Installation guide: Difference between revisions
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[[Category:Installation process]] | [[Category:Installation process]] | ||
[[bg:Installation guide]] | [[bg:Installation guide]] | ||
[[ | [[ca:Installation guide]] | ||
[[cs:Installation guide]] | [[cs:Installation guide]] | ||
[[de:Arch Install Scripts]] | [[de:Arch Install Scripts]] | ||
[[el:Installation guide]] | [[el:Installation guide]] | ||
[[es:Installation guide]] | [[es:Installation guide]] | ||
[[fi:Installation guide]] | [[fi:Installation guide]] | ||
[[fr:Installation guide]] | [[fr:Installation guide]] | ||
[[it:Installation guide]] | [[it:Installation guide]] | ||
[[ja:インストールガイド]] | [[ja:インストールガイド]] | ||
[[ko:Installation guide]] | [[ko:Installation guide]] | ||
[[pl:Installation guide]] | [[pl:Installation guide]] | ||
[[pt:Installation guide]] | [[pt:Installation guide]] | ||
[[ru:Installation guide]] | [[ru:Installation guide]] | ||
[[sv:Installation guide]] | [[sv:Installation guide]] | ||
[[th:Installation guide]] | [[th:Installation guide]] | ||
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Before installing, it would be advised to view the [[FAQ]]. For conventions used in this document, see [[Help:Reading]]. In particular, code examples may contain placeholders (formatted in {{ic|''italics''}}) that must be replaced manually. | Before installing, it would be advised to view the [[FAQ]]. For conventions used in this document, see [[Help:Reading]]. In particular, code examples may contain placeholders (formatted in {{ic|''italics''}}) that must be replaced manually. | ||
For more detailed instructions, see the respective [[ArchWiki]] articles or the various programs' [[man page]]s, both linked from this guide. For interactive help, the [[IRC channel]] and the [https://bbs.archlinux.org/ forums] are also available. | This guide is kept concise and you are advised to follow the instructions in the presented order per section. For more detailed instructions, see the respective [[ArchWiki]] articles or the various programs' [[man page]]s, both linked from this guide. For interactive help, the [[IRC channel]] and the [https://bbs.archlinux.org/ forums] are also available. | ||
Arch Linux should run on any [[Wikipedia:X86-64|x86_64]]-compatible machine with a minimum of 512 MiB RAM, though more memory is needed to boot the live system for installation.[https://lists.archlinux.org/ | Arch Linux should run on any [[Wikipedia:X86-64|x86_64]]-compatible machine with a minimum of 512 MiB RAM, though more memory is needed to boot the live system for installation.[https://lists.archlinux.org/archives/list/arch-releng@lists.archlinux.org/message/D5HSGOFTPGYI6IZUEB3ZNAX4D3F3ID37/] A basic installation should take less than 2 GiB of disk space. As the installation process needs to retrieve packages from a remote repository, this guide assumes a working internet connection is available. | ||
== Pre-installation == | == Pre-installation == | ||
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It is recommended to verify the image signature before use, especially when downloading from an ''HTTP mirror'', where downloads are generally prone to be intercepted to [https://www2.cs.arizona.edu/stork/packagemanagersecurity/attacks-on-package-managers.html serve malicious images]. | It is recommended to verify the image signature before use, especially when downloading from an ''HTTP mirror'', where downloads are generally prone to be intercepted to [https://www2.cs.arizona.edu/stork/packagemanagersecurity/attacks-on-package-managers.html serve malicious images]. | ||
On a system with [[GnuPG]] installed, do this by downloading the ''PGP signature'' ( | On a system with [[GnuPG]] installed, do this by downloading the ''ISO PGP signature'' ([https://archlinux.org/download/#checksums under Checksums in the page Download]) to the ISO directory, and [[GnuPG#Verify a signature|verifying]] it with: | ||
$ gpg --keyserver-options auto-key-retrieve --verify archlinux-''version''-x86_64.iso.sig | $ gpg --keyserver-options auto-key-retrieve --verify archlinux-''version''-x86_64.iso.sig | ||
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=== Prepare an installation medium === | === Prepare an installation medium === | ||
The | The ISO can be supplied to the target machine via a [[USB flash installation medium|USB flash drive]], an [[Optical disc drive#Burning|optical disc]] or a network with [[PXE]]: follow the appropriate article to prepare yourself an installation medium from the ISO file. | ||
For the netboot image, follow [[Netboot#Boot from a USB flash drive]] to prepare a USB flash drive for UEFI booting. | |||
=== Boot the live environment === | === Boot the live environment === | ||
