pacman/Rosetta

来自 Arch Linux 中文维基

这个页面用表格展示一些流行的 Linux 发行版包管理器命令的对应关系。这是受到 openSUSE's Software Management Command Line Comparison 的启发而成的。

提示:Arch 用户在临时处理其他发行版时可以用 pacapt,它是对其它包管理器的简单包装。

基本操作[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

行为 Arch Red Hat/Fedora Debian/Ubuntu SLES/openSUSE Gentoo
搜索软件包(们)。 What exact fields are being searched by default varies in each tool. Mostly options bring tools on par. pacman -Ss dnf search apt search zypper searchzypper se [-s] emerge --search (-s)

emerge --searchdesc (-S)

按照包名安装软件包(们) pacman -S dnf install apt install zypper installzypper in emerge
获取源码包(们)并构建依赖 makepkg -s PKGBUILD dnf builddep apt build-dep zypper source-install (zypper si) 或 zypper install -d emerge,或explicitly emerge --with-bdeps
不进行实际操作,只输出操作目标 pacman --print (或 -p) dnf --setopt=tsflags=test apt --simulate (or -s, --dry-run, --just-print) zypper --dry-run emerge --pretend (-p)
切换是否手动确认 pacman --confirmpacman --noconfirm dnf --assumeyes (-y) 或 dnf --assumeno apt --yes (-y) zypper --non-interactive (-n) 或 zypper --no-confirm (-y) emerge --ask (-a)
刷新本地软件包数据库 pacman -Sy (见 the warnings about partial updates) dnf check-updatednf makecache apt update zypper refreshzypper ref emerge --sync
升级软件包 - 安装已经有旧版本安装的软件包 pacman -Syu dnf upgrade apt upgrade zypper updatezypper up emerge -[a]uDN @world
升级软件包 -另一种的升级命令, 可以完成更复杂的升级 -- 比如发行版升级. 当普通的更新命令会忽略软件包更新时,包括依赖关系的一些变化使用这个命令可以进行更新. pacman -Syu dnf distro-sync apt dist-upgrade zypper dup emerge -[a]uDN @world
按照包名移除软件包(们)及其所有依赖 pacman -Rs dnf remove apt autoremove zypper removezypper rm emerge --depclean (-c)
按照包名移除软件包(们)及其配置文件 pacman -Rn ? apt purge ? n/a
按照包名移除软件包(们)及其所有依赖和配置文件 pacman -Rns ? apt autoremove --purge ? n/a
移除不再被需要的依赖(orphans), 例如 需要某个依赖的软件包已被移除 pacman -Qdtq | pacman -Rs - (-Qdttq to also remove optional deps) dnf autoremove apt autoremove zypper rm -u (just for removing a package) 或 zypper packages --unneeded (listing only and without recursion) emerge --depclean (-c)
移除所有不再处于任何仓库的软件包 pacman -Qmq | pacman -Rs - dnf repoquery --extras aptitude purge '~o' ?
将先前作为依赖被安装的软件包标记为明确的安装 pacman -D --asexplicit dnf mark install apt-mark manual zypper install --force (workaround which needs to reinstall the package) emerge --select (-w)
将软件包作为依赖被安装 / 并不明确的标记为 required pacman -S --asdeps dnf install and then dnf mark remove apt-mark auto n/a (feature request) emerge --oneshot (-1)
仅下载指定的软件包而不解包或安装 pacman -Sw dnf download apt install --download-only (into the package cache) 或 apt download (bypass the package cache) zypper --download-only emerge --fetchonly (-f)
清理本地所有缓存。可以使用选项显示实际清理的内容 pacman -Scpacman -Scc dnf clean all apt autoclean removes only unneeded, obsolete information或apt clean zypper clean eclean distfiles
打开一个Shell来在一个会话里输入多个命令 dnf shell zypper shell
显示关于软件包管理行为的日志 read /var/log/pacman.log dnf history read /var/log/dpkg.log read /var/log/zypp/history read /var/log/portage
Get a dump of the whole system information - Prints, Saves或similar the current state of the package management system. Preferred output is text or XML. (Note: Why either-or here? No tool offers the option to choose the output format.) /var/lib/pacman/local /var/lib/rpm/Packages apt-cache stats emerge --info
通过电子邮件发送软件包的变更 apt install apt-listchanges eselect news read

