Difference between revisions of "Dwm"
(→Basic statusbar) |
Kynikos.bot (talk | contribs) (wikify some external links, use https for archlinux.org) |
||
(7 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[Category:Dynamic WMs]] | [[Category:Dynamic WMs]] | ||
+ | [[de:Dwm]] | ||
[[es:Dwm]] | [[es:Dwm]] | ||
[[fr:DWM]] | [[fr:DWM]] | ||
Line 116: | Line 117: | ||
exec dwm | exec dwm | ||
</pre> | </pre> | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
==Statusbar configuration== | ==Statusbar configuration== | ||
Line 154: | Line 122: | ||
===Basic statusbar=== | ===Basic statusbar=== | ||
− | This example prints the date in [ | + | This example prints the date in [[wikipedia:ISO_8601|ISO 8601]] format. Add it to files {{ic|~/.xinitrc}} or {{ic|~/.Xclients}} or see this page's discussion for more details about the GDM-3 case : |
<pre> | <pre> | ||
while true; do | while true; do | ||
Line 216: | Line 184: | ||
if acpi -a | grep off-line > /dev/null; then | if acpi -a | grep off-line > /dev/null; then | ||
xsetroot -name "Bat. $(awk 'sub(/,/,"") {print $3, $4}' <(acpi -b)) \ | xsetroot -name "Bat. $(awk 'sub(/,/,"") {print $3, $4}' <(acpi -b)) \ | ||
− | | Vol. $(awk '/dB/ { | + | | Vol. $(awk '/dB/ { gsub(/[\[\]]/,""); print $5}' <(amixer get Master)) \ |
| $(date +"%a, %b %d %R")" | | $(date +"%a, %b %d %R")" | ||
else | else | ||
Line 358: | Line 326: | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [http://dwm.suckless.org/ dwm's official website] | * [http://dwm.suckless.org/ dwm's official website] | ||
+ | * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQ5s6T25jCc Introduction to dwm video] | ||
* [[dmenu]] - Simple application launcher from the developers of dwm | * [[dmenu]] - Simple application launcher from the developers of dwm | ||
− | * The [ | + | * The [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=57549/ dwm thread] on the forums |
− | * [ | + | * [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=92895/ Hacking dwm thread] |
− | * Check out the forums' [ | + | * Check out the forums' [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=57768/ wallpaper thread] for a selection of dwm wallpapers |
*[https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=74599 Show off your dwm configuration forum thread] | *[https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=74599 Show off your dwm configuration forum thread] | ||
− | |||
* [http://0x80.org/blog/?p=72 Moved to dwm] | * [http://0x80.org/blog/?p=72 Moved to dwm] |
Revision as of 15:38, 4 December 2012
zh-CN:Dwm Template:Article summary start Template:Article summary text Template:Article summary heading Template:Article summary wiki Template:Article summary wiki Template:Article summary end
dwm is a dynamic window manager for X. It manages windows in tiled, stacked, and full-screen layouts, as well as many others with the help of optional patches. Layouts can be applied dynamically, optimizing the environment for the application in use and the task performed. dwm is extremely lightweight and fast, written in C and with a stated design goal of remaining under 2000 source lines of code. It provides multi-head support for xrandr and Xinerama.
Contents
- 1 Installing
- 2 Configuring
- 3 Starting dwm
- 4 Statusbar configuration
- 5 Basic usage
- 6 Extended usage
- 6.1 Patches & additional tiling modes
- 6.2 Fixing gaps around terminal windows
- 6.3 Restart dwm without logging out or closing programs
- 6.4 Make the right Alt key work as if it were Mod4 (Windows Key)
- 6.5 Disable focus follows mouse behaviour
- 6.6 Adding custom keybinds/shortcuts
- 6.7 Fixing misbehaving Java applications
- 7 See also
Installing
These instructions will install dwm using makepkg along with the Arch Build System, or ABS for short. This will allow reconfiguring it at a later time without complications. If only interested in installing dwm for a test drive, simply install the binary package from the repositories instead:
# pacman -S dwm
You will probably also want to consider installing dmenu, a fast and lightweight dynamic menu for X:
# pacman -S dmenu
Requirements
Basic programming tools present in base-devel are needed in order to compile dwm and build a package for it, and the abs package is also a requisite for fetching the necessary build scripts:
# pacman -S base-devel abs
Download build scripts with ABS
Once the required packages are installed, use ABS to update and then copy the dwm build scripts from the ABS tree to a temporary directory. For example:
# abs community/dwm $ cp -r /var/abs/community/dwm ~/dwm
Build and install package
Use cd
to switch to the directory containing the build scripts (the example above used ~/dwm
). Then run:
$ makepkg -i
This will compile dwm, build an Arch Linux package containing the resulting files, and install the package file all in one step. If problems are encountered, review the output for specific information.
