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| − | [[Category:Getting and installing Arch]]
| + | #REDIRECT: [[General recommendations]] |
| − | {{out of date}}
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| − | == Notice ==
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| − | This handbook has only just been started. It's currently a rather bare outline. Please edit it and make it better! Look at the [http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ FreeBSD Handbook] as a style guide.
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| − | | |
| − | Most sections should be a summary, with a link to the main article on the subject.
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| − | | |
| − | == Getting Started ==
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| − | | |
| − | === Introduction ===
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| − | Arch linux is a lightweight and flexible linux distribution that tries to Keep It Simple.
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| − | There are official packages optimized for the i686 and x86-64 architectures. There is also a community-operated package repository.
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| − | See the pages in [[:Category:About Arch|this category]]
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| − | | |
| − | === Installing Arch Linux ===
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| − | The full install guide is [[Official Arch Linux Install Guide|here]] and the install CDs are available [http://www.archlinux.org/download/ here]. If you would like a more detailed installation guide, please see the [[Beginners Guide|Beginners' Guide]].
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| − | | |
| − | === Linux Basics ===
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| − | A few basics on the file system and command line, for people starting Unix/Linux with Arch.
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| − | | |
| − | '''How to change directory:'''
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| − | | |
| − | cd /name/of/directory
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| − | | |
| − | e.g.
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| − | | |
| − | cd /etc/pacman.d
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| − | | |
| − | '''How to make a Directory:'''
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| − | | |
| − | mkdir /path/to/new/directory
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| − | | |
| − | e.g.
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| − | | |
| − | mkdir /home/archuser/newfolder
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| − | | |
| − | '''How to remove an (empty) directory:'''
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| − | | |
| − | rmdir /path/to/empty/directory
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| − | | |
| − | '''How to remove a non-empty directory:'''
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| − | | |
| − | rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty /path/to/non_empty/directory
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| − | | |
| − | '''How to List files in a directory:'''
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| − | | |
| − | All Files: (except hidden files)
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| − | | |
| − | ls
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| − | | |
| − | All files: (including hidden files)
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| − | | |
| − | ls -a
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| − | | |
| − | All files, hidden files and their properties:
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| − | | |
| − | ls -la
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| − | | |
| − | Files with the .avi file extension only:
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| − | | |
| − | ls *.avi
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| − | | |
| − | '''How to move a file:'''
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| − | | |
| − | mv /path/to/old/file.ext /path/to/new/file.ext
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| − | | |
| − | e.g.
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| − | | |
| − | mv /home/archuser/compressed.zip /home/archuser/myfiles/compressed2.zip
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| − | | |
| − | '''How to copy a file:'''
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| − | | |
| − | cp /path/to/file.txt /path/to/copied/file.txt
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| − | | |
| − | '''How to remove a file:'''
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| − | | |
| − | rm /path/to/file.txt
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| − | | |
| − | e.g.
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| − | | |
| − | rm /home/archuser/file.txt
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| − | | |
| − | '''How to show the contents of a file:'''
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| − | | |
| − | cat /path/to/file.txt
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| − | | |
| − | '''How to make a File/Script Executable:'''
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| − | | |
| − | chmod +x /path/to/script.sh
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| − | | |
| − | '''How to (search the entire filesystem for) a file called euwfh.avi'''
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| − | | |
| − | cd /
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| − | | |
| − | find -name euwfh.avi
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| − | | |
| − | '''How to mount a partition:'''
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| − | | |
| − | mount /dev/sdX1 /media/mountpoint
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| − | | |
| − | e.g.
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| − | | |
| − | mount /dev/sda1 /media/folder
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | '''How to Show How much Space is Left/used on (all mounted) partitions:'''
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| − | | |
| − | df -h
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| − | | |
| − | '''How to show all running processes:'''
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| − | | |
| − | ps -A
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| − | | |
| − | '''How to stop an annoying process called "EvilTrojan":'''
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| − | | |
| − | killall EvilTrojan
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| − | | |
| − | '''How to show an unintelligible manual for a program "ultracompressor"'''
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| − | | |
| − | man ultracompressor
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| − | | |
| − | === Installing Software: Pacman ===
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| − | See [[pacman]].
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| − | | |
| − | === X11 and Graphical Desktop Environments ===
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| − | Basics of X11 concepts, installation and configuration of Gnome, KDE, etc.
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| − | ====Xorg====
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| − | | |
| − | See [[Xorg]].
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| − | | |
| − | ====Window Managers and Desktop Environments====
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| − | | |
| − | ==pacman==
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| − | {{merge|pacman}}
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| − | | |
| − | Installing, updating and removing software is a fairly common task and this chapter will
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| − | introduce you to Pacman(8). Pacman is a package manager that will aid you in keeping your
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| − | system up-to-date, installing new software and general house keeping. If this is your
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| − | first time with Arch Linux you REALLY want to read this chapter at least once. Not reading
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| − | it will severely impair your experience with Arch, so please read it carefully.
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| − | | |
| − | After reading this chapter you will know...
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| − | * ... how to install, remove and update software.
