inserted in {{Ic|/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist}}. You obviously can uncomment other mirrors based on your own guesses (remove the '#' in front of entry to uncomment it).<br />
<br />
=====使用更快的鏡像站=====<br />
To sort mirrors in the mirror list by speed one may use [[Mirrors#List by speed|rankmirrors]]. {{ic|rankmirrors}} is a bash script which will attempt to detect uncommented mirrors specified in {{ic|/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist}} which are closest to the installation machine based on latency. Faster mirrors will dramatically improve pacman performance, and the overall Arch Linux experience. This script may be run periodically, especially if the chosen mirrors provide inconsistent throughput and/or updates. Note that {{ic|rankmirrors}} does not test for throughput. Tools such as {{ic|wget}} or {{ic|rsync}} may be used to effectively test for mirror throughput after a new {{ic|/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist}} has been generated.<br />
<br />
{{ic|cd}} to the {{ic|/etc/pacman.d/}} directory:<br />
{{bc|# cd /etc/pacman.d}}<br />
Backup the existing {{ic|/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist}}:<br />
{{bc|# cp mirrorlist mirrorlist.backup}}<br />
<br />
Edit {{ic|/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist.backup}} and uncomment mirrors for testing with {{ic|rankmirrors}}.<br />
<br />
Optionally run the following {{Ic|sed}} line to uncomment every mirror:<br />
# sed '/^#\S/ s|#||' -i /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist.backup<br />
<br />
Run the script against the mirrorlist.backup with the {{Ic|-n}} switch and redirect output to a new {{Ic|/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist}} file:<br />
{{bc|# rankmirrors -n 6 mirrorlist.backup > mirrorlist}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|{{ic|-n 6}} will rank the 6 closest mirrors}}<br />
<br />
{{Tip|For a script that automates the process of getting and installing a {{ic|mirrorlist}} file from the Pacman Mirrorlist Generator, see [[Mirrors#Script to automate use of Pacman Mirrorlist Generator|Mirrors]].}}<br />
<br />
=====重整鏡像站清單=====<br />
Force pacman to refresh all package lists with the new mirrorlist in place:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -Syy}}<br />
<br />
Passing two {{ic|--refresh}} or {{ic|-y}} flags forces pacman to refresh all package lists even if they are considered to be up to date. Issuing {{ic|pacman -Syy}} ''whenever a mirror is changed'', is good practice and will avoid possible headaches.<br />
<br />
{{Note|1=Some issues have been reported in the [https://bbs.archlinux.org/ Arch Linux forums] regarding network problems that prevent pacman from updating/synchronizing repositories (see [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=68944] and [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=65728]). When installing Arch natively, these issues have been resolved by replacing the default pacman file downloader with an alternative (see [[Improve Pacman Performance]] for more details). When installing Arch as a guest OS in [[VirtualBox]], this issue has also been addressed by using "Host interface" instead of "NAT" in the machine properties.}}<br />
<br />
==== 套件驗證初始化 ====<br />
<br />
To initialize the verification of signatures of the packages, you can [[http://www.archlinux.org/news/having-pacman-verify-packages/ follow the steps below]]. See [[Pacman-key]] for more information.<br />
<br />
{{bc|$ pacman-key --init}}<br />
<br />
To generate the master-key, [[Pacman-key#Initializing_the_keyring|entropy is needed]]. You should press random keys on your keyboard, move your mouse around, or switch to another console and run e.g. {{ic|ls -R /}}. After this command completes, run the following command to setup the keys. Take time to verify the [https://www.archlinux.org/master-keys/ Master Signing Keys] when prompted as these are used to co-sign (and therefore trust) all other packager's keys.<br />
<br />
{{bc|$ pacman-key --populate archlinux}}<br />
<br />
====更新系統====<br />
{{Warning|1=System updates should be performed with care. It is very important to read and understand [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=57205 this] before proceeding.}}<br />
<br />
Often the developers will provide important information about required configurations and modifications for known issues. The Arch Linux user is expected to consult these places before performing an upgrade:<br />
<br />
* [https://archlinux.org/news/ Arch news]. For examples, as of 16 April, 2012, the following two news items are required reading:<br />