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# Point the current boot device to the one which has the Arch Linux installation medium. Typically it is achieved by pressing a key during the [[Wikipedia:Power-on self test|POST]] phase, as indicated on the splash screen. Refer to your motherboard's manual for details. | # Point the current boot device to the one which has the Arch Linux installation medium. Typically it is achieved by pressing a key during the [[Wikipedia:Power-on self test|POST]] phase, as indicated on the splash screen. Refer to your motherboard's manual for details. | ||
# When the installation medium's boot loader menu appears, select ''Arch Linux install medium'' and press {{ic|Enter}} to enter the installation environment. {{Tip|The | # When the installation medium's boot loader menu appears, | ||
#* if you used the ISO, select ''Arch Linux install medium'' and press {{ic|Enter}} to enter the installation environment. | |||
#* if you used the Netboot image, choose a geographically close mirror from ''Mirror'' menu, then select ''Boot Arch Linux'' and press {{ic|Enter}}. {{Tip| | |||
#** The ISO uses [[GRUB]] for UEFI and [[syslinux]] for BIOS booting. Use respectively {{ic|e}} or {{ic|Tab}} to enter the [[Kernel parameters#Configuration|boot parameters]]. The Netboot image uses iPXE and the boot parameters can be specified in the ''Boot options'' menu. See [https://gitlab.archlinux.org/archlinux/mkinitcpio/mkinitcpio-archiso/blob/master/docs/README.bootparams README.bootparams] for a list. | |||
#** A common example of manually defined boot parameter would be the font size. For better readability on HiDPI screens—when they are not already recognized as such—using {{ic|1=fbcon=font:TER16x32}} can help. See [[HiDPI#Linux console (tty)]] for a detailed explanation. | |||
#}} | |||
# You will be logged in on the first [[Wikipedia:Virtual console|virtual console]] as the root user, and presented with a [[Zsh]] shell prompt. | # You will be logged in on the first [[Wikipedia:Virtual console|virtual console]] as the root user, and presented with a [[Zsh]] shell prompt. | ||
To switch to a different console—for example, to view this guide with [https://lynx.invisible-island.net/lynx_help/Lynx_users_guide.html Lynx] alongside the installation—use the {{ic|Alt+''arrow''}} [[Keyboard shortcuts|shortcut]]. To [[textedit|edit]] configuration files, {{man|1|mcedit}}, [[nano#Usage|nano]] and [[vim#Usage|vim]] are available. See [https:// | To switch to a different console—for example, to view this guide with [https://lynx.invisible-island.net/lynx_help/Lynx_users_guide.html Lynx] alongside the installation—use the {{ic|Alt+''arrow''}} [[Keyboard shortcuts|shortcut]]. To [[textedit|edit]] configuration files, {{man|1|mcedit}}, [[nano#Usage|nano]] and [[vim#Usage|vim]] are available. See [https://geo.mirror.pkgbuild.com/iso/latest/arch/pkglist.x86_64.txt pkglist.x86_64.txt] for a list of the packages included in the installation medium. | ||
=== Set the keyboard layout === | === Set the console keyboard layout and font === | ||
The default [[console keymap]] is [[Wikipedia:File:KB United States-NoAltGr.svg|US]]. Available layouts can be listed with: | The default [[console keymap]] is [[Wikipedia:File:KB United States-NoAltGr.svg|US]]. Available layouts can be listed with: | ||
# | # localectl list-keymaps | ||
To | To set the keyboard layout, pass its name to {{man|1|loadkeys}}. For example, to set a [[Wikipedia:File:KB Germany.svg|German]] keyboard layout: | ||
# loadkeys de-latin1 | # loadkeys de-latin1 | ||
[[Console fonts]] are located in {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/}} and can likewise be set with {{man|8|setfont}}. | [[Console fonts]] are located in {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/}} and can likewise be set with {{man|8|setfont}} omitting the path and file extension. For example, to use one of the largest fonts suitable for [[HiDPI#Linux console (tty)|HiDPI screens]], run: | ||
# setfont ter-132b | |||
=== Verify the boot mode === | === Verify the boot mode === | ||
To verify the boot mode, | To verify the boot mode, check the UEFI bitness: | ||
# | # cat /sys/firmware/efi/fw_platform_size | ||
If the command | If the command returns {{ic|64}}, then system is booted in UEFI mode and has a 64-bit x64 UEFI. If the command returns {{ic|32}}, then system is booted in UEFI mode and has a 32-bit IA32 UEFI; while this is supported, it will limit the boot loader choice to systemd-boot and GRUB. If the file does not exist, the system may be booted in [[Wikipedia:BIOS|BIOS]] (or [[Wikipedia:Compatibility Support Module|CSM]]) mode. If the system did not boot in the mode you desired (UEFI vs BIOS), refer to your motherboard's manual. | ||
=== Connect to the internet === | === Connect to the internet === | ||
