Install Arch Linux from existing Linux (正體中文)
這份指南試圖結合這個Wiki上已存在且相似的三篇不同安裝指南。 也寫給對想在其它運作中的Linux平台(LiveCD或是已安裝的不同發行版)上安裝Arch Linux的任何使用者。
總覽
Arch Linux 的 pacman 可指定(-r)任何你想要的目錄作為"根目錄(root)"完成安裝操作。 這對在另一個發行版的LiveCD或已有的系統上從頭開始建罝一個新的Arch Linux系統很有幫助。 It's also useful for creating new chroot environments on a "host" system, maintaining a "golden-master" for development & distribution, or other fun topics like rootfs-over-NFS for diskless machines.
以x86_64 host來說，它甚至有可能用i686-pacman建罝出32-bit的chroot環境。請參閱 Arch64 Install bundled 32bit system。
Throughout this guide, we will refer to partitions as /dev/sdxx. This refers to whatever dev entry you have on your system for the partition in question. The convention is: Drive 1, Partition 1: /dev/sda1 Drive 1, Partition 2: /dev/sda2 Drive 2, Partition 1: /dev/sdb1 etc...
We will refer to it as /dev/sdxx whenever possible.
如果你在安裝過程中有寬頻連線可用，而且只想作basic install，UNetBootin 可能會是值得一看的容易解答。 (還有 discussed here[broken link: invalid section].)
In this article, "host" refers to the computer which is used to perform the installation, and "target" refers to the computer where you want to install Arch. These may be one and the same computer. The host does not need to be an Arch system -- it can be a Debian or Redhat system. The section entitled "Setup the host system" explains how to install pacman on the host. The following section entitle "Setup the target system" explains how to use pacman from the host system to install Arch on the target system. Therefore if the host system is already running Arch, you can skip to "Setup the target system".
設定 host 系統
你需要安裝archlinux軟體包管理程式pacman到你的 host linux 環境。 另外你也會需要一份pacman映像站台清單，用來下載軟體包和它們自己的資料。
取得必要的軟體包
You need to get the required packages for your host linux environment. The examples given here assume you are using a i686 environment. If you are running on an 64bit linux instead you should replace each occurance of "i686" with "x86_64".
All version numbers given here may change. Please check the version numbers the packages are at first and note them down. The version numbers can be found here for pacman[dead link 2020-08-02 ⓘ] and here for pacman-mirrorlist[dead link 2020-08-02 ⓘ]. Once you are sure of the version numbers download the required packages:
mkdir /tmp/archlinux cd /tmp/archlinux wget ftp://ftp.archlinux.org/core/os/i686/pacman-\*.pkg.tar.gz tar xzvf pacman-*.pkg.tar.gz
安裝必要檔案到 host 系統
If you do not mind littering your install host, you can extract all the downloaded tar balls into your root directory by running as root:
cd / for f in /tmp/archlinux/pacman-*pkg.tar.gz tar xzf $f done
- If installing from Ubuntu 9.10's LiveCD (perhaps other versions), you will need more than just the pacman files (shared libs) to use pacman at all. Use Lucky's script described in this thread to get/install them for you!
- Alternatively, you can instead turn these tarballs into packages for your distribution with the alien tool. See the man page of the tool for instructions. The packages created that way may be installed into your host distribution using the usual package management tools available there. This approach offers the best integration into the host linux environment. For a debian package based system this is done with the following commands:
cd /tmp/archlinux alien -d pacman-3.3.3-1-i686.pkg.tar.gz alien -d pacman-mirrorlist-20101223-1-any.pkg.tar.gz
RPM based systems will need to replace the parameter "-d" with "-r".These distribution packages can then get installed using the normal package management tools of the host linux environment.
Under Fedora 12, I wasn't able to install pacman with any of the other methods, but with the nice script at https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=734336#p734336 it will download and install it for you. Worked wonderfully for me.
- On Gentoo: First Install the sunrise overlay[dead link 2020-08-02 ⓘ]. Then unmask pacman by adding sys-apps/pacman to /etc/portage/package.keywords. Now just run emerge -av pacman.
There is also a more detailed tutorial.
An older method is discussed here.