** https://archlinux.org/news/initscripts-update-manual-intervention-required/<br />
** https://archlinux.org/news/filesystem-upgrade-manual-intervention-required/<br />
* [https://archlinux.org/pipermail/arch-announce/ Announce mailing list].<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you are using the old core release (2011.08.19), you can find instructions [http://allanmcrae.com/2012/07/updating-arch-linux-from-a-core-install/ here] on how to correctly update your system.}}<br />
<br />
Sync, refresh, and upgrade your entire new system with:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -Syu}}<br />
or:<br />
{{bc|# pacman --sync --refresh --sysupgrade}}<br />
<br />
Pacman will now download a fresh copy of the master package list from the server(s) defined in {{ic|/etc/pacman.conf}} and perform all available upgrades. You may be prompted to upgrade pacman itself at this point. If so, respond by entering yes, and then reissue the {{ic|pacman -Syu}} command when finished.<br />
<br />
Reboot if a kernel upgrade has occurred.<br />
<br />
{{Note|Occasionally, configuration changes may take place requiring user action during an update; read pacman's output for any pertinent information. See [[Pacnew and Pacsave Files]] for more details.}}<br />
<br />
Pacman output is saved in {{ic|/var/log/pacman.log}}.<br />
<br />
See [[FAQ#Package Management|Package Management FAQ]] for answers to frequently asked questions regarding updating and managing your packages.<br />
<br />
=====忽略套件=====<br />
After executing the command {{ic|pacman -Syu}}, the entire system will be updated. It is possible to prevent a package from being upgraded. A typical scenario would be a package for which an upgrade may prove problematic for the system. In this case, there are two options; indicate the package(s) to skip in the pacman command line using the {{ic|--ignore}} switch ({{ic|pacman -S --help}} for details) or permanently indicate the package(s) to skip in the {{ic|/etc/pacman.conf}} file in the {{ic|IgnorePkg}} array. For more information, please see the [[pacman]] wiki entry.<br />
<br />
Please note that the power user is expected to keep the **whole** system up-to-date with {{ic|pacman -Syu}}, rather than selectively upgrading packages. You may diverge from this typical usage as you wish; just be warned that there is a greater chance that things will not work as intended and that it could break your system. The majority of complaints happen when selective upgrading, unusual compilation or improper software installation is performed. Use of {{ic|IgnorePkg}} in {{ic|/etc/pacman.conf}} is therefore discouraged, and should only be used sparingly, if you know what you are doing. Use of {{ic|IgnorePkg}} is analogous to "voiding the warranty".<br />
<br />
=====Arch 滾動發佈模式=====<br />
Keep in mind that Arch is a '''rolling release''' distribution. This means the user is not required to reinstall or perform elaborate system rebuilds to upgrade to the newest version. Issuing {{ic|pacman -Syu}} periodically (and noting the above warning) keeps the entire system up-to-date and on the bleeding edge. At the end of this upgrade, the system will be completely current. Remember to '''reboot''' if a kernel upgrade has occurred.<br />
<br />
===新增使用者===<br />
{{Warning|Linux is a multi-user environment. You should not perform everyday tasks using the root account, it is very poor practice and extremely dangerous: the root account should be used for administrative tasks only.}}<br />
<br />
Add a normal user account instead, using one of the two following methods, both creating the user ''archie'' as an example:<br />
<br />
====互動式的方法====<br />
<br />
{{bc|# adduser}}<br />
<br />
You will be asked to enter some information in an interactive way:<br />
<br />
Login name for new user []: '''archie'''<br />
<br />
User ID ('UID') [ defaults to next available ]:<br />
<br />
Initial group [ users ]:<br />
<br />
Additional groups (comma separated) []: '''audio,lp,optical,storage,video,wheel,games,power,scanner'''<br />
<br />
Home directory [ /home/archie ]:<br />
<br />
Shell [ /bin/bash ]:<br />
<br />
Expiry date (YYYY-MM-DD) []:<br />
<br />
As shown in the example, you are advised to enter values only for the ''Login name'' and the ''Additional groups'', and leave empty all the other fields.<br />
<br />
The list of ''Additional groups'' in the example is a typical choice for a desktop system, hence it is recommended especially for beginners:<br />
*'''audio''' - for tasks involving sound card and related software<br />
*'''lp''' - for managing printing tasks<br />
*'''optical''' - for managing tasks pertaining to the optical drive(s)<br />
*'''storage''' - for managing storage devices<br />
*'''video''' - for video tasks and hardware acceleration<br />
*'''wheel''' - for using sudo<br />
*'''games''' - needed for write permission for games in the games group<br />
*'''power''' - used with power options (e.g. shutdown with power button)<br />