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** Mobile broadband modem—connect to the mobile network with the [[mmcli]] utility. | ** Mobile broadband modem—connect to the mobile network with the [[mmcli]] utility. | ||
* Configure your network connection: | * Configure your network connection: | ||
** [[DHCP]]: dynamic IP address and DNS server assignment (provided by [[systemd-networkd]] and [[systemd-resolved]]) should work out of the box for | ** [[DHCP]]: dynamic IP address and DNS server assignment (provided by [[systemd-networkd]] and [[systemd-resolved]]) should work out of the box for Ethernet, WLAN, and WWAN network interfaces. | ||
** Static IP address: follow [[Network configuration#Static IP address]]. | ** Static IP address: follow [[Network configuration#Static IP address]]. | ||
* The connection may be verified with [[ | * The connection may be verified with [[ping]]: {{bc|# ping archlinux.org}} | ||
{{Note|In the installation image, [[systemd-networkd]], [[systemd-resolved]], [[iwd]] and [[ModemManager]] are preconfigured and enabled by default. That will not be the case for the installed system.}} | {{Note|In the installation image, [[systemd-networkd]], [[systemd-resolved]], [[iwd]] and [[ModemManager]] are preconfigured and enabled by default. That will not be the case for the installed system.}} | ||
=== Update the system clock === | === Update the system clock === | ||
In the live environment [[systemd-timesyncd]] is enabled by default and time will be synced automatically once a connection to the internet is established. | |||
Use {{man|1|timedatectl}} to ensure the system clock is accurate: | Use {{man|1|timedatectl}} to ensure the system clock is accurate: | ||
# timedatectl | # timedatectl | ||
=== Partition the disks === | === Partition the disks === | ||
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# fdisk -l | # fdisk -l | ||
Results ending in {{ic|rom}}, {{ic|loop}} or {{ic| | Results ending in {{ic|rom}}, {{ic|loop}} or {{ic|airootfs}} may be ignored. {{ic|mmcblk*}} devices ending in {{ic|rpbm}}, {{ic|boot0}} and {{ic|boot1}} can be ignored. | ||
{{Note|If the disk does not show up, [[Partitioning#Drives are not visible when firmware RAID is enabled|make sure the disk controller is not in RAID mode]].}} | |||
{{Tip|Check that your NVMe drives and Advanced Format hard disk drives are using the [[Advanced Format|optimal logical sector size]] before partitioning.}} | |||
The following [[partition]]s are '''required''' for a chosen device: | The following [[partition]]s are '''required''' for a chosen device: | ||
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* For booting in [[UEFI]] mode: an [[EFI system partition]]. | * For booting in [[UEFI]] mode: an [[EFI system partition]]. | ||
Use a [[Partitioning#Partitioning tools|partitioning tool]] like [[fdisk]] to modify partition tables. For example: | |||
# fdisk ''/dev/the_disk_to_be_partitioned'' | |||
{{Note| | |||
* Take time to plan a long-term partitioning scheme to avoid risky and complicated conversion or re-partitioning procedures in the future. | |||
* If you want to create any stacked block devices for [[Install Arch Linux on LVM|LVM]], [[dm-crypt|system encryption]] or [[RAID]], do it now. | |||
* If the disk from which you want to boot [[EFI system partition#Check for an existing partition|already has an EFI system partition]], do not create another one, but use the existing partition instead. | |||
* [[Swap]] space can be set on a [[swap file]] for file systems supporting it. | |||
}} | |||
==== Example layouts ==== | ==== Example layouts ==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ | |+ UEFI with [[GPT]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Mount point | ! Mount point | ||
! Partition | ! Partition | ||
! [[Wikipedia:Partition type|Partition type]] | ! [[Wikipedia:GUID Partition Table#Partition type GUIDs|Partition type]] | ||
! Suggested size | ! Suggested size | ||
|- | |||
| {{ic|/mnt/boot}}<sup>1</sup> | |||
| {{ic|/dev/''efi_system_partition''}} | |||
| [[EFI system partition]] | |||
| 1 GiB | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ic|[SWAP]}} | | {{ic|[SWAP]}} | ||
| {{ic|/dev/''swap_partition''}} | | {{ic|/dev/''swap_partition''}} | ||
| Linux swap | | Linux swap | ||
| | | At least 4 GiB | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ic|/mnt}} | | {{ic|/mnt}} | ||
| {{ic|/dev/''root_partition''}} | | {{ic|/dev/''root_partition''}} | ||
| Linux | | Linux x86-64 root (/) | ||
| Remainder of the device | | Remainder of the device. At least 23–32 GiB. | ||
|} | |} | ||
# [[EFI system partition#Typical mount points|Other mount points]], such as {{ic|/mnt/efi}}, are possible, provided that the used boot loader is capable of loading the kernel and initramfs images from the root volume. See the warning in [[Arch boot process#Boot loader]]. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ | |+ BIOS with [[MBR]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Mount point | ! Mount point | ||
! Partition | ! Partition | ||