查询特定的软件包[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

Action Arch Red Hat/Fedora Debian/Ubuntu SLES/openSUSE Gentoo
显示关于一个软件包的全部或者大多数信息。针对默认命令,每个根据的信息详细程度各不相同。但通过选项,各个工具可以达到大致相同的详细程度。 pacman -Sipacman -Qi dnf listdnf info apt showapt-cache policy zypper infozypper if emerge -S, emerge -pveix
显示本地软件包信息:名称、版本、描述等等 pacman -Qi rpm -qi / dnf info installed dpkg -saptitude show zypper inforpm -qi emerge -pvemerge -S
显示远端软件包信息:名称、版本、描述等等 pacman -Si dnf info apt-cache showaptitude show zypper info emerge -pv and emerge -Sequery meta
显示由本地软件包提供的文件 pacman -Ql rpm -ql dpkg -L rpm -ql equery filesqlist
显示由远端软件包提供的文件 pacman -Fl dnf repoquery -lrepoquery -l (from package yum-utils) apt-file list pfl
查询拥有某个文件的软件包 pacman -Qo rpm -qf (installed only)或dnf provides (everything)或repoquery -f (from package yum-utils) dpkg -Sdlocate rpm -qf (installed only)或zypper search -f (everything) equery belongsqfile
列出软件包所提供的文件. 同样,这个功能可以被其他更复杂的命令实现 pacman -Qlpacman -Fl dnf repoquery -l dpkg-query -L rpm -ql equery filesqlist
显示提供给定表达式的包,也称为反向提供。主要是搜索特定字段的快捷方式。其他工具可能通过搜索命令提供此功能。 pacman -F dnf provides apt-file search zypper what-provideszypper wp equery belongs (only installed packages)或pfl
搜索所有软件包以找到持有某个特定文件的包 pacman -F dnf provides apt-file searchauto-apt is using this functionality. zypper search -f equery belongsqfile
显示软件包的变更日志 pacman -Qc dnf changelog apt-get changelog rpm -q --changelog equery changes -f

查询软件包列表[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

Action Arch Red Hat/Fedora Debian/Ubuntu SLES/openSUSE Gentoo
Search for package(s) by searching the expression in name, description, short description. What exact fields are being searched by default varies in each tool. Mostly options bring tools on par. pacman -Ss dnf search apt search zypper searchzypper se -s emerge -Seix
列出有可用更新的软件包。注意:有些工具提供特殊命令来限制输出到某些安装源,而有些工具则使用选项来实现相同的功能。 pacman -Qu dnf list updatesdnf check-update apt list --upgradable zypper list-updateszypper patch-check (just for patches) emerge -uDNp @world
显示由软件包管理器处理的所有安装源中的软件包列表。一些工具提供选项或额外的命令来限制输出到特定的安装源。 pacman -Sl dnf list available apt-cache dumpavailapt-cache dump (Cache only)或apt-cache pkgnames zypper packages portageq all_best_visible /
生成一个已安装软件包的列表 pacman -Q dnf list installed dpkg --list | grep ^i zypper search --installed-only qlist -IC
列出已安装但不(再)属于任何软件源的软件包 pacman -Qm dnf list extras apt --installed list | grep ,local zypper se -si | grep 'System Packages' eix-test-obsolete
列出最近添加到其中一个安装源的软件包,即其中一个安装源中新增的软件包。 dnf list recent aptitude search '~N'aptitude forget-new eix-diff
列出本地已安装的软件包及版本 pacman -Q rpm -qa dpkg -lapt list --installed zypper search -srpm -qa qlist -ICv
搜索本地已安装的软件包名或描述 pacman -Qs rpm -qa '*<str>*' aptitude search '~i(~n $name|~d $description)' eix -S -I
列出不再被任何软件包所需要的依赖 pacman -Qtt dnf leavespackage-cleanup --leaves --all deborphan -anp1 emerge -pc
列出显式安装的软件包(不作为任何其他软件包的依赖而安装) pacman -Qe dnf history userinstalled apt-mark showmanual zypper search | grep -E '^i\+' (workaround) emerge -pvO @selectedeix --selected
列出(作为依赖)自动安装的软件包 pacman -Qd zypper search | grep -E '^i[^+]' (workaround) apt-mark showauto