*'''scanner''' - for using a scanner<br />
<br />
For additional information about listed and other groups see [[Groups#User groups]].<br />
<br />
Now you will be presented with a preview of your new account, and the ability to cancel or continue operations: after pressing {{Keypress|Enter}} the account will be created, and you will be prompted to enter additional, optional information for the new user (e.g. the full name). After that, you will be asked to enter the password for your account.<br />
<br />
====非互動式的方法====<br />
{{bc|# useradd -m -g users -G audio,lp,optical,storage,video,wheel,games,power,scanner -s /bin/bash archie}}<br />
<br />
You will have to set a password using {{ic|passwd}}. To enter additional information you can use the {{ic|chfn}} command.<br />
<br />
====刪除使用者帳號====<br />
<br />
In the event of error, or if you wish to delete this user account in favor of a different name or for any other reason, use {{ic|userdel}}:<br />
{{bc|# userdel -r [username]}}<br />
The {{ic|-r}} option will remove the user's home directory and its content, along with the the user's mail spool.<br />
<br />
====更多資訊====<br />
Read [[Users and Groups]] for further information. If you want to change the name of your user or any existing user, consult the [[Change username]] page. You may also check the man pages for {{ic|usermod(8)}} and {{ic|gpasswd(8)}}.<br />
<br />
==其他==<br />
You should now have a completely functional Arch system which will act as a suitable base for you to build upon based on your needs. However, most people are interested in a desktop system, complete with sound and graphics. This part of the guide will provide a brief overview of the procedure to acquire these extras.<br />
<br />
===Sudo===<br />
Install Sudo:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S sudo}}<br />
To add a user as a sudo user (a &quot;sudoer&quot;), the visudo command must be run as root.<br />
<br />
By default, the {{ic|visudo}} command uses the editor [[vi]]. If you do not know how to use vi, you may set the EDITOR environment variable to the editor of your choice, such as in this example with the editor "nano":<br />
# EDITOR=nano visudo<br />
{{Note|Please note that you are setting the variable and starting visudo on the same line at the same time. This will not work properly as two separated commands.}}<br />
<br />
If you are comfortable using vi, issue the visudo command without the EDITOR=nano variable:<br />
{{bc|# visudo}}<br />
This will open the file {{ic|/etc/sudoers}} in a special session of vi. visudo copies the file to be edited to a temporary file, edits it with an editor, (vi by default), and subsequently runs a sanity check. If it passes, the temporary file overwrites the original with the correct permissions.<br />
<br />
{{Warning|Do not edit {{ic|/etc/sudoers}} directly with an editor; errors in syntax can cause annoyances (like rendering the root account unusable). You '''must''' use the ''visudo'' command to edit {{ic|/etc/sudoers}}.}}<br />
<br />
In the previous section we added your user to the "wheel" group. To give users in the wheel group full root privileges when they precede a command with &quot;sudo&quot;, uncomment the following line:<br />
%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL<br />
Now you can give any user access to the sudo command by simply adding them to the wheel group.<br />
<br />
For more information, such as sudoer <TAB> completion, see [[Sudo#Enabling_tab-completion_in_bash]].<br />
<br />
===Sound===<br />
If you want sound, proceed to [[Advanced Linux Sound Architecture]] for instructions. Alternatively, proceed to the [[#Graphical User Interface|next section]] first, and set up sound later.<br />
<br />
{{Note|ALSA usually works out-of-the-box, it just needs to be unmuted.}}<br />
<br />
The [[Wikipedia:Advanced Linux Sound Architecture|Advanced Linux Sound Architecture]] (ALSA) is included with the kernel and it is recommended to try it first. However, if it does not work or you are not satisfied with the quality, the [[Wikipedia:Open Sound System|Open Sound System]] is a viable alternative. OSSv4 has been released under a free license and is generally considered a significant improvement over the older OSSv3 which was replaced by ALSA. Instructions can be found in the [[OSS|OSS article]].<br />
<br />
If you have advanced audio requirements, take a look at [[Sound]] for an overview of various articles.<br />
<br />
==='''G'''raphical '''U'''ser '''I'''nterface===<br />
<br />
====Install X====<br />
<br />
{{Note|If you are installing Arch as a Virtualbox guest, you need a different way to complete X installation. See [[Arch Linux VirtualBox Guest]], then jump to the configuration part below.}}<br />