! [[Wikipedia: | ! [[Wikipedia:Partition type|Partition type]] | ||
! Suggested size | ! Suggested size | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ic|[SWAP]}} | | {{ic|[SWAP]}} | ||
| {{ic|/dev/''swap_partition''}} | | {{ic|/dev/''swap_partition''}} | ||
| Linux swap | | Linux swap | ||
| | | At least 4 GiB | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ic|/mnt}} | | {{ic|/mnt}} | ||
| {{ic|/dev/''root_partition''}} | | {{ic|/dev/''root_partition''}} | ||
| Linux | | Linux | ||
| Remainder of the device | | Remainder of the device. At least 23–32 GiB. | ||
|} | |} | ||
See also [[Partitioning#Example layouts]]. | See also [[Partitioning#Example layouts]]. | ||
=== Format the partitions === | |||
Once the partitions have been created, each newly created partition must be formatted with an appropriate [[file system]]. See [[File systems#Create a file system]] for details. | |||
For example, to create an [[Ext4]] file system on {{ic|/dev/''root_partition''}}, run: | |||
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/''root_partition'' | # mkfs.ext4 /dev/''root_partition'' | ||
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# mkswap /dev/''swap_partition'' | # mkswap /dev/''swap_partition'' | ||
{{Note|For stacked block devices replace {{ic|/dev/''*_partition''}} with the appropriate block device path.}} | |||
{{ | If you created an EFI system partition, [[EFI system partition#Format the partition|format it]] to FAT32 using {{man|8|mkfs.fat}}. | ||
{{Warning|Only format the EFI system partition if you created it during the partitioning step. If there already was an EFI system partition on disk beforehand, reformatting it can destroy the boot loaders of other installed operating systems.}} | |||
# mkfs.fat -F 32 /dev/''efi_system_partition'' | |||
=== Mount the file systems === | === Mount the file systems === | ||
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# mount /dev/''root_partition'' /mnt | # mount /dev/''root_partition'' /mnt | ||
Create any remaining mount points (such as {{ic|/mnt/ | Create any remaining mount points (such as {{ic|/mnt/boot}}) and mount the volumes in their corresponding hierarchical order. | ||
{{Tip|Run {{man|8|mount}} with the {{ic|--mkdir}} option to create the specified mount point. Alternatively, create it using {{man|1|mkdir}} beforehand.}} | |||
For UEFI systems, mount the EFI system partition: | |||
# mount --mkdir /dev/''efi_system_partition'' /mnt/boot | |||
If you created a [[swap]] volume, enable it with {{man|8|swapon}}: | If you created a [[swap]] volume, enable it with {{man|8|swapon}}: | ||
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=== Select the mirrors === | === Select the mirrors === | ||
Packages to be installed must be downloaded from [[Mirrors|mirror servers]], which are defined in {{ic|/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist}}. On the live system, after connecting to the internet, [[reflector]] updates the mirror list by choosing 20 most recently synchronized HTTPS mirrors and sorting them by download rate. | Packages to be installed must be downloaded from [[Mirrors|mirror servers]], which are defined in {{ic|/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist}}. On the live system, after connecting to the internet, [[reflector]] updates the mirror list by choosing 20 most recently synchronized HTTPS mirrors and sorting them by download rate. | ||
The higher a mirror is placed in the list, the more priority it is given when downloading a package. You may want to inspect the file to see if it is satisfactory. If it is not, [[textedit|edit]] the file accordingly, and move the geographically closest mirrors to the top of the list, although other criteria should be taken into account. | The higher a mirror is placed in the list, the more priority it is given when downloading a package. You may want to inspect the file to see if it is satisfactory. If it is not, [[textedit|edit]] the file accordingly, and move the geographically closest mirrors to the top of the list, although other criteria should be taken into account. | ||
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=== Install essential packages === | === Install essential packages === | ||
{{Note|No software or configuration (except for {{ic|/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist}}) gets carried over from the live environment to the installed system.}} | |||
Use the {{man|8|pacstrap}} script to install the {{Pkg|base}} package, Linux [[kernel]] and firmware for common hardware: | Use the {{man|8|pacstrap}} script to install the {{Pkg|base}} package, Linux [[kernel]] and firmware for common hardware: | ||
# pacstrap /mnt base linux linux-firmware | # pacstrap -K /mnt base linux linux-firmware | ||
{{Tip| | {{Tip| | ||