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| − | * ... how to search for software in the package database.
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| − | * ... how to update every single software package on your computer.
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| − | * ... how to query the package database for information about installed packages.
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| − | | |
| − | Let's get on with it shall we?
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| − | | |
| − | === Pacman introduction ===
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| − | | |
| − | As mentioned previously Pacman(8) is a software utility that helps you keep your system
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| − | up-to-date and install, remove or update software. Pacman will automatically resolve
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| − | dependencies during installation of a software. A dependency is simply another software
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| − | package required by the program you're trying to install.
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| − | | |
| − | Let's us fire up Pacman and see what
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| − | it can do. In a console type the following:
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| − | | |
| − | sh$ pacman --help
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| − | usage: pacman <operation> [...]
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| − | options:
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| − | pacman {-h --help}
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| − | pacman {-V --version}
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| − | pacman {-A --add} [options] <file>
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| − | pacman {-Q --query} [options] [package]
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| − | pacman {-R --remove} [options] <package>
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| − | pacman {-S --sync} [options] [package]
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| − | pacman {-U --upgrade} [options] <file>
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| − | | |
| − | use 'pacman --help' with other options for more syntax
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| − | | |
| − | Functionality in Pacman is split into a main action and a sub-action. Each action usually
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| − | requires an argument to specify exactly what you're trying to achieve. For example --query (or -Q)
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| − | will allow you to query the package database to see installed packages and other types
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| − | of information related to the software installed. Let's assume we wanted to find out which
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| − | package owns the file /etc/rc.conf. In a console type the following:
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| − | | |
| − | sh$ pacman --query --owns /etc/rc.conf
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| − | /etc/rc.conf is owned by initscripts 2008.03-4
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| − | | |
| − | As we can see here rc.conf is owned by initscripts 2008.03-4. Most actions can be abbreviated
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| − | such that '--query --owns' becomes '-Qo' . For clarity we'll however continue to use the longer
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| − | version.
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| − | | |
| − | === Searching for software ===
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| − | | |
| − | Pacman comes with powerful searching capabilities and that allows you to do searches using
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| − | regular expressions. If you're unfamiliar with regular expressions there is no reason for
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| − | concern as you'll do just fine without them.
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| − | | |
| − | Searching is done through the --sync (or -S) action and sub-action --search (or -s).
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| − | Let's see if we can find a package called wpa_supplicant. In a console type the following:
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| − | | |
| − | sh$ pacman --sync --search wpa_supplicant
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| − | core/wpa_supplicant 0.5.10-1 (base)
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| − | A utility providing key negotiation for WPA wireless networks
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| − | extra/wpa_supplicant_gui 0.5.10-1
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| − | A qt frontend to wpa_supplicant
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| − | | |
| − | The results displays two matching packages one from the 'core' respository and another from
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| − | 'extra'. Should we want more detailed information about this package we can again use Pacman
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| − | to query the database with --sync --info. In a console type the following:
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| − | | |
| − | sh$ pacman --sync --info wpa_supplicant
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| − | Repository : core
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| − | Name : wpa_supplicant
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| − | Version : 0.5.10-1
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| − | URL : None
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| − | Licences : None
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| − | Groups : base
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| − | Provides : None
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| − | Depends On : openssl
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| − | Optional Deps : None
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| − | Conflicts With : None
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| − | Replaces : None
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| − | Download Size : 193.46 K
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| − | Installed Size : 193.46 K
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| − | Packager : None
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| − | Architecture : None
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| − | Build Date : None
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| − | MD5 Sum : 91b2beebb2abea973c18eb672057f128
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| − | Description : A utility providing key negotiation for WPA wireless networks
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| − | | |
| − | === Installing software ===
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| − | | |
| − | Now that you've found a package it's time to install it. Choose any package you're interested
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| − | in and type the following in your console:
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| − | | |
| − | # pacman -S muparser
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| − | resolving dependencies...
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| − | looking for inter-conflicts...
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| − |
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| − | Targets: muparser-1.28-1
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| − |
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| − | Total Download Size: 0.15 MB
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| − |
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| − | Proceed with installation? [Y/n]
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| − | | |
| − | Pacman will check for dependencies and if all is good proceed to download required packages.
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| − | Once all files are downloaded Pacman will proceed to install them. While installing the software
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| − | Pacman might print messages during installation. It's VERY important that you read these
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| − | messages as they usually contain important information about the software you're installing.
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| − | | |
| − | (!) Note: Remember to read any messages printed by Pacman during installation, they are printed
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| − | for a reason and should be considered essential reading. Please do not forget! (!)
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| − | | |
| − | === Removing software ===
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| − | | |
| − | So you've decided to remove a package from the system. Again Pacman will happily do this for
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| − | you and also remove any non-explicitly (dependencies) installed packages as well. Pacman will
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| − | obviously not remove depdencies if they are required by other packages, but if you want that
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| − | Pacman can do that as well.