The [[Wikipedia:X Window System|X Window System]] (commonly '''X11''', or '''X''') is a networking and display protocol which provides windowing on bitmap displays. It provides the standard toolkit and protocol to build graphical user interfaces (GUIs).<br />
<br />
Now we will install the base '''[[Xorg]]''' packages using pacman.<br />
<br />
Install the base packages:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S xorg-server xorg-xinit xorg-server-utils}}<br />
<br />
Install [[Wikipedia:Mesa 3D (OpenGL)|mesa]] for 3D support:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S mesa}}<br />
<br />
The 3D utilities glxgears and [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/glxinfo glxinfo] are included in the {{Pkg|mesa-demos}} package. Install if needed:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S mesa-demos}}<br />
<br />
====Install video driver====<br />
Next, you should install a driver for your graphics card.<br />
<br />
You will need knowledge of which video chipset your machine has. If you do not know, use the {{ic|/usr/sbin/lspci}} program:<br />
{{bc|<nowiki>$ lspci | grep VGA</nowiki>}}<br />
<br />
{{Note| The '''vesa''' driver is the most generic, and should work with almost any modern video chipset. If you cannot find a suitable driver for your video chipset, vesa ''should'' work with any video card, but it offers only unaccelerated 2D performance.}}<br />
<br />
For a complete list of all '''open-source''' video drivers, search the package database:<br />
{{bc|<nowiki>$ pacman -Ss xf86-video | less</nowiki>}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|Proprietary drivers for NVIDIA and ATI are covered in the next sections. If you plan on doing heavy 3D processing such as gaming, consider using these.}}<br />
<br />
Use pacman to install the appropriate video driver for your video card/onboard video. Example for the Savage driver:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S xf86-video-savage}}<br />
<br />
{{Tip|For some Intel graphics cards, configuration may be necessary to get proper 2D or 3D performance, see [[Intel]] for more information.}}<br />
<br />
=====NVIDIA Graphics Cards=====<br />
NVIDIA users have three options for drivers (in addition to the vesa driver):<br />
* The open-source nouveau driver, which offers fast 2d acceleration and basic 3d support which is good enough for basic compositing (note: does not fully support powersaving yet). [http://nouveau.freedesktop.org/wiki/FeatureMatrix Feature Matrix.]<br />
* The open-source (but obfuscated) nv driver, which is very slow and only has 2d support.<br />
* The proprietary nvidia drivers, which offer good 3d performance and powersaving. Even if you plan on using the proprietary drivers, it is recommended to start with nouveau and then switch to the binary driver after you have X set up and working. Nouveau often works out-of-the-box, while nvidia will require configuration and likely some troubleshooting. See [[NVIDIA]] for more information.<br />
<br />
The open-source nouveau driver should be good enough for most users and is recommended:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S xf86-video-nouveau}}<br />
<br />
For experimental 3D support:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S nouveau-dri}}<br />
<br />
{{Tip|For advanced instructions, see [[Nouveau]].}}<br />
<br />
=====ATI Graphics Cards=====<br />
ATI owners have two options for drivers (in addition to the vesa driver):<br />
* The open source '''radeon''' driver provided by the {{Pkg|xf86-video-ati}} package. See the [http://wiki.x.org/wiki/RadeonFeature radeon feature matrix] for details.<br />
* The proprietary '''fglrx''' driver provided by the {{AUR|catalyst}} package located in the [[AUR]]. It supports only newer devices (HD2xxx and newer). It was once a package offered by Arch in the '''extra''' repository, but as of March 2009, official support has been dropped because of dissatisfaction with the quality and speed of development of the proprietary driver. See [[ATI Catalyst]] for more information.<br />
<br />
The open-source driver is the recommended choice. Install the '''radeon''' ATI Driver:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S xf86-video-ati}}<br />
<br />
{{Tip|For advanced instructions, see [[ATI]].}}<br />
<br />
=====SiS Graphics Cards=====<br />
SiS cards are not officially supported on Linux. Despite this fact 3 more or less outdated drivers can be installed from the [[official repositories]]:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S xf86-video-sis}}<br />
or<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S xf86-video-sisusb}}<br />
or<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S xf86-video-sisimedia}}<br />
<br />
If neither of them works for you, searching in the [[AUR]] and compiling a driver (with possible downgrading of {{pkg|xorg-server}}) is the only option.<br />
<br />