* You can substitute {{Pkg|linux}} | * You can substitute {{Pkg|linux}} with a [[kernel]] package of your choice, or you could omit it entirely when installing in a [[Wikipedia:Container (virtualization)|container]]. | ||
* You could omit the installation of the firmware package when installing in a virtual machine or container. | * You could omit the installation of the firmware package when installing in a virtual machine or container. | ||
}} | }} | ||
The {{Pkg|base}} package does not include all tools from the live installation, so installing | The {{Pkg|base}} package does not include all tools from the live installation, so installing more packages may be necessary for a fully functional base system. To install other packages or package groups, append the names to the ''pacstrap'' command above (space separated) or use [[pacman]] to [[install]] them while [[#Chroot|chrooted into the new system]]. In particular, consider installing: | ||
* userspace utilities for | * CPU [[microcode]] updates—{{Pkg|amd-ucode}} or {{Pkg|intel-ucode}}—for hardware bug and security fixes, | ||
* utilities for accessing [[RAID]] or [[LVM]] | * [[File systems|userspace utilities for file systems]] that will be used on the system—for the purposes of e.g. file system creation and [[fsck]], | ||
* specific firmware for other devices not included in {{Pkg|linux-firmware}}, | * utilities for accessing and managing [[RAID#Installation|RAID]] or [[LVM#Installation|LVM]] if they will be used on the system, | ||
* software necessary for [[networking]], | * specific firmware for other devices not included in {{Pkg|linux-firmware}} (e.g. {{Pkg|sof-firmware}} for [[Advanced Linux Sound Architecture#ALSA firmware|onboard audio]], {{Pkg|linux-firmware-marvell}} for Marvell wireless and any of the multiple firmware packages for [[Broadcom wireless]]), | ||
* software necessary for [[networking]] (e.g. [[Network configuration#Network managers|a network manager or a standalone DHCP client]], [[Network configuration/Wireless#Authentication|authentication software]] for Wi-Fi, [[ModemManager]] for mobile broadband connections), | |||
* a [[text editor]], | * a [[text editor]], | ||
* packages for accessing documentation in [[man]] and [[info]] pages: {{Pkg|man-db}}, {{Pkg|man-pages}} and {{Pkg|texinfo}}. | * packages for accessing documentation in [[man]] and [[info]] pages: {{Pkg|man-db}}, {{Pkg|man-pages}} and {{Pkg|texinfo}}. | ||
For comparison, packages available in the live system can be found in [https://geo.mirror.pkgbuild.com/iso/latest/arch/pkglist.x86_64.txt pkglist.x86_64.txt]. | |||
== Configure the system == | == Configure the system == | ||
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# arch-chroot /mnt | # arch-chroot /mnt | ||
=== Time | === Time === | ||
Set the [[time zone]]: | Set the [[time zone]]: | ||
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This command assumes the hardware clock is set to [[Wikipedia:UTC|UTC]]. See [[System time#Time standard]] for details. | This command assumes the hardware clock is set to [[Wikipedia:UTC|UTC]]. See [[System time#Time standard]] for details. | ||
To prevent clock drift and ensure accurate time, set up [[time synchronization]] using a [[Wikipedia:Network Time Protocol|Network Time Protocol]] (NTP) client such as [[systemd-timesyncd]]. | |||
=== Localization === | === Localization === | ||
[[textedit|Edit]] {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}} and uncomment {{ic|en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8}} and other needed [[locale]]s. Generate the locales by running: | [[textedit|Edit]] {{ic|/etc/locale.gen}} and uncomment {{ic|en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8}} and other needed UTF-8 [[locale]]s. Generate the locales by running: | ||
# locale-gen | # locale-gen | ||
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}} | }} | ||
If you [[#Set the keyboard layout|set the keyboard layout]], make the changes persistent in {{man|5|vconsole.conf}}: | If you [[#Set the console keyboard layout and font|set the console keyboard layout]], make the changes persistent in {{man|5|vconsole.conf}}: | ||
{{hc|1=/etc/vconsole.conf|2= | {{hc|1=/etc/vconsole.conf|2= | ||
Line 300: | Line 324: | ||
{{hc|/etc/hostname| | {{hc|/etc/hostname| | ||
'' | ''yourhostname'' | ||
}} | }} | ||
Complete the [[network configuration]] for the newly installed environment. That may include installing suitable [[network management]] software, configuring it if necessary and enabling its systemd unit so that it starts at boot. | |||
Complete the [[network configuration]] for the newly installed environment | |||
=== Initramfs === | === Initramfs === | ||
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=== Boot loader === | === Boot loader === | ||