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| − | | |
| − | To remove a particular package and any dependencies no longer needed type the following in a
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| − | console:
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| − | | |
| − | sh$ pacman --remove --recursive muparser
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| − | | |
| − | Pacman will remove any files belonging to the specified package and potential dependencies. It's
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| − | important to understand that some files might remain on the system even after removing the
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| − | package. There might for example be configuration files left in your home-folder and Pacman
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| − | will NOT remove these files.
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| − | | |
| − | === Updating software ===
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| − | | |
| − | Pacman will obviously not only install and remove software packages but also help you maintain
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| − | the ones you have installed on your system. Keeping software up-to-date is useful for many
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| − | reasons such as removing security vulnerabiltiies, bugs and perhaps even adding more
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| − | functionality.
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| − | | |
| − | Before proceeding with any package updating you should first ensure that you have the most
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| − | recent snapshop of currently available packages. This is done through a simple command to
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| − | Pacman. Type the following in your console:
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| − | | |
| − | sh$ pacman --sync --refresh
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| − | | |
| − | Pacman will connect to each repository and update, if necessary, information about available
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| − | software packages. Once Pacman has updated your respositories it's time to check if you've
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| − | got any outdated packages that may be upgraded to a later version.
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| − | | |
| − | Generally you'll want to update the entire system in one go, but we'll first walk through the
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| − | steps of updating just one package. To find out what packages may be updated we'll use Pacman
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| − | to query the package database. In a console type the following:
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| − | | |
| − | sh$ pacman --query --upgrades
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| − | | |
| − | Choose a package you'd like to update and type the following in a console:
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| − | | |
| − | sh$ pacman --sync <package_to_upgrade>
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| − | | |
| − | Confirm the procedure and Pacman will begin downloading new packages and any necessary
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| − | dependencies. Should you want to avoid updating of dependencies you'd also want to add
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| − | --nodeps (or -d).
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| − | | |
| − | Clearly this is not a particularily quick and efficient way of updating your entire system,
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| − | especially if you've got more than ten available package updates. Pacman does solve this
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| − | problem as well so keep reading and you'll learn how you can update your entire system
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| − | in just one command.
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| − | | |
| − | === Updating the entire system ===
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| − | | |
| − | If you've not already run your repository update, please do so now. (In case you do not remember:
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| − | pacman --sync --refresh) In a console type the following:
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| − | | |
| − | sh$ pacman --sync --sysupgrade
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| − | | |
| − | Pacman will now begin a possibly lengthy process of downloading and updating your entire
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| − | system. Depending on things such as download speed, processor power it might take anything from
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| − | a few seconds to a half an hour. Not too bad considering your entire system will be completely
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| − | updated after it finishes.
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| − | | |
| − | (!) Note: During installation Pacman might print messages on the screen. It's VERY important
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| − | that you do not ignore these messages as they are printed for a reason. Read them, please!
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| − | If you do not understand the meaning of them, write them down and use ask the forum for help. (!)
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| − | | |
| − | Sometimes Pacman may update important packages that contain updates to some of your configuration
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| − | files in for example /etc. It's important to always keep an eye out for .pacnew files in this
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| − | folder. Pacman will only produce these files (.pacnew/.pacsave) if you've made any changes to
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| − | the files being updated. If no changes have been made Pacman will automatically replace the old
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| − | files with the new ones. We'll talk more about this in a later chapter.
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| − | | |
| − | === Summary ===
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| − | | |
| − | This chapter introduced you to some of the basic functionality of Pacman. There is much more
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| − | functionality in Pacman and we've only really scratched the surface. If you'd like a more
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| − | thorough description of all the options Pacman provide we recommend reading the man pages for
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| − | Pacman(8).
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| − | | |
| − | Hopefully this chapter have demonstrated some of the Pacman power and why it makes Arch Linux
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| − | a powerful, yet simple Linux distribution. In the next chapter we'll talk about how to various
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| − | aspects of Arch Linux. See you there!
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| − | | |
| − | == Common Tasks ==
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| − | | |
| − | === Desktop Applications ===
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| − | Web browsers, office suites, etc.
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| − | | |
| − | === Multimedia ===
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| − | Video players, music jukeboxes, photo management, how to get codecs.
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| − | | |
| − | === Printing ===
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| − | CUPS installation and configuration, finding drivers.
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| − | | |
| − | == System Administration ==
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| − | | |
| − | === Configuration and Tuning ===
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| − | A lot of the configuration of Arch is done in /etc/rc.conf. This may sound daunting , but it is well commented and allows you to set modules for auto-loading and blacklisting, along with daemons and some network configuration.
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| − | Details on some common configuration (init, cron).
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| − | | |
| − | === Users and Basic Account Management ===
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| − | Creating and managing users with command-line utilities.
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| − | | |
| − | Users are created with <code>adduser</code>. Users must also be added to [[groups]] to make them useful.
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| − | | |
| − | == Networking ==
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| − | | |
| − | === Network Configuration ===
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| − | How networks are set up in Arch.
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| − | | |
| − | === Servers ===
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| − | Mail, web, SSH server installation and configuration.
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| − | | |
| − | === Firewalls ===
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| − | See [[Firewalls]], [[iptables]], [[Simple Stateful Firewall]].
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