Difference between revisions of "Beginners' guide"
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[[hu:Beginners' Guide/Installation]] | [[hu:Beginners' Guide/Installation]] | ||
[[it:Beginners' Guide/Installation]] | [[it:Beginners' Guide/Installation]] | ||
+ | [[ja:Beginners' Guide/Installation]] | ||
[[ko:Beginners' Guide/Installation]] | [[ko:Beginners' Guide/Installation]] | ||
[[nl:Beginners' Guide/Installatie]] | [[nl:Beginners' Guide/Installatie]] | ||
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[[sr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]] | [[sr:Beginners' Guide/Installation]] | ||
[[zh-CN:Beginners' Guide/Installation]] | [[zh-CN:Beginners' Guide/Installation]] | ||
+ | [[zh-TW:Beginners' Guide/Installation]] | ||
{{Tip|This is part of a multi-page article for The Beginners' Guide. '''[[Beginners' Guide|Click here]]''' if you would rather read the guide in its entirety.}} | {{Tip|This is part of a multi-page article for The Beginners' Guide. '''[[Beginners' Guide|Click here]]''' if you would rather read the guide in its entirety.}} | ||
</noinclude> | </noinclude> | ||
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{{Tip|These are optional for the majority of users. Useful only if you plan on writing in your own language in any of the configuration files, if you use diacritical marks in the Wi-Fi password, or if you would like to receive system messages (e.g. possible errors) in your own language.}} | {{Tip|These are optional for the majority of users. Useful only if you plan on writing in your own language in any of the configuration files, if you use diacritical marks in the Wi-Fi password, or if you would like to receive system messages (e.g. possible errors) in your own language.}} | ||
− | By default, the keyboard layout is set to {{ic|us}}. If you have a non-[[Wikipedia:File: | + | By default, the keyboard layout is set to {{ic|us}}. If you have a non-[[Wikipedia:File:KB United States-NoAltGr.svg|US]] keyboard layout, run: |
# loadkeys ''layout'' | # loadkeys ''layout'' | ||
− | ...where ''layout'' can be {{ic|fr}}, {{ic|uk}}, {{ic|be-latin1}}, etc. See [[KEYMAP# | + | ...where ''layout'' can be {{ic|fr}}, {{ic|uk}}, {{ic|be-latin1}}, etc. See [[KEYMAP#Keyboard layouts|here]] for a comprehensive list. |
− | The font should also be changed, because most languages use more glyphs than the 26 letter [[Wikipedia: | + | The font should also be changed, because most languages use more glyphs than the 26 letter [[Wikipedia:English alphabet|English alphabet]]. Otherwise some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. Note that the name is case-sensitive, so please type it ''exactly'' as you see it: |
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16 | # setfont Lat2-Terminus16 | ||
Line 49: | Line 51: | ||
=== Establish an internet connection === | === Establish an internet connection === | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{Warning|udev no longer assigns network interface names according to the wlanX and ethX naming scheme. If you're coming from a different distribution or are reinstalling Arch and not aware of the new interface naming style, please do not assume that your wireless interface is named wlan0, or that your wired interface is named eth0. You can use the "ip" utility to discover the names of your interfaces.}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | From systemd-197's release and onward, udev now assigns predictable, stable network interface names that deviate from the legacy incremental naming scheme (wlan0, wlan1, etc.). These interface names are guaranteed to be persistent across reboots, which solves the problem of the lack of predictability of network interface name assignment. For more information about why this was necessary, read http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PredictableNetworkInterfaceNames . | ||
The {{ic|dhcpcd}} network daemon is started automatically at boot and it will attempt to start a wired connection, if available. Try pinging a website to see if it was successful. And since Google is always on... | The {{ic|dhcpcd}} network daemon is started automatically at boot and it will attempt to start a wired connection, if available. Try pinging a website to see if it was successful. And since Google is always on... | ||
Line 62: | Line 68: | ||
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 16.660/17.320/18.254/0.678 ms}} | rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 16.660/17.320/18.254/0.678 ms}} | ||
− | If you get a {{ic|ping: unknown host}} error, you will need to set up the network manually, as explained below. | + | If you get a {{ic|ping: unknown host}} error, first check if there is any problem with your cable (or if you have enough wireless signal), otherwise you will need to set up the network manually, as explained below. |
− | Otherwise, move on to [[# | + | Otherwise, move on to [[#Prepare the storage drive|Prepare the storage drive]]. |
==== Wired ==== | ==== Wired ==== | ||
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Follow this procedure if you need to set up a wired connection via a static IP address. | Follow this procedure if you need to set up a wired connection via a static IP address. | ||
− | + | First, identify the name of your ethernet interface. | |
− | You need to know these settings: | + | {{hc|# ip link| |
+ | 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT | ||
+ | link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 | ||
+ | 2: enp2s0f0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000 | ||
+ | link/ether 00:11:25:31:69:20 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff | ||
+ | 3: wlp3s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT qlen 1000 | ||
+ | link/ether 01:02:03:04:05:06 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | In this case, the ethernet interface is enp2s0f0. If you're unsure, your ethernet interface is likely to start with the letter "e", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "w". You can also use iwconfig and see which interfaces are not wireless: | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{hc|# iwconfig|2= | ||
+ | enp2s0f0 no wireless extensions. | ||
+ | wlp3s0 IEEE 802.11bgn ESSID:"NETGEAR97" | ||
+ | Mode:Managed Frequency:2.427 GHz Access Point: 2C:B0:5D:9C:72:BF | ||
+ | Bit Rate=65 Mb/s Tx-Power=16 dBm | ||
+ | Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off | ||
+ | Power Management:on | ||
+ | Link Quality=61/70 Signal level=-49 dBm | ||
+ | Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0 | ||
+ | Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:430 Missed beacon:0 | ||
+ | lo no wireless extensions.}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | In this example, neither enp2s0f0 nor the loopback device have wireless extensions, meaning enp2s0f0 is our ethernet interface. | ||
+ | |||
+ | You also need to know these settings: | ||
* Static IP address. | * Static IP address. | ||
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* Domain name (unless you're on a local LAN, in which case you can make it up). | * Domain name (unless you're on a local LAN, in which case you can make it up). | ||
− | Activate the connected Ethernet interface | + | Activate the connected Ethernet interface (e.g. {{ic|enp2s0f0}}): |
− | # ip link set | + | # ip link set enp2s0f0 up |
Add the address: | Add the address: | ||
Line 90: | Line 120: | ||
For example: | For example: | ||
− | # ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev | + | # ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev enp2s0f0 |
For more options, run {{ic|man ip}}. | For more options, run {{ic|man ip}}. | ||
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{{Note|Currently, you may include a maximum of 3 {{ic|nameserver}} lines.}} | {{Note|Currently, you may include a maximum of 3 {{ic|nameserver}} lines.}} | ||
− | You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[ | + | You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Network Configuration]] page. |
==== Wireless ==== | ==== Wireless ==== | ||
Follow this procedure if you need wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi) during the installation process. | Follow this procedure if you need wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi) during the installation process. | ||
+ | |||
+ | If you're coming from another distribution, or if this is your first time installing Arch Linux since the deprecation of the old interface naming scheme, you might be surprised to learn that the first wireless interface is not named "wlan0". In fact, none of the interfaces are automatically prefixed with "wlan" any longer. Don't panic; simply execute {{ic|iwconfig}} to discover the name of your wireless interface. | ||
The wireless drivers and utilities are now available to you in the live environment of the installation media. A good knowledge of your wireless hardware will be of key importance to successful configuration. Note that the following quick-start procedure ''executed at this point in the installation'' will initialize your wireless hardware for use ''in the live environment of the installation media''. These steps (or some other form of wireless management) '''must be repeated from the actual installed system after booting into it'''. | The wireless drivers and utilities are now available to you in the live environment of the installation media. A good knowledge of your wireless hardware will be of key importance to successful configuration. Note that the following quick-start procedure ''executed at this point in the installation'' will initialize your wireless hardware for use ''in the live environment of the installation media''. These steps (or some other form of wireless management) '''must be repeated from the actual installed system after booting into it'''. | ||
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Also note that these steps are optional if wireless connectivity is unnecessary at this point in the installation; wireless functionality may always be established later. | Also note that these steps are optional if wireless connectivity is unnecessary at this point in the installation; wireless functionality may always be established later. | ||
− | {{Note|The following examples use {{ic| | + | {{Note|The following examples use {{ic|wlp3s0}} for the interface and {{ic|linksys}} for the ESSID. Remember to change these values according to your setup.}} |
The basic procedure will be: | The basic procedure will be: | ||
− | * | + | * Identify the wireless interface: |
# lspci | grep -i net | # lspci | grep -i net | ||
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{{hc|# iwconfig|2= | {{hc|# iwconfig|2= | ||