Choose and install a Linux-capable [[boot loader]] | Choose and install a Linux-capable [[boot loader]]. | ||
== Reboot == | == Reboot == | ||
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== Post-installation == | == Post-installation == | ||
See [[General recommendations]] for system management directions and post-installation tutorials (like setting up a graphical user interface, sound or a touchpad). | See [[General recommendations]] for system management directions and post-installation tutorials (like creating unprivileged user accounts, setting up a graphical user interface, sound or a touchpad). | ||
For a list of applications that may be of interest, see [[List of applications]]. | For a list of applications that may be of interest, see [[List of applications]]. |
Latest revision as of 07:56, 15 April 2024
This document is a guide for installing Arch Linux using the live system booted from an installation medium made from an official installation image. The installation medium provides accessibility features which are described on the page Install Arch Linux with accessibility options. For alternative means of installation, see Category:Installation process.
Before installing, it would be advised to view the FAQ. For conventions used in this document, see Help:Reading. In particular, code examples may contain placeholders (formatted in italics
) that must be replaced manually.
This guide is kept concise and you are advised to follow the instructions in the presented order per section. For more detailed instructions, see the respective ArchWiki articles or the various programs' man pages, both linked from this guide. For interactive help, the IRC channel and the forums are also available.
Arch Linux should run on any x86_64-compatible machine with a minimum of 512 MiB RAM, though more memory is needed to boot the live system for installation.[1] A basic installation should take less than 2 GiB of disk space. As the installation process needs to retrieve packages from a remote repository, this guide assumes a working internet connection is available.
Pre-installation
Acquire an installation image
Visit the Download page and, depending on how you want to boot, acquire the ISO file or a netboot image, and the respective GnuPG signature.
Verify signature
It is recommended to verify the image signature before use, especially when downloading from an HTTP mirror, where downloads are generally prone to be intercepted to serve malicious images.
On a system with GnuPG installed, do this by downloading the ISO PGP signature (under Checksums in the page Download) to the ISO directory, and verifying it with:
$ gpg --keyserver-options auto-key-retrieve --verify archlinux-version-x86_64.iso.sig
Alternatively, from an existing Arch Linux installation run:
$ pacman-key -v archlinux-version-x86_64.iso.sig
- The signature itself could be manipulated if it is downloaded from a mirror site, instead of from archlinux.org as above. In this case, ensure that the public key, which is used to decode the signature, is signed by another, trustworthy key. The
gpg
command will output the fingerprint of the public key. - Another method to verify the authenticity of the signature is to ensure that the public key's fingerprint is identical to the key fingerprint of the Arch Linux developer who signed the ISO-file. See Wikipedia:Public-key cryptography for more information on the public-key process to authenticate keys.
Prepare an installation medium
The ISO can be supplied to the target machine via a USB flash drive, an optical disc or a network with PXE: follow the appropriate article to prepare yourself an installation medium from the ISO file.
For the netboot image, follow Netboot#Boot from a USB flash drive to prepare a USB flash drive for UEFI booting.
Boot the live environment
- Point the current boot device to the one which has the Arch Linux installation medium. Typically it is achieved by pressing a key during the POST phase, as indicated on the splash screen. Refer to your motherboard's manual for details.
- When the installation medium's boot loader menu appears,
- if you used the ISO, select Arch Linux install medium and press
Enter
to enter the installation environment. - if you used the Netboot image, choose a geographically close mirror from Mirror menu, then select Boot Arch Linux and press
Enter
.Tip:- The ISO uses GRUB for UEFI and syslinux for BIOS booting. Use respectively
e
orTab
to enter the boot parameters. The Netboot image uses iPXE and the boot parameters can be specified in the Boot options menu. See README.bootparams for a list. - A common example of manually defined boot parameter would be the font size. For better readability on HiDPI screens—when they are not already recognized as such—using
fbcon=font:TER16x32
can help. See HiDPI#Linux console (tty) for a detailed explanation.