查询软件包依赖[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

Action Arch Red Hat/Fedora Debian/Ubuntu SLES/openSUSE Gentoo
显示需要安装X的包,也称为显示反向依赖关系 pacman -Siipacman -Qii dnf repoquery --alldeps --whatrequiresrepoquery --whatrequires apt-cache rdependsaptitude search ~D$pattern zypper search --requires equery depends
显示与给定表达式(通常是软件包)冲突的软件包。也可以使用搜索功能来模仿此功能。 pacman -Sipacman -Qi dnf repoquery --conflicts aptitude search '~C$pattern'
列出所有为给定软件包所需的软件包,也就是显示依赖项 pacman -Sipacman -Qi dnf repoquery --requiresrepoquery -R apt-cache dependsapt-cache show zypper info --requires emerge -ep
列出当前软件包提供的内容 pacman -Siipacman -Qii dnf repoquery --provides dpkg -saptitude show zypper info --provides equery filesqlist
列出所有需要特定软件包的软件包 pacman -Sii dnf repoquery --installed --alldeps --whatrequires aptitude search ~D{depends,recommends,suggests}:$patternaptitude whyor apt-cache rdepends zypper search --requires equery depends -a
Display all packages that the specified packages obsoletes. pacman -Sipacman -Qi dnf list obsoletes apt-cache show
Generates an output suitable for processing with dotty for the given package(s). apt-cache dotty

软件源管理[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

Action Arch Red Hat/Fedora Debian/Ubuntu SLES/openSUSE Gentoo
软件源管理 编辑 /etc/pacman.conf 编辑 /etc/yum.repos.d/${REPO}.repo 编辑 /etc/apt/sources.list 编辑 /etc/zypp/repos.d/${REPO}.repo laymaneselect repository
Add an installation source to the system. Some tools provide additional commands for certain sources, others allow all types of source URI for the add command. Again others, like apt force editing a sources list. apt-cdrom is a special command, which offers special options design for CDs/DVDs as source. edit /etc/pacman.conf dnf config-manager apt-cdrom add zypper ar <URL or .repo file> laymanoverlays
Refresh the information about the specified installation source(s)或all installation sources. pacman -Sy (always upgrade the whole system afterwards) dnf clean expire-cache and then dnf check-update apt-get update zypper refreshzypper ref emerge --synclayman -S
Prints a list of all installation sources including important information like URI, alias etc. cat /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist cat /etc/yum.repos.d/* apt-cache policy zypper reposzypper lr layman -leselect repository list
List all packages from a certain repo paclist <repo> zypper search -r <repo>zypper se -r <repo> eix --in-overlay
Disable an installation source for an operation dnf --disablerepo= emerge package::repo-to-use
Download packages from a different version of the distribution than the one installed. pacman -S repo_name/package dnf --releasever= apt-get install -t release packageapt-get install package/release (dependencies not covered) zypper install -r <repo> package echo "category/package ~amd64" >> /etc/portage/package.keywords and then emerge package