− | + | enp2s0f0 no wireless extensions. | |
− | + | wlp3s0 IEEE 802.11bgn ESSID:"NETGEAR97" | |
− | + | Mode:Managed Frequency:2.427 GHz Access Point: 2C:B0:5D:9C:72:BF | |
− | + | Bit Rate=65 Mb/s Tx-Power=16 dBm | |
− | + | Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off | |
− | + | Power Management:on | |
− | + | Link Quality=61/70 Signal level=-49 dBm | |
− | + | Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0 | |
− | + | Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:430 Missed beacon:0 | |
− | + | lo no wireless extensions.}} | |
− | In this example, {{ic| | + | In this example, {{ic|wlp3s0}} is the available wireless interface. |
* Bring the interface up with: | * Bring the interface up with: | ||
− | # ip link set | + | # ip link set wlp3s0 up |
A small percentage of wireless chipsets also require firmware, in addition to a corresponding driver. If the wireless chipset requires firmware, you are likely to receive this error when bringing the interface up: | A small percentage of wireless chipsets also require firmware, in addition to a corresponding driver. If the wireless chipset requires firmware, you are likely to receive this error when bringing the interface up: | ||
− | {{hc|# ip link set | + | {{hc|# ip link set wlp3s0 up| |
SIOCSIFFLAGS: No such file or directory}} | SIOCSIFFLAGS: No such file or directory}} | ||
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{{Warning|Wireless chipset firmware packages (for cards which require them) are pre-installed under {{ic|/usr/lib/firmware}} in the live environment (on CD/USB stick) '''but must be explicitly installed to your actual system to provide wireless functionality after you reboot into it!''' Package installation is covered later in this guide. Ensure installation of both your wireless module and firmware before rebooting! See [[Wireless Setup]] if you are unsure about the requirement of corresponding firmware installation for your particular chipset.}} | {{Warning|Wireless chipset firmware packages (for cards which require them) are pre-installed under {{ic|/usr/lib/firmware}} in the live environment (on CD/USB stick) '''but must be explicitly installed to your actual system to provide wireless functionality after you reboot into it!''' Package installation is covered later in this guide. Ensure installation of both your wireless module and firmware before rebooting! See [[Wireless Setup]] if you are unsure about the requirement of corresponding firmware installation for your particular chipset.}} | ||
− | Next, use {{ | + | Next, use {{Pkg|netcfg}}'s {{ic|wifi-menu}} to connect to a network. Replace ''wlp3s0" with the name of your interface: |
+ | |||
+ | # wifi-menu wlp3s0 | ||
− | + | {{Warning|At the moment, netcfg's wifi-menu, when executed without arguments, will look for "wlan0". Execute wifi-menu with your interface as the argument in order to use it. See [[Network Configuration#Get_current_device_names]] | |
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Wireless Setup]] page. | You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed [[Wireless Setup]] page. | ||
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==== Behind a proxy server ==== | ==== Behind a proxy server ==== | ||
− | If you are behind a proxy server, you will need to export the {{ic|http_proxy}} and {{ic|ftp_proxy}} environment variables. | + | If you are behind a proxy server, you will need to export the {{ic|http_proxy}} and {{ic|ftp_proxy}} environment variables. See [[Proxy settings]] for more information. |
=== Prepare the storage drive === | === Prepare the storage drive === | ||
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{{Warning|Partitioning can destroy data. You are '''strongly''' cautioned and advised to backup any critical data before proceeding.}} | {{Warning|Partitioning can destroy data. You are '''strongly''' cautioned and advised to backup any critical data before proceeding.}} | ||
− | Absolute beginners are encouraged to use a graphical partitioning tool. [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/download.php GParted] is a good example, | + | Absolute beginners are encouraged to use a graphical partitioning tool. [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/download.php GParted] is a good example, and is [http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php provided as a "live" CD]. It is also included on live CDs of most Linux distributions such as [[Wikipedia:Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] and [[Wikipedia:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]]. A drive should first be [[partitioning|partitioned]] and the partitions should be formatted with a [[File Systems|file system]] before rebooting. |
− | + | See [[Swap]] for details if you wish to set up a swap partition or file now. A swap file is easier to resize than a partition and can be created at any point after installation, but cannot be used with a BTRFS filesystem. | |
− | If you have already done so, proceed to [[# | + | If you have already done so, proceed to [[#Mount the partitions|Mount the partitions]]. |
Otherwise, see the following example. | Otherwise, see the following example. | ||
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==== Example ==== | ==== Example ==== | ||
− | The Arch Linux install media includes the following partitioning tools: | + | The Arch Linux install media includes the following partitioning tools: {{ic|fdisk}}, {{ic|gdisk}}, {{ic|cfdisk}}, {{ic|cgdisk}}, {{ic|parted}}. |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[UEFI]] boot:| | {{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[UEFI]] boot:| | ||
− | * If you have a UEFI motherboard, you will need to create an extra [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#Create an UEFI System | + | * If you have a UEFI motherboard, you will need to create an extra [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#Create an UEFI System Partition in Linux|UEFI System Partition]]. |
* It is recommended to always use GPT for UEFI boot, as some UEFI firmwares do not allow UEFI-MBR boot.}} | * It is recommended to always use GPT for UEFI boot, as some UEFI firmwares do not allow UEFI-MBR boot.}} | ||
{{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[GPT]] partitioning:| | {{Box BLUE|Notes regarding [[GPT]] partitioning:| | ||
* If you are not dual booting with Windows, then it is advisable to use GPT instead of MBR. Read [[GPT]] for a list of advantages. | * If you are not dual booting with Windows, then it is advisable to use GPT instead of MBR. Read [[GPT]] for a list of advantages. | ||
− | * If you have a BIOS motherboard (or plan on booting in BIOS compatibility mode) and you want to setup GRUB on a GPT-partitioned drive, you will need to create | + | * If you have a BIOS motherboard (or plan on booting in BIOS compatibility mode) and you want to setup GRUB on a GPT-partitioned drive, you will need to create an extra [[GRUB2#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|BIOS Boot Partition]]. Syslinux doesn't need one. |
+ | * Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}} | ||
{{Note|If you are installing to a USB flash key, see [[Installing Arch Linux on a USB key]].}} | {{Note|If you are installing to a USB flash key, see [[Installing Arch Linux on a USB key]].}} | ||
− | + | The example system will contain a 15 GB root partition, and a [[Partitioning#/home|home]] partition for the remaining space. Choose either [[MBR]] or [[GPT]]. Do not choose both! | |
− | |||
− | The example system will contain a 15 GB root partition, and a [[Partitioning#/home|home]] partition for the remaining space. | ||
It should be emphasized that partitioning is a personal choice and that this example is only for illustrative purposes. See [[Partitioning]]. | It should be emphasized that partitioning is a personal choice and that this example is only for illustrative purposes. See [[Partitioning]]. | ||
− | '''Root:''' | + | {| class="wikitable" |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | rowspan="2" | '''MBR''' | ||
+ | | rowspan="2"| {{ic|cfdisk /dev/sda}} | ||
+ | | '''Root:''' | ||
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – type in "15360" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Beginning – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Bootable. | * Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – type in "15360" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Beginning – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Bootable. | ||
− | + | |- | |
+ | | | ||
'''Home:''' | '''Home:''' | ||
* Press the down arrow to move to the free space area. | * Press the down arrow to move to the free space area. | ||
* Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size). | * Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for Primary – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size). | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | rowspan="2" | '''GPT''' | ||
+ | | rowspan="2"| {{ic|cgdisk /dev/sda}} | ||
+ | | '''Root:''' | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector (2048) – type in "15G" – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name. | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''Home:''' | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Press the down arrow a couple of times to move to the larger free space area. | ||
+ | * Choose New (or press {{Keypress|N}}) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the first sector – {{Keypress|Enter}} to use the rest of the drive (or you could type in the desired size; for example "30G") – {{Keypress|Enter}} for the default hex code (8300) – {{Keypress|Enter}} for a blank partition name. | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | + | If you chose MBR, here's how it should look like: | |
Name Flags Part Type FS Type [Label] Size (MB) | Name Flags Part Type FS Type [Label] Size (MB) | ||
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sda1 Boot Primary Linux 15360 | sda1 Boot Primary Linux 15360 | ||
sda2 Primary Linux 133000* | sda2 Primary Linux 133000* | ||
+ | |||
+ | If you chose GPT, here's how it should look like: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Part. # Size Partition Type Partition Name | ||
+ | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ||
+ | 1007.0 KiB free space | ||
+ | 1 15.0 GiB Linux filesystem | ||
+ | 2 123.45 GiB Linux filesystem | ||
Double check and make sure that you are happy with the partition sizes as well as the partition table layout before continuing. | Double check and make sure that you are happy with the partition sizes as well as the partition table layout before continuing. | ||