- The ISO uses GRUB for UEFI and syslinux for BIOS booting. Use respectively
- if you used the ISO, select Arch Linux install medium and press
- You will be logged in on the first virtual console as the root user, and presented with a Zsh shell prompt.
To switch to a different console—for example, to view this guide with Lynx alongside the installation—use the Alt+arrow
shortcut. To edit configuration files, mcedit(1), nano and vim are available. See pkglist.x86_64.txt for a list of the packages included in the installation medium.
Set the console keyboard layout and font
The default console keymap is US. Available layouts can be listed with:
# localectl list-keymaps
To set the keyboard layout, pass its name to loadkeys(1). For example, to set a German keyboard layout:
# loadkeys de-latin1
Console fonts are located in /usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/
and can likewise be set with setfont(8) omitting the path and file extension. For example, to use one of the largest fonts suitable for HiDPI screens, run:
# setfont ter-132b
Verify the boot mode
To verify the boot mode, check the UEFI bitness:
# cat /sys/firmware/efi/fw_platform_size
If the command returns 64
, then system is booted in UEFI mode and has a 64-bit x64 UEFI. If the command returns 32
, then system is booted in UEFI mode and has a 32-bit IA32 UEFI; while this is supported, it will limit the boot loader choice to systemd-boot and GRUB. If the file does not exist, the system may be booted in BIOS (or CSM) mode. If the system did not boot in the mode you desired (UEFI vs BIOS), refer to your motherboard's manual.
Connect to the internet
To set up a network connection in the live environment, go through the following steps:
- Ensure your network interface is listed and enabled, for example with ip-link(8):
# ip link
- For wireless and WWAN, make sure the card is not blocked with rfkill.
- Connect to the network:
- Configure your network connection:
- DHCP: dynamic IP address and DNS server assignment (provided by systemd-networkd and systemd-resolved) should work out of the box for Ethernet, WLAN, and WWAN network interfaces.
- Static IP address: follow Network configuration#Static IP address.
- The connection may be verified with ping:
# ping archlinux.org
Update the system clock
In the live environment systemd-timesyncd is enabled by default and time will be synced automatically once a connection to the internet is established.
Use timedatectl(1) to ensure the system clock is accurate:
# timedatectl
Partition the disks
When recognized by the live system, disks are assigned to a block device such as /dev/sda
, /dev/nvme0n1
or /dev/mmcblk0
. To identify these devices, use lsblk or fdisk.
# fdisk -l
Results ending in rom
, loop
or airootfs
may be ignored. mmcblk*
devices ending in rpbm
, boot0
and boot1
can be ignored.
The following partitions are required for a chosen device:
- One partition for the root directory
/
. - For booting in UEFI mode: an EFI system partition.
Use a partitioning tool like fdisk to modify partition tables. For example:
# fdisk /dev/the_disk_to_be_partitioned
- Take time to plan a long-term partitioning scheme to avoid risky and complicated conversion or re-partitioning procedures in the future.
- If you want to create any stacked block devices for LVM, system encryption or RAID, do it now.
- If the disk from which you want to boot already has an EFI system partition, do not create another one, but use the existing partition instead.
- Swap space can be set on a swap file for file systems supporting it.
Example layouts
Mount point | Partition | Partition type | Suggested size |
---|---|---|---|
/mnt/boot 1
|
/dev/efi_system_partition
|
EFI system partition | 1 GiB |
[SWAP]
|
/dev/swap_partition
|
Linux swap | At least 4 GiB |
/mnt
|
/dev/root_partition
|
Linux x86-64 root (/) | Remainder of the device. At least 23–32 GiB. |
- Other mount points, such as
/mnt/efi
, are possible, provided that the used boot loader is capable of loading the kernel and initramfs images from the root volume. See the warning in Arch boot process#Boot loader.
Mount point | Partition | Partition type | Suggested size |
---|---|---|---|
[SWAP]
|
/dev/swap_partition
|
Linux swap | At least 4 GiB |
/mnt
|
/dev/root_partition
|
Linux | Remainder of the device. At least 23–32 GiB. |
See also Partitioning#Example layouts.
Format the partitions
Once the partitions have been created, each newly created partition must be formatted with an appropriate file system. See File systems#Create a file system for details.
For example, to create an Ext4 file system on /dev/root_partition
, run:
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/root_partition
If you created a partition for swap, initialize it with mkswap(8):
# mkswap /dev/swap_partition
/dev/*_partition
with the appropriate block device path.If you created an EFI system partition, format it to FAT32 using mkfs.fat(8).