~/dwm
) is saved, it can subsequently be used for making changes to the default configuration.Configuring
dwm, as mentioned before, is exclusively configured at compile-time via some of its source files, namely config.h
and config.mk
. While the initial configuration provides a good set of defaults, it is reasonable to expect eventual customization.
Method 1: ABS rebuild (recommended)
Modifying dwm is quite simple using this route.
Customizing config.h
Browse to the dwm source code directory saved during the installation process; ~/dwm
in the example. The config.h
found within this directory is where the general dwm preferences are stored. Most settings within the file should be self-explanatory. For detailed information on these settings, see the dwm website.
Once changes have been made, pipe the new md5sums into the PKGBUILD:
$ makepkg -g >> PKGBUILD
This will eliminate a checksum mismatch between the official config.h and the new revised copy.
Now, compile and reinstall:
$ makepkg -efi
Assuming the configuration changes were valid, this command will compile dwm, build and reinstall the resulting package. If problems were encountered, review the output for specific information.
Finally, restart dwm in order to apply the changes.
Notes
From now on, instead of updating the md5sums for every config.h
revision, which are known to become frequent, one may erase the md5sums array and build dwm with the --skipinteg
option:
$ makepkg -efi --skipinteg
And after adding a few lines to dwm's start-up script, it is possible to restart dwm without logging out or closing programs.
Method 2: Mercurial (advanced)
dwm is maintained upstream within a Mercurial version control system at suckless.org. Those already familiar with Mercurial may find it more convenient to maintain configurations and patches within this system. A detailed tutorial on this method is available at the dwm website.
Before building dwm from the Mercurial sources, be sure to alter config.mk accordingly, because failure to do so may result in X crashes. Here are the values that need changing:
Modify PREFIX
:
PREFIX = /usr
The X11 include folder:
X11INC = /usr/include/X11
And the the X11 lib directory:
X11LIB = /usr/lib/X11
Starting dwm
To start dwm with startx
or the SLIM login manager, simply append the following to ~/.xinitrc
:
exec dwm
For GDM, add it to ~/.Xclients
instead, and select "Run XClient Script" from the Sessions menu.
Starting a customized dwm from a display manager
The default /usr/share/xsessions/dwm.desktop does not allow for a customized start like can be done in .xinitrc. A solution to this problem is to make a start script, for example /usr/bin/dwm-personalized and make an alternative xsession .desktop file (/usr/share/xsessions/dwm-personalized.desktop).
Example of /usr/share/xsessions/dwm-personalized
[Desktop Entry] Encoding=UTF-8 Name=Dwm-personalized Comment=Dynamic window manager Exec=dwm-personalized Icon=dwm Type=XSession
Example of /usr/bin/dwm-personalized
#!/bin/zsh #Set swedish keyboard map setxkbmap se #Set chrome as default browser if [ -n "$DISPLAY" ]; then BROWSER=google-chrome fi #Set status bar & start DWM conky | while read -r; do xsetroot -name "$REPLY"; done & exec dwm
Statusbar configuration
dwm uses the root window's name to display information in its statusbar, which can be changed with xsetroot -name
.
Basic statusbar
This example prints the date in ISO 8601 format. Add it to files ~/.xinitrc
or ~/.Xclients
or see this page's discussion for more details about the GDM-3 case :
while true; do xsetroot -name "$( date +"%F %R" )" sleep 1m # Update time every minute done & exec dwm
Here is an example intended for laptops that depends on the acpi package for showing battery information:
while true ; do xsetroot -name "$(acpi -b | awk 'sub(/,/,"") {print $3, $4}')" sleep 1m done & exec dwm
The script displays the amount of battery remaining besides its charging status by using the awk command to trim away the unneeded text from acpi, and tr to remove the commas.