− | If you would like to start over, you can simply select Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without saving changes and then restart cfdisk. | + | If you would like to start over, you can simply select Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without saving changes and then restart cfdisk (or cgdisk). |
− | If you are satisfied, choose Write (or press {{Keypress|Shift+W}}) to finalize and to write the partition table to the drive. Type "yes" and choose Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit | + | If you are satisfied, choose Write (or press {{Keypress|Shift+W}}) to finalize and to write the partition table to the drive. Type "yes" and choose Quit (or press {{Keypress|Q}}) to exit without making any more changes. |
Simply partitioning is not enough; the partitions also need a [[File Systems|filesystem]]. To format the partitions with an ext4 filesystem: | Simply partitioning is not enough; the partitions also need a [[File Systems|filesystem]]. To format the partitions with an ext4 filesystem: | ||
− | {{Warning|Double check and triple check that it's actually {{ic|/dev/sda1}} that you want to format.}} | + | {{Warning|Double check and triple check that it's actually {{ic|/dev/sda1}} and {{ic|/dev/sda2}} that you want to format.}} |
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 | # mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 | ||
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2 | # mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2 | ||
+ | |||
+ | If you have made a partition dedicated to swap (code 82), don't forget to format and activate it with: | ||
+ | |||
+ | # mkswap /dev/sda''X'' | ||
+ | # swapon /dev/sda''X'' | ||
=== Mount the partitions === | === Mount the partitions === | ||
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Each partition is identified with a number suffix. For example, {{ic|sda1}} specifies the first partition of the first drive, while {{ic|sda}} designates the entire drive. | Each partition is identified with a number suffix. For example, {{ic|sda1}} specifies the first partition of the first drive, while {{ic|sda}} designates the entire drive. | ||
− | To | + | To display the current partition layout: |
# lsblk /dev/sda | # lsblk /dev/sda | ||
− | + | {{Note|Do not mount more than one partition to the same directory. And pay attention, because the mounting order is important.}} | |
− | First, mount the root partition on {{ic|/mnt}}. Following the example above (yours may be different), it would be: | + | First, mount the root partition on {{ic|/mnt}}. Following the example when using {{ic|cfdisk}} above (yours may be different), it would be: |
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt | # mount /dev/sda1 /mnt | ||
− | Then mount the | + | Then mount the home partition and any other separate partition ({{ic|/boot}}, {{ic|/var}}, etc), if you have any: |
# mkdir /mnt/home | # mkdir /mnt/home | ||
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/home | # mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/home | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
In case you have a UEFI motherboard, mount the UEFI partition: | In case you have a UEFI motherboard, mount the UEFI partition: | ||
− | # mkdir /mnt/boot/efi | + | # mkdir -p /mnt/boot/efi |
# mount /dev/sda''X'' /mnt/boot/efi | # mount /dev/sda''X'' /mnt/boot/efi | ||
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{{Tip| | {{Tip| | ||
− | * Use the [ | + | * Use the [https://www.archlinux.org/mirrorlist/ Mirrorlist Generator] to get an updated list for your country. HTTP mirrors are faster than FTP, because of something called [[Wikipedia:Keepalive|keepalive]]. With FTP, pacman has to send out a signal each time it downloads a package, resulting in a brief pause. For other ways to generate a mirror list, see [[Mirrors#Sorting mirrors|Sorting mirrors]] and [[Reflector]]. |
* [https://archlinux.org/mirrors/status/ Arch Linux MirrorStatus] reports various aspects about the mirrors such as network problems with mirrors, data collection problems, the last time mirrors have been synced, etc.}} | * [https://archlinux.org/mirrors/status/ Arch Linux MirrorStatus] reports various aspects about the mirrors such as network problems with mirrors, data collection problems, the last time mirrors have been synced, etc.}} | ||
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{{Note|If pacman fails to verify your packages, check the system time with {{ic|cal}}. If the system date is invalid (e.g. it shows year 2010), signing keys will be considered expired (or invalid), signature checks on packages will fail and installation will be interrupted. Make sure to correct the system time, either by doing so manually or with the {{Pkg|ntp}} client, and retry running the pacstrap command. Refer to [[Time]] page for more information on correcting system time.}} | {{Note|If pacman fails to verify your packages, check the system time with {{ic|cal}}. If the system date is invalid (e.g. it shows year 2010), signing keys will be considered expired (or invalid), signature checks on packages will fail and installation will be interrupted. Make sure to correct the system time, either by doing so manually or with the {{Pkg|ntp}} client, and retry running the pacstrap command. Refer to [[Time]] page for more information on correcting system time.}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{Note| If pacman complains about invalid signatures during the pacstrap phase (''error: failed to commit transaction (invalid or corrupted package)'') run the following command below.}} | ||
+ | # pacman-key --init && pacman-key --populate archlinux | ||
* {{Grp|base}}: Software packages from the [core] repo to provide the minimal base environment. | * {{Grp|base}}: Software packages from the [core] repo to provide the minimal base environment. | ||
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=== Generate an fstab === | === Generate an fstab === | ||
− | Generate an [[fstab]] file with the following command. If you prefer to use | + | Generate an [[fstab]] file with the following command. UUIDs will be used because they have certain advantages (see [[fstab#Identifying filesystems]]). If you would prefer to use labels instead, replace the {{ic|-U}} option with {{ic|-L}}. |
{{Note|If you encounter errors running genfstab or later in the install process, do '''not''' run genfstab again; just edit the fstab file.}} | {{Note|If you encounter errors running genfstab or later in the install process, do '''not''' run genfstab again; just edit the fstab file.}} | ||
− | # genfstab -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab | + | # genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab |
# nano /mnt/etc/fstab | # nano /mnt/etc/fstab | ||
− | + | {{Warning|The fstab file should always be checked after generating it. If you made an EFI system partition earlier, then {{ic|genfstab}} has incorrectly added options to your EFI system partition. This will in fact ''prevent'' your computer from booting from that drive, so you need to remove all options for the EFI partition except for {{ic|noatime}}. For the other partitions that use it, be sure to replace {{ic|1="codepage=cp437"}} with {{ic|1="codepage=437"}} or else when you next reboot, any mounts with this option will fail and systemd will halt and drop into recovery mode. This should be fixed by linux 3.8}} | |
+ | |||
+ | A few considerations: | ||
− | + | * Only the root ({{ic|/}}) partition needs {{ic|1}} for the last field. Everything else should have either {{ic|2}} or {{ic|0}} (see [[fstab#Field definitions]]). | |
=== Chroot and configure the base system === | === Chroot and configure the base system === | ||
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# arch-chroot /mnt | # arch-chroot /mnt | ||
+ | {{Note|Use {{ic|arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash}} to chroot into a bash shell.}} | ||
At this stage of the installation, you will configure the primary configuration files of your Arch Linux base system. These can either be created if they do not exist, or edited if you wish to change the defaults. | At this stage of the installation, you will configure the primary configuration files of your Arch Linux base system. These can either be created if they do not exist, or edited if you wish to change the defaults. | ||
Line 414: | Line 470: | ||
KEYMAP=de-latin1 | KEYMAP=de-latin1 | ||
FONT=Lat2-Terminus16 | FONT=Lat2-Terminus16 | ||
− | + | }} | |
* {{ic|KEYMAP}} – Please note that this setting is only valid for your TTYs, not any graphical window managers or Xorg. | * {{ic|KEYMAP}} – Please note that this setting is only valid for your TTYs, not any graphical window managers or Xorg. | ||
Line 420: | Line 476: | ||
* {{ic|FONT}} – Available alternate console fonts reside in {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/}}. The default (blank) is safe, but some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. It's recommended that you change it to {{ic|Lat2-Terminus16}}, because according to {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/README.Lat2-Terminus16}}, it claims to support "about 110 language sets". | * {{ic|FONT}} – Available alternate console fonts reside in {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/}}. The default (blank) is safe, but some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. It's recommended that you change it to {{ic|Lat2-Terminus16}}, because according to {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/README.Lat2-Terminus16}}, it claims to support "about 110 language sets". | ||
− | * {{ic|FONT_MAP}} – Defines the console map to load at boot. Read {{ic|man setfont}}. | + | * Possible option {{ic|FONT_MAP}} – Defines the console map to load at boot. Read {{ic|man setfont}}. Removing it or leaving it blank is safe. |
See [[Fonts#Console_fonts|Console fonts]] and {{ic|man vconsole.conf}} for more information. | See [[Fonts#Console_fonts|Console fonts]] and {{ic|man vconsole.conf}} for more information. | ||
Line 455: | Line 511: | ||
: {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --utc}} | : {{bc|# hwclock --systohc --utc}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | To synchronize your "UTC" time over the internet, see [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]]. | ||
* '''localtime''' (discouraged; used by default in Windows) | * '''localtime''' (discouraged; used by default in Windows) | ||
Line 464: | Line 522: | ||
If you have (or planning on having) a dual boot setup with Windows: | If you have (or planning on having) a dual boot setup with Windows: | ||