# mkfs.fat -F 32 /dev/efi_system_partition
Mount the file systems
Mount the root volume to /mnt
. For example, if the root volume is /dev/root_partition
:
# mount /dev/root_partition /mnt
Create any remaining mount points (such as /mnt/boot
) and mount the volumes in their corresponding hierarchical order.
--mkdir
option to create the specified mount point. Alternatively, create it using mkdir(1) beforehand.For UEFI systems, mount the EFI system partition:
# mount --mkdir /dev/efi_system_partition /mnt/boot
If you created a swap volume, enable it with swapon(8):
# swapon /dev/swap_partition
genfstab(8) will later detect mounted file systems and swap space.
Installation
Select the mirrors
Packages to be installed must be downloaded from mirror servers, which are defined in /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
. On the live system, after connecting to the internet, reflector updates the mirror list by choosing 20 most recently synchronized HTTPS mirrors and sorting them by download rate.
The higher a mirror is placed in the list, the more priority it is given when downloading a package. You may want to inspect the file to see if it is satisfactory. If it is not, edit the file accordingly, and move the geographically closest mirrors to the top of the list, although other criteria should be taken into account.
This file will later be copied to the new system by pacstrap, so it is worth getting right.
Install essential packages
/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
) gets carried over from the live environment to the installed system.Use the pacstrap(8) script to install the base package, Linux kernel and firmware for common hardware:
# pacstrap -K /mnt base linux linux-firmware
The base package does not include all tools from the live installation, so installing more packages may be necessary for a fully functional base system. To install other packages or package groups, append the names to the pacstrap command above (space separated) or use pacman to install them while chrooted into the new system. In particular, consider installing:
- CPU microcode updates—amd-ucode or intel-ucode—for hardware bug and security fixes,
- userspace utilities for file systems that will be used on the system—for the purposes of e.g. file system creation and fsck,
- utilities for accessing and managing RAID or LVM if they will be used on the system,
- specific firmware for other devices not included in linux-firmware (e.g. sof-firmware for onboard audio, linux-firmware-marvell for Marvell wireless and any of the multiple firmware packages for Broadcom wireless),
- software necessary for networking (e.g. a network manager or a standalone DHCP client, authentication software for Wi-Fi, ModemManager for mobile broadband connections),
- a text editor,
- packages for accessing documentation in man and info pages: man-db, man-pages and texinfo.
For comparison, packages available in the live system can be found in pkglist.x86_64.txt.
Configure the system
Fstab
Generate an fstab file (use -U
or -L
to define by UUID or labels, respectively):
# genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
Check the resulting /mnt/etc/fstab
file, and edit it in case of errors.
Chroot
Change root into the new system:
# arch-chroot /mnt
Time
Set the time zone:
# ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Region/City /etc/localtime
Run hwclock(8) to generate /etc/adjtime
:
# hwclock --systohc
This command assumes the hardware clock is set to UTC. See System time#Time standard for details.
To prevent clock drift and ensure accurate time, set up time synchronization using a Network Time Protocol (NTP) client such as systemd-timesyncd.
Localization
Edit /etc/locale.gen
and uncomment en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
and other needed UTF-8 locales. Generate the locales by running:
# locale-gen
Create the locale.conf(5) file, and set the LANG variable accordingly:
/etc/locale.conf
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
If you set the console keyboard layout, make the changes persistent in vconsole.conf(5):
/etc/vconsole.conf
KEYMAP=de-latin1
Network configuration
/etc/hostname
yourhostname
Complete the network configuration for the newly installed environment. That may include installing suitable network management software, configuring it if necessary and enabling its systemd unit so that it starts at boot.
Initramfs
Creating a new initramfs is usually not required, because mkinitcpio was run on installation of the kernel package with pacstrap.
For LVM, system encryption or RAID, modify mkinitcpio.conf(5) and recreate the initramfs image:
# mkinitcpio -P
Root password
Set the root password:
# passwd
Boot loader
Choose and install a Linux-capable boot loader.
Reboot
Exit the chroot environment by typing exit
or pressing Ctrl+d
.
Optionally manually unmount all the partitions with umount -R /mnt
: this allows noticing any "busy" partitions, and finding the cause with fuser(1).
Finally, restart the machine by typing reboot
: any partitions still mounted will be automatically unmounted by systemd. Remember to remove the installation medium and then login into the new system with the root account.
Post-installation
See General recommendations for system management directions and post-installation tutorials (like creating unprivileged user accounts, setting up a graphical user interface, sound or a touchpad).
For a list of applications that may be of interest, see List of applications.