設罝 host 系統組態
Configure your /etc/pacman.conf to your liking, and remove unnecessary mirrors from /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist. Also, enabling at least a few mirrors might become necessary, as you may experience errors during syncing if you have no mirror set. You may want to manually resolve DNS in the /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist, because pacman for i686 may not be able to get address information on x86_64 systems.
If you're installing from a LiveCD, and you have a system with a low amount of combined RAM and swap (< 1 GB), be sure to set the cachedir in /etc/pacman.conf to be in the new Arch partition (e.g. /newarch/var/cache/pacman/pkg). Otherwise you could exhaust memory between the overhead of the existing distro and downloading necessary packages to install.
設定 target 系統
準備分割給 Arch 使用
You don't have to install Arch on a separate partition. You could instead build up a root filesystem in a normal directory, and then create a master tarball from it, or transfer it across the network.
However, most users will want to be installing Arch onto its own partition.
Prepare any partitions and filesystems you need for your installation. If your host system has any gui tools for this, such as gparted, cfdisk, or mandrakes diskdrake, feel free to use them.
To format a partition as ext3, you run (where /dev/sdxx is the partition you want to setup):
# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdxx
To format it as ext3 with journaling and dir_index:
# mkfs.ext3 -j -O dir_index /dev/sdxx
To format it as reiserfs:
# mkreiserfs /dev/sdxx
To format a partition as swap, and to start using it:
# mkswap /dev/sdxx # swapon /dev/sdxx
Most other filesystems can be setup with their own mkfs variant, take a look with tab completion. Available filesystems depend entirely on your host system.
Once you have your filesystems setup, mount them. Throughout this guide, we will refer to the new Arch root directory as /newarch, however you can put it wherever you like.
# mkdir /newarch # mount /dev/sdxx /newarch
安裝 core
Update pacman. You may have to create the /newarch/var/lib/pacman folder for it to work (see "Setup the host system" above):
# mkdir -p /newarch/var/lib/pacman # pacman -Sy -r /newarch
Install the 'base' group of packages:
# pacman -S base -r /newarch
NOTE: The -r parameter doesn't change the location of Pacman's cache directory. If you don't want Pacman's cache to be created in your host distro, supply another location with --cachedir, or modify pacman.conf as described above[broken link: invalid section].
準備 /dev nodes
First, ensure the correct /dev nodes have been made for udev:
ls -alF /newarch/dev
This result in a list containing lines similar to the following (the dates will differ for you):
crw------- 1 root root 5, 1 2008-12-27 21:40 console crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 2008-12-27 21:42 null crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 5 2008-12-27 21:40 zero
Delete and recreate any device which has a different set of permissions (the crw-... stuff plus the two root entries) and major/minor numbers (the two before the date).
cd /newarch/dev rm console ; mknod -m 600 console c 5 1 rm null ; mknod -m 666 null c 1 3 rm zero ; mknod -m 666 zero c 1 5
All device nodes should have been created for you already with the right permissions and you should not need to recreate any of them.
Chroot
Now we will chroot into the new Arch system.
In order for DNS to work properly you need to edit /newarch/etc/resolv.conf or replace it with the resolv.conf from your running distribution
cp /etc/resolv.conf /newarch/etc/
Also, you need to copy a correctly setup mirrorlist into the new system:
cp /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist /newarch/etc/pacman.d
Mount various filesystems into the new Arch system:
mount -t proc proc /newarch/proc mount -t sysfs sys /newarch/sys mount -o bind /dev /newarch/dev
If you have a separate /boot partition, you'll probably need to mount that too. See Change root for more details.
When everything is prepared, chroot into the new filesystem:
chroot /newarch /bin/bash
安裝剩餘部分
Install your preferred kernel, and any other packages you may wish to install. For the default kernel (which is already installed!):
pacman -S linux
If you wish to install extra packages now, you may do so with:
pacman -S packagename
設罝 target 系統組態
Edit your /etc/fstab, remembering to add /, swap and any other partitions you may wish to use.