− | * Recommended: Set both Arch Linux and Windows to use UTC. A quick [[Time# | + | * Recommended: Set both Arch Linux and Windows to use UTC. A quick [[Time#UTC in Windows|registry fix]] is needed. Also, be sure to prevent Windows from synchronizing the time on-line, because the hardware clock will default back to ''localtime''. |
− | * Not recommended: Set Arch Linux to ''localtime'' and disable any time-related services, like | + | * Not recommended: Set Arch Linux to ''localtime'' and disable any time-related services, like [[Network Time Protocol daemon|NTPd]] . This will let Windows take care of hardware clock corrections and you will need to remember to boot into Windows at least two times a year (in Spring and Autumn) when [[Wikipedia:Daylight saving time|DST]] kicks in. So please don't ask on the forums why the clock is one hour behind or ahead if you usually go for days or weeks without booting into Windows. |
==== Kernel modules ==== | ==== Kernel modules ==== | ||
Line 479: | Line 537: | ||
virtio-net}} | virtio-net}} | ||
− | If there are more modules to load per {{ic|*.conf}}, the module names can be separated by newlines. A good example are the [[VirtualBox# | + | If there are more modules to load per {{ic|*.conf}}, the module names can be separated by newlines. A good example are the [[VirtualBox#Arch Linux guests|VirtualBox Guest Additions]]. |
Empty lines and lines starting with {{ic|#}} or {{ic|;}} are ignored. | Empty lines and lines starting with {{ic|#}} or {{ic|;}} are ignored. | ||
Line 485: | Line 543: | ||
==== Hostname ==== | ==== Hostname ==== | ||
− | Set the hostname to your liking (e.g. ''arch'') | + | Set the [[Wikipedia:hostname|hostname]] to your liking (e.g. ''arch''): |
− | # | + | # echo ''myhostname'' > /etc/hostname |
− | {{Note| | + | {{Note|There is no need to edit {{ic|/etc/hosts}}.}} |
=== Configure the network === | === Configure the network === | ||
− | You need to configure the network again, but this time for your newly installed environment. The procedure and prerequisites are very similar to the one described [[# | + | You need to configure the network again, but this time for your newly installed environment. The procedure and prerequisites are very similar to the one described [[#Establish an internet connection|above]], except we are going to make it persistent and automatically run at boot. |
− | {{Note|For more in-depth information on network configration, visit [[ | + | {{Note|For more in-depth information on network configration, visit [[Network Configuration]] and [[Wireless Setup]].}} |
==== Wired ==== | ==== Wired ==== | ||
Line 501: | Line 559: | ||
; Dynamic IP | ; Dynamic IP | ||
− | + | {{Warning|A bug has been noted in the install ISO, in which the name your interface has during installation differs from the one it will have upon reboot. See [https://bugs.archlinux.org/task/33923 Bug #33923] for more details. | |
+ | Until this bug is fixed, you can use the following script to find the name your interface will have after boot: | ||
+ | for i in /sys/class/net/*; do | ||
+ | echo "==$i" | ||
+ | udevadm test-builtin net_id "$i"; | ||
+ | echo | ||
+ | done 2>/dev/null | ||
+ | }} | ||
− | # systemctl enable dhcpcd@.service | + | If you only use a single fixed wired network connection, you do not need a network management service and can simply enable the {{ic|dhcpcd}} service. Where <interface> is your wired interface: |
+ | # systemctl enable dhcpcd@<interface>.service | ||
Alternatively, you can use {{Pkg|netcfg}}'s {{ic|net-auto-wired}}, which gracefully handles dynamic connections to new networks: | Alternatively, you can use {{Pkg|netcfg}}'s {{ic|net-auto-wired}}, which gracefully handles dynamic connections to new networks: | ||
+ | Install {{Pkg|ifplugd}}, which is required for {{ic|net-auto-wired}}: | ||
# pacman -S ifplugd | # pacman -S ifplugd | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | Edit {{ic|/etc/conf.d/netcfg}} and modify the network interface name, most likely it is not eth0. You can find out more about the naming in the warning above. | |
+ | {{hc|nano /etc/conf.d/netcfg|2= | ||
+ | WIRED_INTERFACE="<interface>"}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Enable the {{ic|net-auto-wired}} service. | ||
# systemctl enable net-auto-wired.service | # systemctl enable net-auto-wired.service | ||
; Static IP | ; Static IP | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/network.d/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/network.d}}: | Copy a sample profile from {{ic|/etc/network.d/examples}} to {{ic|/etc/network.d}}: | ||
− | |||
# cd /etc/network.d | # cd /etc/network.d | ||
# cp examples/ethernet-static . | # cp examples/ethernet-static . | ||
− | Edit the profile as needed: | + | Edit the profile as needed (modify {{ic|INTERFACE}}, {{ic|ADDR}}, {{ic|GATEWAY}} and {{ic|DNS}}): |
− | |||
# nano ethernet-static | # nano ethernet-static | ||
− | + | Edit {{ic|/etc/conf.d/netcfg}} and add the new network profile to the {{ic|NETWORKS}} array: | |
+ | {{hc|nano /etc/conf.d/netcfg| | ||
+ | 2=NETWORKS=(ethernet-static)}} | ||
− | # systemctl enable | + | Enable the {{ic|netcfg}} service: |
+ | # systemctl enable netcfg.service | ||
==== Wireless ==== | ==== Wireless ==== | ||
− | You will need to install | + | You will need to install additional programs to be able to configure and manage wireless network profiles for [[netcfg]]. |
[[NetworkManager]] and [[Wicd]] are other popular alternatives. | [[NetworkManager]] and [[Wicd]] are other popular alternatives. | ||
Line 541: | Line 609: | ||
# pacman -S wireless_tools wpa_supplicant wpa_actiond dialog | # pacman -S wireless_tools wpa_supplicant wpa_actiond dialog | ||
− | If your wireless adapter requires a firmware (as described in the above [[#Wireless|Establish an internet connection]] section and also [[ | + | If your wireless adapter requires a firmware (as described in the above [[#Wireless|Establish an internet connection]] section and also [[Wireless Setup#Drivers and firmware|here]]), install the package containing your firmware. For example: |
# pacman -S zd1211-firmware | # pacman -S zd1211-firmware | ||
− | * | + | * After finishing the rest of this installation and rebooting, you can connect to the network with {{ic|wifi-menu <interface>}} (where {{ic|<interface>}} is the interface of your wireless chipset), which will generate a profile file in {{ic|/etc/network.d}} named after the SSID. There are also templates available in {{ic|/etc/network.d/examples/}} for manual configuration. |
− | # wifi-menu | + | # wifi-menu <interface> |
+ | |||
+ | {{Warning|If you're using {{ic|wifi-menu}}, this must be done *after* your reboot when you're no longer chrooted. The process spawned by this command will conflict with the one you have running outside of the chroot. Alternatively, you could just configure a network profile manually using the templates previously mentioned so that you don't have to worry about using {{ic|wifi-menu}} at all.}} | ||
* Enable the {{ic|net-auto-wireless}} service, which will connect to known networks and gracefully handle roaming and disconnects: | * Enable the {{ic|net-auto-wireless}} service, which will connect to known networks and gracefully handle roaming and disconnects: | ||
Line 555: | Line 625: | ||
{{Note|[[Netcfg]] also provides {{ic|net-auto-wired}}, which can be used in conjunction with {{ic|net-auto-wireless}}.}} | {{Note|[[Netcfg]] also provides {{ic|net-auto-wired}}, which can be used in conjunction with {{ic|net-auto-wireless}}.}} | ||
− | * Make sure that the correct wireless interface ( | + | * Make sure that the correct wireless interface (e.g. {{ic|wlp3s0}}) is set in {{ic|/etc/conf.d/netcfg}}: |
{{hc|# nano /etc/conf.d/netcfg|2= | {{hc|# nano /etc/conf.d/netcfg|2= | ||
− | WIRELESS_INTERFACE=" | + | WIRELESS_INTERFACE="wlp3s0"}} |
It is also possible to define a list of network profiles that should be automatically connected, using the {{ic|AUTO_PROFILES}} variable in {{ic|/etc/conf.d/netcfg}}. If {{ic|AUTO_PROFILES}} is not set, all known wireless networks will be tried. | It is also possible to define a list of network profiles that should be automatically connected, using the {{ic|AUTO_PROFILES}} variable in {{ic|/etc/conf.d/netcfg}}. If {{ic|AUTO_PROFILES}} is not set, all known wireless networks will be tried. | ||
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=== Configure pacman === | === Configure pacman === | ||
− | Pacman is the Arch Linux '''pac'''kage '''man'''ager. It is highly recommended to study and learn how to use it. Read {{ic|man pacman}}, have a look at the [[pacman]] | + | Pacman is the Arch Linux '''pac'''kage '''man'''ager. It is highly recommended to study and learn how to use it. Read {{ic|man pacman}}, have a look at the [[pacman]] and [[Pacman - An Introduction]] articles, or check out the [[Pacman Rosetta]] article for a comparison to other popular package managers. |
For repository selections and pacman options, edit {{ic|pacman.conf}}: | For repository selections and pacman options, edit {{ic|pacman.conf}}: | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
# nano /etc/pacman.conf | # nano /etc/pacman.conf | ||
Line 579: | Line 646: | ||
If you installed Arch Linux x86_64, it's recommended that you enable the {{ic|[multilib]}} repository, as well (to be able to run both 32 bit and 64 bit applications): | If you installed Arch Linux x86_64, it's recommended that you enable the {{ic|[multilib]}} repository, as well (to be able to run both 32 bit and 64 bit applications): | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{Note|When choosing repos, be sure to uncomment both the {{ic|[''repo_name'']}} header lines, as well as the lines below. Failure to do so will result in the selected repository being omitted! This is a very common error. A correct example for the multilib repository is found below.}} | ||
[multilib] | [multilib] | ||
+ | SigLevel = PackageRequired | ||
Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist | Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist | ||
+ | |||
+ | You will then need to update the package list by running {{ic|pacman}} with the {{ic|-Sy}} switch. Failing to do so will generate "warning: database file for 'multilib' does not exist" error when next using pacman. | ||
See [[Official Repositories]] for more information, including details about the purpose of each repository. | See [[Official Repositories]] for more information, including details about the purpose of each repository. | ||
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# mkinitcpio -p linux | # mkinitcpio -p linux | ||