Overrides[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

Action Arch Red Hat/Fedora Debian/Ubuntu SLES/openSUSE Gentoo
Add a package lock rule to keep its current state from being changed edit /etc/pacman.conf modifying IgnorePkg array edit dnf.conf adding/amending the exclude option apt-mark hold pkg zypper al或put package name in /etc/zypp/locks /etc/portage/package.mask
Delete a package lock rule edit /etc/pacman.conf removing package from IgnorePkg line apt-mark unhold pkg zypper rl或remove package name from /etc/zypp/locks /etc/portage/package.mask (or package.unmask)
Show a listing of all lock rules cat /etc/pacman.conf /etc/apt/preferences zypper ll或view /etc/zypp/locks cat /etc/portage/package.mask
Set the priority of the given package to avoid upgrade, force downgrade或to overwrite any default behavior. Can also be used to prefer a package version from a certain installation source. edit /etc/pacman.conf modifying HoldPkg and/or IgnorePkg arrays /etc/apt/preferences, apt-cache policy zypper mr -p edit /etc/portage/package.accept_keywords adding a line with =category/package-version
Remove a previously set priority /etc/apt/preferences zypper mr -p edit /etc/portage/package.accept_keywords removing offending line
Show a list of set priorities apt-cache policy/etc/apt/preferences zypper lr -p grep -r . /etc/portage/package.accept_keywords
Ignore problems that priorities may trigger. n/a

验证和修复[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

Action Arch Red Hat/Fedora Debian/Ubuntu SLES/openSUSE Gentoo
验证单个软件包 pacman -Qk (can add another k) rpm -V debsums rpm -V equery check
验证所有软件包 pacman -Qk (can add another k) rpm -Va debsums rpm -Va equery check
重新安装给定的软件包。这将重新安装给定的包,而不会产生依赖性问题。 pacman -S dnf reinstall apt install --reinstall zypper install --force emerge -1O
验证整个系统的依赖关系; 安装过程被强制终止时使用 pacman -Dk dnf repoquery --requires apt-get check zypper verify emerge -uDN @world
使用一些魔法来修理损坏的依赖关系 for pacman dependency level, use pacman -Dk; for shared library level, use findbrokenpkgsAURlddd (from devtools) dnf repoquery --unsatisfied apt-get --fix-broken and then aptitude install zypper verify revdep-rebuild
为软件包系统添加一个检查点,以备后续回滚。 (unnecessary, it is done on every transaction) n/a
从系统中移除一个检查点。 n/a n/a n/a
提供所有系统检查点的列表。 n/a dnf history list n/a
将整个软件包回滚到特定日期或检查点 n/a dnf history rollback n/a
撤销单个指定的事务 n/a dnf history undo n/a

Using package files and building packages[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

Action Arch Red Hat/Fedora Debian/Ubuntu SLES/openSUSE Gentoo
Query a package supplied on the command line rather than an entry in the package management database pacman -Qp rpm -qp dpkg -I
List the contents of a package file pacman -Qpl rpmls rpm -qpl dpkg -c rpm -qpl
Install local package file, e.g. app.rpm and uses the installation sources to resolve dependencies pacman -U dnf install apt install zypper in emerge
Updates package(s) with local packages and uses the installation sources to resolve dependencies pacman -U dnf upgrade debi emerge
Add a local package to the local package cache mostly for debugging purposes. cp package-filename /var/cache/pacman/pkg/ apt-cache add package-filename n/a cp package-filename /usr/portage/distfiles
解包一个软件包 tar -xvf rpm2cpio | cpio -vid dpkg-deb -x rpm2cpio | cpio -vid tar -jxvf
Install/Remove packages to satisfy build-dependencies. Uses information in the source package Use ABS and makepkg -seoc dnf builddep apt-get build-dep zypper si -d emerge -o
Display the source package to the given package name(s) dnf repoquery -s apt-cache showsrc n/a
Download the corresponding source package(s) to the given package name(s) Use ABS and makepkg -o dnf download --source apt-get sourcedebcheckout zypper source-install emerge --fetchonly
构建一个软件包 makepkg -s rpmbuild -ba (normal)或mock (in chroot) debuild rpmbuild -ba, then build, and then osc build ebuildquickpkg
检查可能的打包问题 namcap
(requires namcap)
rpmlint lintian rpmlint repoman

Log file rotation[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

By default, Arch Linux does not rotate pacman.log. See, for example, FS#11272 and FS#20428#comment66480. This is in contrast to the default policy of most other Linux distributions. Some distributions, notably Gentoo, hardly write log files by default.

See also[编辑 | 编辑源代码]