{{Tip|<br />
*You can learn more about current state of sis drivers at http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/SiS.<br />
*For advanced instructions, see [[SiS]].}}<br />
<br />
====Install input drivers====<br />
Udev should be capable of detecting your hardware without problems and evdev ({{Pkg|xf86-input-evdev}}) is the modern, hotplugging input driver for almost all devices so in most cases, installing input drivers is not needed. At this point, evdev has already been installed as a dependency of Xorg.<br />
<br />
If evdev does not support your device, install the needed driver from the xorg-input-drivers group.<br />
<br />
For a complete list of available input drivers, invoke a pacman search:<br />
{{bc|<nowiki># pacman -Ss xf86-input | less</nowiki>}}<br />
{{Note|You only need {{Pkg|xf86-input-keyboard}} or {{Pkg|xf86-input-mouse}} if you plan on disabling hotplugging, otherwise, evdev will act as the input driver.}}<br />
<br />
Laptop users (or users with a touchscreen) will also need the synaptics package to allow X to configure the touchpad/touchscreen:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S xf86-input-synaptics}}<br />
<br />
{{Tip|For instructions on fine tuning or troubleshooting touchpad settings, see the [[Touchpad Synaptics]] article.}}<br />
<br />
====設定 X (選擇性)====<br />
{{Warning|Proprietary drivers usually require a reboot after installation along with configuration. See [[NVIDIA]] or [[ATI Catalyst]] for details.}}<br />
<br />
X Server features auto-configuration and therefore can function without an {{ic|xorg.conf}}. If you still wish to manually configure X Server, please see the [[Xorg]] wiki page.<br />
<br />
=====非美式鍵盤配置=====<br />
If you do not use a standard US keyboard, you need to set the keyboard layout in {{ic|/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/10-evdev.conf}}:<br />
<br />
Section "InputClass"<br />
Identifier "evdev keyboard catchall"<br />
MatchIsKeyboard "on"<br />
MatchDevicePath "/dev/input/event*"<br />
Driver "evdev"<br />
'''Option "XkbLayout" "be"'''<br />
EndSection<br />
<br />
If, for example, you wish to use a variant of the US keyboard, add the following into the same section from the previous example:<br />
Option "XkbLayout" "us"<br />
Option "XkbVariant" "dvorak"<br />
<br />
{{Note|The '''XkbLayout''' key may differ from the keymap code you used with the km or loadkeys command. A list of many keyboard layouts and variants can be found in {{ic|/usr/share/X11/xkb/rules/base.lst}} (see text after line beginning with {{ic|<nowiki>! layout</nowiki>}}). For instance the layout: '''gb''' corresponds to "English (UK)".<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====Testing X====<br />
This section will explain how to set up the default X environment with {{Pkg|twm}} in order to test '''X'''. [[#Choose and install a graphical interface|This section below]] cover installing a desktop environment or window manager of your choice.<br />
<br />
Install the default environment:<br />
<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S xorg-twm xorg-xclock xterm}}<br />
<br />
If Xorg was installed before creating the non-root user, there will be a template {{ic|.xinitrc}} file in your home directory that needs to be either deleted or edited in order to start X. Simply deleting it will cause '''X''' to run with the default environment installed above.<br />
<br />
{{bc|$ rm ~/.xinitrc}}<br />
<br />
=====Message bus=====<br />
{{Note|You ''can'' skip this section until you install a package that depends on [[dbus]], but you'll need to remember to set up the daemon if and when you do.}}<br />
<br />
Install [[dbus]]:<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S dbus}}<br />
<br />
Start the dbus daemon:<br />
{{bc|# rc.d start dbus}}<br />
<br />
{{Note|{{ic|/usr/sbin/rc.d}} is an Arch-specific command which acts as a shortcut for executing [[daemon]] actions in place of using the full {{ic|/etc/rc.d/''daemon''}} path.}}<br />
<br />
Add dbus to the {{ic|DAEMONS}} array in {{ic|/etc/rc.conf}} so it starts automatically on boot:<br />
{{bc|1=DAEMONS=(... dbus ...)}}<br />
<br />
=====Start X=====<br />
{{Note|The Ctrl-Alt-Backspace shortcut traditionally used to kill X has been deprecated and will not work to exit out of this test. You can enable {{Keypress|Ctrl-Alt-Backspace}} by editing {{ic|xorg.conf}}, as described [[Xorg#Ctrl+Alt+Backspace_does_not_work|here]].}} Both the following commands can be found in the {{pkg|xorg-xinit}} package if you have troubles running them.<br />
Finally, start Xorg:<br />
{{bc|$ startx}}<br />
<br />
or:<br />
{{bc|$ xinit -- /usr/bin/X -nolisten tcp}}<br />
<br />
A few movable windows should show up, and your mouse should work. Once you are satisfied that '''X''' installation was a success, you may exit out of '''X''' by issuing the {{ic|exit}} command into the prompts until you return to the console.<br />