− | === Set the root password | + | {{Note|Arch VPS installations on QEMU (e.g. when using {{ic|virt-manager}}) may need {{ic|virtio}} modules in {{ic|mkinitcpio.conf}} to be able to boot. |
+ | |||
+ | {{hc|# nano /etc/mkinitcpio.conf|2= | ||
+ | MODULES="virtio virtio_blk virtio_pci virtio_net"}}}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Set the root password === | ||
Set the root password with: | Set the root password with: | ||
# passwd | # passwd | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
=== Install and configure a bootloader === | === Install and configure a bootloader === | ||
Line 625: | Line 689: | ||
* GRUB is more feature-rich and supports more complex scenarios. Its configuration file(s) is more similar to a scripting language, which may be difficult for beginners to manually write. It is recommended that they automatically generate one. | * GRUB is more feature-rich and supports more complex scenarios. Its configuration file(s) is more similar to a scripting language, which may be difficult for beginners to manually write. It is recommended that they automatically generate one. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{Note|Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html and http://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.}} | ||
===== Syslinux ===== | ===== Syslinux ===== | ||
Line 633: | Line 699: | ||
# pacman -S syslinux | # pacman -S syslinux | ||
− | # syslinux-install_update - | + | # syslinux-install_update -i -a -m |
− | Configure {{ic|syslinux.cfg}} to point to the right root partition. This step is vital. If it points to the wrong partition, Arch Linux will not boot. Change {{ic|/dev/sda3}} to reflect your root partition ''(if you partitioned your drive as | + | Configure {{ic|syslinux.cfg}} to point to the right root partition. This step is vital. If it points to the wrong partition, Arch Linux will not boot. Change {{ic|/dev/sda3}} to reflect your root partition ''(if you partitioned your drive as in [[#Prepare the storage drive|the example]], your root partition is sda1)''. Do the same for the fallback entry. |
{{hc|# nano /boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg|2= | {{hc|# nano /boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg|2= | ||
Line 648: | Line 714: | ||
===== GRUB ===== | ===== GRUB ===== | ||
− | {{ | + | Install the {{Pkg|grub-bios}} package and then run {{ic|grub-install /dev/sda}}: |
− | {{Note| | + | {{Note|Change {{ic|/dev/sda}} to reflect the drive you installed Arch on. Do not append a partition number (do not use {{ic|sda''X''}}).}} |
+ | |||
+ | {{Note|For GPT-partitioned drives on BIOS motherboards, GRUB needs a "[[GRUB2#GUID Partition Table (GPT) specific instructions|BIOS Boot Partition]]".}} | ||
# pacman -S grub-bios | # pacman -S grub-bios | ||
Line 662: | Line 730: | ||
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg | # grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg | ||
− | For more information on configuring and using GRUB, see [[ | + | For more information on configuring and using GRUB, see [[GRUB2]]. |
==== For UEFI motherboards ==== | ==== For UEFI motherboards ==== | ||
Line 668: | Line 736: | ||
For UEFI boot, the drive needs to be GPT-partitioned, and a UEFI System Partition (512 MiB or higher, FAT32, type {{ic|EF00}}) must be present and mounted on {{ic|/boot/efi}}. If you have followed this guide from the beginning, you've already done all of these. | For UEFI boot, the drive needs to be GPT-partitioned, and a UEFI System Partition (512 MiB or higher, FAT32, type {{ic|EF00}}) must be present and mounted on {{ic|/boot/efi}}. If you have followed this guide from the beginning, you've already done all of these. | ||
− | While there are other [[ | + | While there are other [[UEFI Bootloaders|UEFI bootloaders]] available, using EFISTUB is recommended. Below are instructions for setting up EFISTUB and GRUB. |
{{Note|Syslinux does not yet support UEFI.}} | {{Note|Syslinux does not yet support UEFI.}} | ||
Line 674: | Line 742: | ||
===== EFISTUB ===== | ===== EFISTUB ===== | ||
− | The Linux kernel can act as its own bootloader using EFISTUB. This is the UEFI boot method recommended by developers and simpler compared to {{ic|grub-efi-x86_64}}. The below steps set up rEFInd (a fork of rEFIt) to provide a menu for EFISTUB kernels, as well as for booting other UEFI bootloaders. You can also use [[ | + | The Linux kernel can act as its own bootloader using EFISTUB. This is the UEFI boot method recommended by developers and simpler compared to {{ic|grub-efi-x86_64}}. The below steps set up rEFInd (a fork of rEFIt) to provide a menu for EFISTUB kernels, as well as for booting other UEFI bootloaders. You can also use [[UEFI Bootloaders#Using gummiboot|gummiboot]] instead of rEFInd. Both rEFInd and gummiboot can detect Windows UEFI bootloader in case of dual-boot. |
1. Boot in UEFI mode and load {{ic|efivars}} kernel module before chrooting: | 1. Boot in UEFI mode and load {{ic|efivars}} kernel module before chrooting: | ||
Line 680: | Line 748: | ||
# modprobe efivars # before chrooting | # modprobe efivars # before chrooting | ||
− | 2. Mount the UEFISYS partition at {{ic|/mnt/boot/efi}}, chroot and [[UEFI_Bootloaders#Setting_up_EFISTUB|copy the kernel and initramfs files]] | + | 2. Mount the UEFISYS partition at {{ic|/mnt/boot/efi}}, chroot and [[UEFI_Bootloaders#Setting_up_EFISTUB|copy the kernel and initramfs files]] as described below. |
− | + | * Create {{ic|/boot/efi/EFI/arch/}} directory. | |
− | + | * Copy {{ic|/boot/vmlinuz-linux}} to {{ic|/boot/efi/EFI/arch/vmlinuz-arch.efi}}. The {{ic|.efi}} file extension is very important as some UEFI firmwares refuse to launch a file without this extension. '''Important:''' Remember that the file is called vmlinu'''z''', but not vmlinu'''x'''. | |
+ | * Copy {{ic|/boot/initramfs-linux.img}} to {{ic|/boot/efi/EFI/arch/initramfs-arch.img}}. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Copy {{ic|/boot/initramfs-linux-fallback.img}} to {{ic|/boot/efi/EFI/arch/initramfs-arch-fallback.img}}. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Every time the kernel and initramfs files are updated in {{ic|/boot}}, they need to be updated in {{ic|/boot/efi/EFI/arch}}. This can be automated either [[UEFI Bootloaders#Sync EFISTUB Kernel in UEFISYS partition using Systemd|using systemd]] or [[UEFI Bootloaders#Sync EFISTUB Kernel in UEFISYS partition using Incron|using incron]] (for non-systemd setups). | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. In this guide you set up a bootloader GUI called rEFInd. Alternative bootloaders can be found on the page [[UEFI Bootloaders#Booting EFISTUB]]. | ||
+ | For the recommended rEFInd bootloader install the following packages: | ||
# pacman -S refind-efi efibootmgr | # pacman -S refind-efi efibootmgr | ||
− | + | 4. Install rEFInd to the UEFISYS partition (summarized from [[UEFI Bootloaders#Using rEFInd]]): | |
# mkdir -p /boot/efi/EFI/refind | # mkdir -p /boot/efi/EFI/refind | ||
− | # cp /usr/lib/refind/ | + | # cp /usr/lib/refind/refind_x64.efi /boot/efi/EFI/refind/refind_x64.efi |
# cp /usr/lib/refind/config/refind.conf /boot/efi/EFI/refind/refind.conf | # cp /usr/lib/refind/config/refind.conf /boot/efi/EFI/refind/refind.conf | ||
# cp -r /usr/share/refind/icons /boot/efi/EFI/refind/icons | # cp -r /usr/share/refind/icons /boot/efi/EFI/refind/icons | ||
− | + | 5. Create a {{ic|refind_linux.conf}} file with the kernel parameters to be used by rEFInd: | |
{{hc|# nano /boot/efi/EFI/arch/refind_linux.conf|2= | {{hc|# nano /boot/efi/EFI/arch/refind_linux.conf|2= | ||
Line 701: | Line 777: | ||
"Boot to console" "root=/dev/sdaX ro rootfstype=ext4 systemd.unit=multi-user.target"}} | "Boot to console" "root=/dev/sdaX ro rootfstype=ext4 systemd.unit=multi-user.target"}} | ||
− | {{Note|{{ic|refind_linux.conf}} | + | {{Note|{{ic|refind_linux.conf}} is copied in the directory {{ic|/boot/efi/EFI/arch/}} where the initramfs and the kernel have been copied to in step 2. }} |
+ | {{Note|In {{ic|refind_linux.conf}}, sdaX refers to your root file system, not your boot partition, if you created them separately. }} | ||
− | + | 6. Add rEFInd to UEFI boot menu using [[UEFI#efibootmgr|efibootmgr]]. | |
{{Warning|Using {{ic|efibootmgr}} on Apple Macs may brick the firmware and may need reflash of the motherboard ROM. For Macs, use {{AUR|mactel-boot}}, or "bless" from within Mac OS X.}} | {{Warning|Using {{ic|efibootmgr}} on Apple Macs may brick the firmware and may need reflash of the motherboard ROM. For Macs, use {{AUR|mactel-boot}}, or "bless" from within Mac OS X.}} | ||
− | # efibootmgr -c -g -d /dev/sdX -p Y -w -L "rEFInd" -l '\EFI\refind\ | + | # efibootmgr -c -g -d /dev/sdX -p Y -w -L "rEFInd" -l '\EFI\refind\refind_x64.efi' |
{{Note|In the above command, X and Y denote the drive and partition of the UEFISYS partition. For example, in {{ic|/dev/sdc5}}, X is "c" and Y is "5".}} | {{Note|In the above command, X and Y denote the drive and partition of the UEFISYS partition. For example, in {{ic|/dev/sdc5}}, X is "c" and Y is "5".}} | ||
− | + | 7. (Optional) As a fallback, in case {{ic|efibootmgr}} created boot entry does not work, copy {{ic|refind_x64.efi}} to {{ic|/boot/efi/EFI/boot/bootx64.efi}} as follows: | |
# cp -r /boot/efi/EFI/refind/* /boot/efi/EFI/boot/ | # cp -r /boot/efi/EFI/refind/* /boot/efi/EFI/boot/ | ||
− | # mv /boot/efi/EFI/boot/ | + | # mv /boot/efi/EFI/boot/refind_x64.efi /boot/efi/EFI/boot/bootx64.efi |
===== GRUB ===== | ===== GRUB ===== | ||
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For more information on configuring and using GRUB, see [[GRUB]]. | For more information on configuring and using GRUB, see [[GRUB]]. | ||
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=== Unmount the partitions and reboot === | === Unmount the partitions and reboot === |
Revision as of 00:38, 6 March 2013
zh-CN:Beginners' Guide/Installation zh-TW:Beginners' Guide/Installation
Contents
- 1 Installation
- 1.1 Change the language
- 1.2 Establish an internet connection
- 1.3 Prepare the storage drive
- 1.4 Mount the partitions
- 1.5 Select a mirror
- 1.6 Install the base system
- 1.7 Generate an fstab
- 1.8 Chroot and configure the base system
- 1.9 Configure the network
- 1.10 Configure pacman
- 1.11 Create an initial ramdisk environment
- 1.12 Set the root password
- 1.13 Install and configure a bootloader
- 1.14 Unmount the partitions and reboot
Installation
You are now presented with a shell prompt, automatically logged in as root.
Change the language
By default, the keyboard layout is set to us
. If you have a non-US keyboard layout, run:
# loadkeys layout
...where layout can be fr
, uk
, be-latin1
, etc. See here for a comprehensive list.