Edit your /etc/rc.conf, /etc/hosts and /etc/mkinitcpio.conf to your needs. Then rebuild your initcpio image:
mkinitcpio -p linux
Edit /etc/locale.gen, uncommenting any locales you wish to have available, and build the locales:
locale-gen
設定 Grub
To use GRUB when chrooted, you need to ensure that /etc/mtab is up-to-date:
grep -v rootfs /proc/mounts > /etc/mtab
You can now run:
grub-install /dev/sdx
If grub-install fails, you can manually install:
grub grub> find /boot/grub/stage1 (You should see some results here if you have done everything right so far. If not, back up and retrace your steps.) grub> root (hd0,X) grub> setup (hd0) grub> quit
Double-check your /boot/grub/menu.lst. Depending on the host, it could need correcting from hda to sda, and a prefix of /boot as well in the paths.
Detailed instructions for GRUB and LILO are available elsewhere on this wiki.
Finishing touches
Exit your chroot[broken link: invalid section]:
exit
umount /newarch/boot # if you mounted this or any other separate partitions
umount /newarch/{proc,sys,dev}
umount /newarch
Reboot to your new Arch system!
疑難排除
Kernel Panic
如果在重開機到你的新系統時遇到 kernel panic 說 console 打不開：
kinit: couldn't open console, no such file...
這表示你沒有跟著前面的步驟做。在開頭準備的地方照著步驟來產生basic device nodes。
Root device '/dev/sd??' 不存在
If when you reboot into your new system you get a error messages like this:
Root device '/dev/sda1' doesn't exist, attempting to create it... etc.
This means the drives are showing up as "hda1" instead of "sda1" In which case change your GRUB or LILO settings to use "hd??" or try the following.
Edit /etc/mkinitcpio.conf and change "ide" to "pata" in the "HOOKS=" line. Then regenerate your initrd. (Make sure you have chroot'ed into the new system first.)
mkinitcpio -p linux
If you are using LVM make sure you add "lvm2" in the HOOKS line. Regenerate your initrd as above.
If you're installing to a device that needs PATA hook make sure it's located before autodetect hook in mkinitcpio.conf.
另一個方法: 用 Arch 映像檔從已有的 Linux 安裝
Preparing the Installation Environment
You can grab whatever image from Arch's Download Page and get the content of image by mount loopback:
CD Image:
$ mount -o loop archlinux-2009.08-core-i686.iso /mnt/loop
with USB Image:
$ losetup -f archlinux-2009.08-core-i686.img $ losetup -fo 32256 /dev/loop0 $ mount /dev/loop0 /mnt/loop
and the content of image:
$ ls /mnt/loop boot core-pkgs.sqfs isomounts lost+found overlay.sqfs root-image.sqfs
extract the root image:
$ cd /mnt $ unsquashfs loop/root-image.sqfs
after this step, you will have a new squashfs-root directory which contain new Arch system.
Install from New Environment
If you have Core Arch installation media, and want to install the core packages from it, just copy core-pkgs.sqfs to new squashfs-root directory:
$ cp loop/core-pkgs.sqfs squashfs-root
Now chroot into the new Arch system:
$ mount -t proc proc /mnt/squashfs-root/proc $ mount -t sysfs sys /mnt/squashfs-root/sys $ mount -o bind /dev /mnt/squashfs-root/dev $ chroot /mnt/squashfs-root /bin/bash
Now you're inside the new installation's filesystem. If you're going to use core-pkgs.sqfs, mount it now:
$ mkdir -p /src/core/pkg $ mount -o loop -t squashfs core-pkgs.sqfs /src/core/pkg
At this point, go ahead and launch Arch's aif installer!
$ aif -p interactive
and you can install Arch as normal (from CD or Internet) with the notice:
- Your target partition must not using by host system
After installing Arch from chroot's environment, you can remove any squashfs-root directory and exit the chroot:
$ umount /src/core/pkg $ exit $ umount /mnt/squashfs-root/dev $ umount /mnt/squashfs-root/sys $ umount /mnt/squashfs-root/proc $ rm -rf /mnt/squashfs-root
Update and Install packages from host system via chroot
Add an entry to your existing Grub bootloader's menu.lst, or if you installed a new Grub during the Arch installation process, add it to the /boot/grub/menu.lst on your Arch filesystem.
Now either reboot or chroot into the new Arch's partition to install further packages:
$ mkdir /mnt/arch $ mount /dev/sdxx /mnt/arch $ mount -t proc proc /mnt/arch/proc $ mount -t sysfs sys /mnt/arch/sys $ mount -o bind /dev /mnt/arch/dev $ chroot /mnt/arch /bin/bash
Update and install new packages:
# pacman -Syu