<br />
If the screen goes black, you may still attempt to switch to a different virtual console ({{Keypress|CTRL-Alt-F2}}, for example), and login blindly as root, followed by {{Keypress|Enter}}, followed by root's password followed by {{Keypress|Enter}}.<br />
<br />
You can attempt to kill the '''X''' server with {{ic|/usr/bin/pkill}} (note the capital letter '''X'''):<br />
{{bc|# pkill X}}<br />
<br />
If '''pkill''' does not work, reboot blindly with:<br />
{{bc|# reboot}}<br />
<br />
=====In case of errors=====<br />
If a problem occurs, look for errors in {{ic|/var/log/Xorg.0.log}}. Be on the lookout for any lines beginning with {{ic|(EE)}} which represent errors, and also {{ic|(WW)}} which are warnings that could indicate other issues.<br />
{{bc|$ grep EE /var/log/Xorg.0.log}}<br />
<br />
Errors may also be searched for in the console output of the virtual console from which '''X''' was started.<br />
<br />
See the [[Xorg]] article for detailed instructions and troubleshooting.<br />
<br />
=====Need Help?=====<br />
If you are still having trouble after consulting the [[Xorg]] article and need assistance via the Arch forums, be sure to install and use {{Pkg|wgetpaste}}:<br />
<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S wgetpaste}}<br />
Use '''wgetpaste''' and provide links for the following files when asking for help in your forum post:<br />
* {{ic|~/.xinitrc}}<br />
* {{ic|/etc/X11/xorg.conf}}<br />
* {{ic|/var/log/Xorg.0.log}}<br />
* {{ic|/var/log/Xorg.0.log.old}}<br />
Use it like so:<br />
{{bc|$ wgetpaste /path/to/file}}<br />
Post the corresponding links given within your forum post. Be sure to provide appropriate hardware and driver information as well.<br />
{{Note|It is very important to provide detail when troubleshooting X. Please provide all pertinent information as detailed above when asking for assistance on the Arch forums.}}<br />
<br />
====Install Fonts====<br />
At this point, you may wish to install a set of TrueType fonts, as only unscalable bitmap fonts are included by default. DejaVu is a set of high quality, general-purpose fonts with good [[Wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]] coverage:<br />
<br />
{{bc|# pacman -S ttf-dejavu}}<br />
<br />
*Refer to [[Font Configuration]] for how to configure font rendering and [[Fonts]] for font suggestions and installation instructions.<br />
<br />
====Choose and install a graphical interface====<br />
The X Window System provides the basic framework for building a graphical user interface (GUI).<br />
<br />
{{Note|Choosing your DE or WM is a very subjective and personal decision. Choose the best environment for ''your'' needs.}}<br />
<br />
;Window Manager (WM) : Controls the placement and appearance of application windows in conjunction with the X Window System. '''See [[Window Manager#Window managers|Window managers]] for more information.'''<br />
<br />
;Desktop Environment (DE): Works atop and in conjunction with X, to provide a completely functional and dynamic GUI. A DE typically provides a window manager, icons, applets, windows, toolbars, folders, wallpapers, a suite of applications and abilities like drag and drop.''' See [[Desktop Environment#Desktop environments|Desktop environments]] for more information.'''<br />
<br />
{{Note|You can build your own desktop environment with a window manager and the applications of your choice.}}<br />
<br />
After installing a graphical interface, you may wish to continue with [[General Recommendations]] for post-installation instructions.<br />
<br />
====Methods for starting your Graphical Environment====<br />
=====Manually=====<br />
You might prefer to start X manually from your terminal rather than booting straight into the desktop. For DE-specific commands, please see the wiki page corrosponding to your DE for more information. For more generic '''X''' commands, please see the [[Xorg#Methods for starting your Graphical Environment|section on the Xorg page]].<br />
<br />
=====Automatically=====<br />
You might prefer to have the desktop start automatically during boot instead of starting X manually. See [[Display Manager]] for instructions on using a login manager or [[Start X at Boot]] for two lightweight methods that do not rely on a display manager.<br />
<br />
==附錄==<br />
For a list of applications that may be of interest, see [[Common Applications]].<br />
<br />
See [[General Recommendations]] for post-installation tutorials like setting up CPU frequency scaling or font rendering.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[http://wiki.gotux.net/arch/initial-install Initial Arch Linux Install Tutorial]<br />
*[http://wiki.gotux.net/arch/post-install Post Arch Linux Install Tutorial]</div>
Joshra