The font should also be changed, because most languages use more glyphs than the 26 letter English alphabet. Otherwise some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. Note that the name is case-sensitive, so please type it exactly as you see it:
# setfont Lat2-Terminus16
By default, the language is set to English (US). If you would like to change the language for the install process (German, in this example), remove the #
in front of the locale you want from /etc/locale.gen
, along with English (US). Please choose the UTF-8
entry.
Use Template:Keypress to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press Template:Keypress and Template:Keypress to use the same filename.
# nano /etc/locale.gen
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8
# locale-gen # export LANG=de_DE.UTF-8
Remember, Template:Keypress activates and deactivates the keymap.
Establish an internet connection
From systemd-197's release and onward, udev now assigns predictable, stable network interface names that deviate from the legacy incremental naming scheme (wlan0, wlan1, etc.). These interface names are guaranteed to be persistent across reboots, which solves the problem of the lack of predictability of network interface name assignment. For more information about why this was necessary, read http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PredictableNetworkInterfaceNames .
The dhcpcd
network daemon is started automatically at boot and it will attempt to start a wired connection, if available. Try pinging a website to see if it was successful. And since Google is always on...
# ping -c 3 www.google.com
PING www.l.google.com (74.125.132.105) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=1 ttl=50 time=17.0 ms 64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=2 ttl=50 time=18.2 ms 64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=3 ttl=50 time=16.6 ms --- www.l.google.com ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 16.660/17.320/18.254/0.678 ms
If you get a ping: unknown host
error, first check if there is any problem with your cable (or if you have enough wireless signal), otherwise you will need to set up the network manually, as explained below.
Otherwise, move on to Prepare the storage drive.
Wired
Follow this procedure if you need to set up a wired connection via a static IP address.
First, identify the name of your ethernet interface.
# ip link
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 2: enp2s0f0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000 link/ether 00:11:25:31:69:20 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff 3: wlp3s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT qlen 1000 link/ether 01:02:03:04:05:06 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
In this case, the ethernet interface is enp2s0f0. If you're unsure, your ethernet interface is likely to start with the letter "e", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "w". You can also use iwconfig and see which interfaces are not wireless:
# iwconfig
enp2s0f0 no wireless extensions. wlp3s0 IEEE 802.11bgn ESSID:"NETGEAR97" Mode:Managed Frequency:2.427 GHz Access Point: 2C:B0:5D:9C:72:BF Bit Rate=65 Mb/s Tx-Power=16 dBm Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off Power Management:on Link Quality=61/70 Signal level=-49 dBm Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0 Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:430 Missed beacon:0 lo no wireless extensions.
In this example, neither enp2s0f0 nor the loopback device have wireless extensions, meaning enp2s0f0 is our ethernet interface.
You also need to know these settings:
- Static IP address.
- Subnet mask.
- Gateway's IP address.
- Name servers' (DNS) IP addresses.
- Domain name (unless you're on a local LAN, in which case you can make it up).
Activate the connected Ethernet interface (e.g. enp2s0f0
):
# ip link set enp2s0f0 up
Add the address:
# ip addr add <ip address>/<subnetmask> dev <interface>
For example:
# ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev enp2s0f0
For more options, run man ip
.
Add your gateway like this, substituting your own gateway's IP address:
# ip route add default via <ip address>
For example:
# ip route add default via 192.168.1.1
Edit resolv.conf
, substituting your name servers' IP addresses and your local domain name:
# nano /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 61.23.173.5 nameserver 61.95.849.8 search example.com
nameserver
lines.You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed Network Configuration page.
Wireless
Follow this procedure if you need wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi) during the installation process.
If you're coming from another distribution, or if this is your first time installing Arch Linux since the deprecation of the old interface naming scheme, you might be surprised to learn that the first wireless interface is not named "wlan0". In fact, none of the interfaces are automatically prefixed with "wlan" any longer. Don't panic; simply execute iwconfig
to discover the name of your wireless interface.
The wireless drivers and utilities are now available to you in the live environment of the installation media. A good knowledge of your wireless hardware will be of key importance to successful configuration. Note that the following quick-start procedure executed at this point in the installation will initialize your wireless hardware for use in the live environment of the installation media. These steps (or some other form of wireless management) must be repeated from the actual installed system after booting into it.
Also note that these steps are optional if wireless connectivity is unnecessary at this point in the installation; wireless functionality may always be established later.
wlp3s0
for the interface and linksys
for the ESSID. Remember to change these values according to your setup.The basic procedure will be:
- Identify the wireless interface:
# lspci | grep -i net
Or, if using a USB adapter:
# lsusb
- Ensure udev has loaded the driver, and that the driver has created a usable wireless kernel interface with
iwconfig
:
# iwconfig
enp2s0f0 no wireless extensions. wlp3s0 IEEE 802.11bgn ESSID:"NETGEAR97" Mode:Managed Frequency:2.427 GHz Access Point: 2C:B0:5D:9C:72:BF Bit Rate=65 Mb/s Tx-Power=16 dBm Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off Power Management:on Link Quality=61/70 Signal level=-49 dBm Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0 Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:430 Missed beacon:0 lo no wireless extensions.
In this example, wlp3s0
is the available wireless interface.
- Bring the interface up with:
# ip link set wlp3s0 up
A small percentage of wireless chipsets also require firmware, in addition to a corresponding driver. If the wireless chipset requires firmware, you are likely to receive this error when bringing the interface up:
# ip link set wlp3s0 up
SIOCSIFFLAGS: No such file or directory
If unsure, invoke dmesg
to query the kernel log for a firmware request from the wireless chipset.
Example output from an Intel chipset which requires and has requested firmware from the kernel at boot:
# dmesg | grep firmware
firmware: requesting iwlwifi-5000-1.ucode
If there is no output, it may be concluded that the system's wireless chipset does not require firmware.
/usr/lib/firmware
in the live environment (on CD/USB stick) but must be explicitly installed to your actual system to provide wireless functionality after you reboot into it! Package installation is covered later in this guide. Ensure installation of both your wireless module and firmware before rebooting! See Wireless Setup if you are unsure about the requirement of corresponding firmware installation for your particular chipset.Next, use netcfg's wifi-menu
to connect to a network. Replace wlp3s0" with the name of your interface:
# wifi-menu wlp3s0
{{Warning|At the moment, netcfg's wifi-menu, when executed without arguments, will look for "wlan0". Execute wifi-menu with your interface as the argument in order to use it. See Network Configuration#Get_current_device_names
You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed Wireless Setup page.
xDSL (PPPoE), analog modem or ISDN
If you have a router in bridge mode, run:
# pppoe-setup
- Type in the username that the ISP provided you with.
- Press Template:Keypress for "eth0".
- Press Template:Keypress for "no", so that it stays up continuously.
- Type
server
(since this is usually the case). - Press Template:Keypress for a firewall.
- Type in the password that the ISP provided you with.
- Press Template:Keypress at the end.
To use these settings and connect to your ISP, run:
# pppoe-start
You may also need to adjust your resolv.conf
:
# echo nameserver 8.8.8.8 > /etc/resolv.conf
If you have a dial-up or ISDN connection, see Direct Modem Connection.
Behind a proxy server
If you are behind a proxy server, you will need to export the http_proxy
and ftp_proxy
environment variables. See Proxy settings for more information.
Prepare the storage drive
Absolute beginners are encouraged to use a graphical partitioning tool. GParted is a good example, and is provided as a "live" CD. It is also included on live CDs of most Linux distributions such as Ubuntu and Linux Mint. A drive should first be partitioned and the partitions should be formatted with a file system before rebooting.
See Swap for details if you wish to set up a swap partition or file now. A swap file is easier to resize than a partition and can be created at any point after installation, but cannot be used with a BTRFS filesystem.
If you have already done so, proceed to Mount the partitions.
Otherwise, see the following example.
Example
The Arch Linux install media includes the following partitioning tools: fdisk
, gdisk
, cfdisk
, cgdisk
, parted
.
The example system will contain a 15 GB root partition, and a home partition for the remaining space. Choose either MBR or GPT. Do not choose both!
It should be emphasized that partitioning is a personal choice and that this example is only for illustrative purposes. See Partitioning.
MBR | cfdisk /dev/sda
|
Root:
|
Home:
| ||
GPT | cgdisk /dev/sda
|
Root:
|
Home:
|
If you chose MBR, here's how it should look like:
Name Flags Part Type FS Type [Label] Size (MB) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- sda1 Boot Primary Linux 15360 sda2 Primary Linux 133000*
If you chose GPT, here's how it should look like:
Part. # Size Partition Type Partition Name ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1007.0 KiB free space 1 15.0 GiB Linux filesystem 2 123.45 GiB Linux filesystem
Double check and make sure that you are happy with the partition sizes as well as the partition table layout before continuing.
If you would like to start over, you can simply select Quit (or press Template:Keypress) to exit without saving changes and then restart cfdisk (or cgdisk).
If you are satisfied, choose Write (or press Template:Keypress) to finalize and to write the partition table to the drive. Type "yes" and choose Quit (or press Template:Keypress) to exit without making any more changes.
Simply partitioning is not enough; the partitions also need a filesystem. To format the partitions with an ext4 filesystem:
/dev/sda1
and /dev/sda2
that you want to format.# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 # mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2
If you have made a partition dedicated to swap (code 82), don't forget to format and activate it with:
# mkswap /dev/sdaX # swapon /dev/sdaX
Mount the partitions
Each partition is identified with a number suffix. For example, sda1
specifies the first partition of the first drive, while sda
designates the entire drive.
To display the current partition layout:
# lsblk /dev/sda
First, mount the root partition on /mnt
. Following the example when using cfdisk
above (yours may be different), it would be:
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
Then mount the home partition and any other separate partition (/boot
, /var
, etc), if you have any:
# mkdir /mnt/home # mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/home
In case you have a UEFI motherboard, mount the UEFI partition:
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot/efi # mount /dev/sdaX /mnt/boot/efi
Select a mirror
Before installing, you may want to edit the mirrorlist
file and place your preferred mirror first. A copy of this file will be installed on your new system by pacstrap
as well, so it's worth getting it right.
# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
## ## Arch Linux repository mirrorlist ## Sorted by mirror score from mirror status page ## Generated on 2012-MM-DD ## Server = http://mirror.example.xyz/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch ...
- Template:Keypress to copy a
Server
line. - Template:Keypress key to scroll up.
- Template:Keypress to paste it at the top of the list.
- Template:Keypress to exit, and when prompted to save changes, press Template:Keypress and Template:Keypress to use the same filename.
If you want, you can make it the only mirror available by getting rid of everything else (using Template:Keypress), but it's usually a good idea to have a few more, in case the first one goes offline.
- Use the Mirrorlist Generator to get an updated list for your country. HTTP mirrors are faster than FTP, because of something called keepalive. With FTP, pacman has to send out a signal each time it downloads a package, resulting in a brief pause. For other ways to generate a mirror list, see Sorting mirrors and Reflector.
- Arch Linux MirrorStatus reports various aspects about the mirrors such as network problems with mirrors, data collection problems, the last time mirrors have been synced, etc.
- Whenever in the future you change your list of mirrors, always remember to force pacman to refresh all package lists with
pacman -Syy
. This is considered to be good practice and will avoid possible headaches. See Mirrors for more information. - If you're using an older installation medium, your mirrorlist might be outdated, which might lead to problems when updating Arch Linux (see FS#22510). Therefore it is advised to obtain the latest mirror information as described above.
- Some issues have been reported in the Arch Linux forums regarding network problems that prevent pacman from updating/synchronizing repositories (see [1] and [2]). When installing Arch Linux natively, these issues have been resolved by replacing the default pacman file downloader with an alternative (see Improve Pacman Performance for more details). When installing Arch Linux as a guest OS in VirtualBox, this issue has also been addressed by using "Host interface" instead of "NAT" in the machine properties.
Install the base system
The base system is installed using the pacstrap script.
The -i
switch can be omitted if you wish to install every package from the base and base-devel groups without prompting.
# pacstrap -i /mnt base base-devel
cal
. If the system date is invalid (e.g. it shows year 2010), signing keys will be considered expired (or invalid), signature checks on packages will fail and installation will be interrupted. Make sure to correct the system time, either by doing so manually or with the ntp client, and retry running the pacstrap command. Refer to Time page for more information on correcting system time.# pacman-key --init && pacman-key --populate archlinux
- base: Software packages from the [core] repo to provide the minimal base environment.
- base-devel: Extra tools from [core] such as
make
, andautomake
. Most beginners should choose to install it, as it will likely be needed to expand the system. The base-devel group will be required to install software from the Arch User Repository.
This will give you a basic Arch system. Other packages can be installed later using pacman.
Generate an fstab
Generate an fstab file with the following command. UUIDs will be used because they have certain advantages (see fstab#Identifying filesystems). If you would prefer to use labels instead, replace the -U
option with -L
.
# genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab # nano /mnt/etc/fstab
genfstab
has incorrectly added options to your EFI system partition. This will in fact prevent your computer from booting from that drive, so you need to remove all options for the EFI partition except for noatime
. For the other partitions that use it, be sure to replace "codepage=cp437"
with "codepage=437"
or else when you next reboot, any mounts with this option will fail and systemd will halt and drop into recovery mode. This should be fixed by linux 3.8A few considerations:
- Only the root (
/
) partition needs1
for the last field. Everything else should have either2
or0
(see fstab#Field definitions).
Chroot and configure the base system
Next, we chroot into our newly installed system:
# arch-chroot /mnt
arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash
to chroot into a bash shell.At this stage of the installation, you will configure the primary configuration files of your Arch Linux base system. These can either be created if they do not exist, or edited if you wish to change the defaults.
Closely following and understanding these steps is of key importance to ensure a properly configured system.
Locale
Locales are used by glibc and other locale-aware programs or libraries for rendering text, correctly displaying regional monetary values, time and date formats, alphabetic idiosyncrasies, and other locale-specific standards.
There are two files that need editing: locale.gen
and locale.conf
.
- The
locale.gen
file is empty by default (everything is commented out) and you need to remove the#
in front of the line(s) you want. You may uncomment more lines than just English (US), as long as you choose theirUTF-8
encoding:
# nano /etc/locale.gen
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8
# locale-gen
This will run on every glibc upgrade, generating all the locales specified in /etc/locale.gen
.
- The
locale.conf
file doesn't exist by default. Setting onlyLANG
should be enough. It will act as the default value for all other variables.
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf # export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
# echo LANG=de_DE.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf # export LANG=de_DE.UTF-8
To use other LC_*
variables, first run locale
to see the available options. An advanced example can be found here.
LC_ALL
variable is strongly discouraged because it overrides everything.Console font and keymap
If you set a keymap at the beginning of the install process, load it now, as well, because the environment has changed. For example:
# loadkeys de-latin1 # setfont Lat2-Terminus16
To make them available after reboot, edit vconsole.conf
:
# nano /etc/vconsole.conf
KEYMAP=de-latin1 FONT=Lat2-Terminus16
-
KEYMAP
– Please note that this setting is only valid for your TTYs, not any graphical window managers or Xorg.
-
FONT
– Available alternate console fonts reside in/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/
. The default (blank) is safe, but some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. It's recommended that you change it toLat2-Terminus16
, because according to/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/README.Lat2-Terminus16
, it claims to support "about 110 language sets".
- Possible option
FONT_MAP
– Defines the console map to load at boot. Readman setfont
. Removing it or leaving it blank is safe.
See Console fonts and man vconsole.conf
for more information.
Time zone
Available time zones and subzones can be found in the /usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>
directories.
To view the available <Zone>, check the directory /usr/share/zoneinfo/
:
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/
Similarly, you can check the contents of directories belonging to a <SubZone>:
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe
Create a symbolic link /etc/localtime
to your zone file /usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone>
using this command:
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/<Zone>/<SubZone> /etc/localtime
Example:
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Minsk /etc/localtime
Hardware clock
Set the hardware clock mode uniformly between your operating systems. Otherwise, they may overwrite the hardware clock and cause time shifts.
You can generate /etc/adjtime
automatically by using one of the following commands:
- UTC (recommended)
- Note: Using UTC for the hardware clock does not mean that software will display time in UTC.
-
# hwclock --systohc --utc
To synchronize your "UTC" time over the internet, see NTPd.
- localtime (discouraged; used by default in Windows)
- Warning: Using localtime may lead to several known and unfixable bugs. However, there are no plans to drop support for localtime.
-
# hwclock --systohc --localtime
If you have (or planning on having) a dual boot setup with Windows:
- Recommended: Set both Arch Linux and Windows to use UTC. A quick registry fix is needed. Also, be sure to prevent Windows from synchronizing the time on-line, because the hardware clock will default back to localtime.
- Not recommended: Set Arch Linux to localtime and disable any time-related services, like NTPd . This will let Windows take care of hardware clock corrections and you will need to remember to boot into Windows at least two times a year (in Spring and Autumn) when DST kicks in. So please don't ask on the forums why the clock is one hour behind or ahead if you usually go for days or weeks without booting into Windows.
Kernel modules
For kernel modules to load during boot, place a *.conf
file in /etc/modules-load.d/
, with a name based on the program that uses them.
# nano /etc/modules-load.d/virtio-net.conf
# Load 'virtio-net.ko' at boot. virtio-net
If there are more modules to load per *.conf
, the module names can be separated by newlines. A good example are the VirtualBox Guest Additions.
Empty lines and lines starting with #
or ;
are ignored.
Hostname
Set the hostname to your liking (e.g. arch):
# echo myhostname > /etc/hostname
/etc/hosts
.Configure the network
You need to configure the network again, but this time for your newly installed environment. The procedure and prerequisites are very similar to the one described above, except we are going to make it persistent and automatically run at boot.
Wired
- Dynamic IP
Until this bug is fixed, you can use the following script to find the name your interface will have after boot:
for i in /sys/class/net/*; do echo "==$i" udevadm test-builtin net_id "$i"; echo done 2>/dev/null
If you only use a single fixed wired network connection, you do not need a network management service and can simply enable the dhcpcd
service. Where <interface> is your wired interface:
# systemctl enable dhcpcd@<interface>.service
Alternatively, you can use netcfg's net-auto-wired
, which gracefully handles dynamic connections to new networks:
Install ifplugd, which is required for net-auto-wired
:
# pacman -S ifplugd
Edit /etc/conf.d/netcfg
and modify the network interface name, most likely it is not eth0. You can find out more about the naming in the warning above.
nano /etc/conf.d/netcfg
WIRED_INTERFACE="<interface>"
Enable the net-auto-wired
service.
# systemctl enable net-auto-wired.service
- Static IP
Copy a sample profile from /etc/network.d/examples
to /etc/network.d
:
# cd /etc/network.d # cp examples/ethernet-static .
Edit the profile as needed (modify INTERFACE
, ADDR
, GATEWAY
and DNS
):
# nano ethernet-static
Edit /etc/conf.d/netcfg
and add the new network profile to the NETWORKS
array:
nano /etc/conf.d/netcfg
NETWORKS=(ethernet-static)
Enable the netcfg
service:
# systemctl enable netcfg.service
Wireless
You will need to install additional programs to be able to configure and manage wireless network profiles for netcfg.
NetworkManager and Wicd are other popular alternatives.
- Install the required packages:
# pacman -S wireless_tools wpa_supplicant wpa_actiond dialog
If your wireless adapter requires a firmware (as described in the above Establish an internet connection section and also here), install the package containing your firmware. For example:
# pacman -S zd1211-firmware
- After finishing the rest of this installation and rebooting, you can connect to the network with
wifi-menu <interface>
(where<interface>
is the interface of your wireless chipset), which will generate a profile file in/etc/network.d
named after the SSID. There are also templates available in/etc/network.d/examples/
for manual configuration.
# wifi-menu <interface>
wifi-menu
, this must be done *after* your reboot when you're no longer chrooted. The process spawned by this command will conflict with the one you have running outside of the chroot. Alternatively, you could just configure a network profile manually using the templates previously mentioned so that you don't have to worry about using wifi-menu
at all.- Enable the
net-auto-wireless
service, which will connect to known networks and gracefully handle roaming and disconnects:
# systemctl enable net-auto-wireless.service
- Make sure that the correct wireless interface (e.g.
wlp3s0
) is set in/etc/conf.d/netcfg
:
# nano /etc/conf.d/netcfg
WIRELESS_INTERFACE="wlp3s0"
It is also possible to define a list of network profiles that should be automatically connected, using the AUTO_PROFILES
variable in /etc/conf.d/netcfg
. If AUTO_PROFILES
is not set, all known wireless networks will be tried.
xDSL (PPPoE), analog modem or ISDN
For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see Direct Modem Connection.
Configure pacman
Pacman is the Arch Linux package manager. It is highly recommended to study and learn how to use it. Read man pacman
, have a look at the pacman and Pacman - An Introduction articles, or check out the Pacman Rosetta article for a comparison to other popular package managers.
For repository selections and pacman options, edit pacman.conf
:
# nano /etc/pacman.conf
Most people will want to use [core]
, [extra]
and [community]
.
If you installed Arch Linux x86_64, it's recommended that you enable the [multilib]
repository, as well (to be able to run both 32 bit and 64 bit applications):
[repo_name]
header lines, as well as the lines below. Failure to do so will result in the selected repository being omitted! This is a very common error. A correct example for the multilib repository is found below.[multilib] SigLevel = PackageRequired Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
You will then need to update the package list by running pacman
with the -Sy
switch. Failing to do so will generate "warning: database file for 'multilib' does not exist" error when next using pacman.
See Official Repositories for more information, including details about the purpose of each repository.
For software unavailable directly through pacman, see Arch User Repository.
Create an initial ramdisk environment
mkinitcpio.conf
. The initramfs image (from the /boot
folder) has already been generated based on this file when the linux package (the Linux kernel) was installed earlier with pacstrap
.Here you need to set the right hooks if the root is on a USB drive, if you use RAID, LVM, or if /usr
is on a separate partition.
Edit /etc/mkinitcpio.conf
as needed and re-generate the initramfs image with:
# mkinitcpio -p linux
virt-manager
) may need virtio
modules in mkinitcpio.conf
to be able to boot.
# nano /etc/mkinitcpio.conf
MODULES="virtio virtio_blk virtio_pci virtio_net"
Set the root password
Set the root password with:
# passwd
Install and configure a bootloader
For BIOS motherboards
For BIOS systems, there are three bootloaders - Syslinux, GRUB, and LILO. Choose the bootloader as per your convenience. Below only Syslinux and GRUB are explained.
- Syslinux is (currently) limited to loading only files from the partition where it was installed. Its configuration file is considered to be easier to understand. An example configuration can be found here.
- GRUB is more feature-rich and supports more complex scenarios. Its configuration file(s) is more similar to a scripting language, which may be difficult for beginners to manually write. It is recommended that they automatically generate one.
Syslinux
Install the syslinux package and then use the syslinux-install_update
script to automatically install the files (-i
), mark the partition active by setting the boot flag (-a
), and install the MBR boot code (-m
):
pacman -S gptfdisk
), because it contains sgdisk
, which will be used to set the GPT-specific boot flag.# pacman -S syslinux # syslinux-install_update -i -a -m
Configure syslinux.cfg
to point to the right root partition. This step is vital. If it points to the wrong partition, Arch Linux will not boot. Change /dev/sda3
to reflect your root partition (if you partitioned your drive as in the example, your root partition is sda1). Do the same for the fallback entry.
# nano /boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg
... LABEL arch ... APPEND root=/dev/sda3 ro ...
For more information on configuring and using Syslinux, see Syslinux.
GRUB
Install the grub-bios package and then run grub-install /dev/sda
:
/dev/sda
to reflect the drive you installed Arch on. Do not append a partition number (do not use sdaX
).# pacman -S grub-bios # grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck /dev/sda # cp /usr/share/locale/en\@quot/LC_MESSAGES/grub.mo /boot/grub/locale/en.mo
While using a manually created grub.cfg
is absolutely fine, it's recommended that beginners automatically generate one:
pacman -S os-prober
) before running the next command.# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
For more information on configuring and using GRUB, see GRUB2.
For UEFI motherboards
For UEFI boot, the drive needs to be GPT-partitioned, and a UEFI System Partition (512 MiB or higher, FAT32, type EF00
) must be present and mounted on /boot/efi
. If you have followed this guide from the beginning, you've already done all of these.
While there are other UEFI bootloaders available, using EFISTUB is recommended. Below are instructions for setting up EFISTUB and GRUB.
EFISTUB
The Linux kernel can act as its own bootloader using EFISTUB. This is the UEFI boot method recommended by developers and simpler compared to grub-efi-x86_64
. The below steps set up rEFInd (a fork of rEFIt) to provide a menu for EFISTUB kernels, as well as for booting other UEFI bootloaders. You can also use gummiboot instead of rEFInd. Both rEFInd and gummiboot can detect Windows UEFI bootloader in case of dual-boot.
1. Boot in UEFI mode and load efivars
kernel module before chrooting:
# modprobe efivars # before chrooting
2. Mount the UEFISYS partition at /mnt/boot/efi
, chroot and copy the kernel and initramfs files as described below.
- Create
/boot/efi/EFI/arch/
directory.
- Copy
/boot/vmlinuz-linux
to/boot/efi/EFI/arch/vmlinuz-arch.efi
. The.efi
file extension is very important as some UEFI firmwares refuse to launch a file without this extension. Important: Remember that the file is called vmlinuz, but not vmlinux.
- Copy
/boot/initramfs-linux.img
to/boot/efi/EFI/arch/initramfs-arch.img
.
- Copy
/boot/initramfs-linux-fallback.img
to/boot/efi/EFI/arch/initramfs-arch-fallback.img
.
Every time the kernel and initramfs files are updated in /boot
, they need to be updated in /boot/efi/EFI/arch
. This can be automated either using systemd or using incron (for non-systemd setups).
3. In this guide you set up a bootloader GUI called rEFInd. Alternative bootloaders can be found on the page UEFI Bootloaders#Booting EFISTUB. For the recommended rEFInd bootloader install the following packages:
# pacman -S refind-efi efibootmgr
4. Install rEFInd to the UEFISYS partition (summarized from UEFI Bootloaders#Using rEFInd):
# mkdir -p /boot/efi/EFI/refind # cp /usr/lib/refind/refind_x64.efi /boot/efi/EFI/refind/refind_x64.efi # cp /usr/lib/refind/config/refind.conf /boot/efi/EFI/refind/refind.conf # cp -r /usr/share/refind/icons /boot/efi/EFI/refind/icons
5. Create a refind_linux.conf
file with the kernel parameters to be used by rEFInd:
# nano /boot/efi/EFI/arch/refind_linux.conf
"Boot to X" "root=/dev/sdaX ro rootfstype=ext4 systemd.unit=graphical.target" "Boot to console" "root=/dev/sdaX ro rootfstype=ext4 systemd.unit=multi-user.target"
refind_linux.conf
is copied in the directory /boot/efi/EFI/arch/
where the initramfs and the kernel have been copied to in step 2. refind_linux.conf
, sdaX refers to your root file system, not your boot partition, if you created them separately. 6. Add rEFInd to UEFI boot menu using efibootmgr.
efibootmgr
on Apple Macs may brick the firmware and may need reflash of the motherboard ROM. For Macs, use mactel-bootAUR, or "bless" from within Mac OS X.# efibootmgr -c -g -d /dev/sdX -p Y -w -L "rEFInd" -l '\EFI\refind\refind_x64.efi'
/dev/sdc5
, X is "c" and Y is "5".7. (Optional) As a fallback, in case efibootmgr
created boot entry does not work, copy refind_x64.efi
to /boot/efi/EFI/boot/bootx64.efi
as follows:
# cp -r /boot/efi/EFI/refind/* /boot/efi/EFI/boot/ # mv /boot/efi/EFI/boot/refind_x64.efi /boot/efi/EFI/boot/bootx64.efi
GRUB
grub-efi-i386
instead, and use --target=i386-efi
.# pacman -S grub-efi-x86_64 efibootmgr # grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot/efi --bootloader-id=arch_grub --recheck # cp /usr/share/locale/en\@quot/LC_MESSAGES/grub.mo /boot/grub/locale/en.mo
The next command creates a menu entry for GRUB in the UEFI boot menu. However, as of grub-efi-x86_64 version 2.00, grub-install
tries to create a menu entry, so running efibootmgr
may not be necessary. See UEFI#efibootmgr for more info.
# efibootmgr -c -g -d /dev/sdX -p Y -w -L "Arch Linux (GRUB)" -l '\EFI\arch_grub\grubx64.efi'
Next, while using a manually created grub.cfg
is absolutely fine, it's recommended that beginners automatically generate one:
pacman -S os-prober
) before running the next command.# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
For more information on configuring and using GRUB, see GRUB.
Unmount the partitions and reboot
Exit from the chroot environment:
# exit
Since the partitions are mounted under /mnt
, we use the following command to unmount them:
# umount /mnt/{boot,home,}
Reboot the computer:
# reboot