An alternative to the above is to selectively show the battery status depending on the current charging state:
while true; do batt=$(LC_ALL=C acpi -b) case $batt in *Discharging*) batt="${batt#* * * }" batt="${batt%%, *} " ;; *) batt="" ;; esac xsetroot -name "$batt$(date +%R)" sleep 60 done & exec dwm
Finally, make sure there is only one instance of dwm in ~/.xinitrc
or ~/.Xclients
, so combining everything together should resemble this:
~/.setbg autocutsel & termirssi & urxvt & while true; do xsetroot -name "$(date +"%F %R")" sleep 1m # Update time every minute done & exec dwm
Here is another example that displays also the alsa volume and the battery state. The latter only when the system is off-line.
#set statusbar while true do if acpi -a | grep off-line > /dev/null; then xsetroot -name "Bat. $(awk 'sub(/,/,"") {print $3, $4}' <(acpi -b)) \ | Vol. $(awk '/dB/ { gsub(/[\[\]]/,""); print $5}' <(amixer get Master)) \ | $(date +"%a, %b %d %R")" else xsetroot -name "Vol. $(awk '/dB/ { gsub(/[\[\]]/,""); print $5}' <(amixer get Master)) \ | $(date +"%a, %b %d %R")" fi sleep 1s done &
Conky statusbar
Conky can be printed to the statusbar with xsetroot -name
:
conky | while read -r; do xsetroot -name "$REPLY"; done & exec dwm
To do this, conky needs to be told to output text to the console only. The following is a sample conkyrc for a dual core CPU, displaying several stats:
out_to_console yes out_to_x no background no update_interval 2 total_run_times 0 use_spacer none TEXT $mpd_smart :: ${cpu cpu1}% / ${cpu cpu2}% ${loadavg 1} ${loadavg 2 3} :: ${acpitemp}c :: $memperc% ($mem) :: ${downspeed eth0}K/s ${upspeed eth0}K/s :: ${time %a %b %d %I:%M%P}
Basic usage
Dmenu is a useful addon to dwm. Rather than a standard list-style menu, it acts as a sort of autocomplete to typing in the names of binaries. It is more advanced than many program launchers and integrates well within dwm.
To start it, press Template:Keypress + Template:Keypress (Template:Keypress should be the Template:Keypress key by default). This can, of course, be changed if you so desire. Then, simply type in the first few characters of the binary you wish to run until you see it along the top bar. Then, simply use your left and right arrow keys to navigate to it and press enter.
For more information, see dmenu.
Controlling windows
Moving a window to another tag
Moving a window from one tag to another is very simple. To do so, simply bring the window into focus by hovering over it with your cursor, then press Template:Keypress + Template:Keypress + Template:Keypress, where 'x' is the number of the tag to which you want to move the window. [Mod1] is, by default, the Template:Keypress key.
Closing a window
To cleanly close a window using dwm, simply press Template:Keypress + Template:Keypress + Template:Keypress.
Window layouts
By default, dwm will operate in tiled mode. This can be observed by new windows on the same tag growing smaller and smaller as new windows are opened. The windows will, together, take up the entire screen (except for the menu bar) at all times. There are, however, two other modes: floating and monocle. Floating mode should be familiar to users of non-tiling window managers; it allows users to rearrange windows as they please. Monocle mode will keep a single window visible at all times.
To switch to floating mode, simply press Template:Keypress + Template:Keypress. Template:Keypress is, by default, the Template:Keypress key. To check if you are in floating mode, you should see something like this next to the numbered tags in the top right corner of the screen: X>.
To switch to monocole mode, press Template:Keypress + Template:Keypress. To check if you are in monocle mode, you can see an M in square brackets (if no windows are open on that tag) or a number in square brackets (which corresponds with the number of windows open on that tag). Thus, a tag with no windows open would display this: [M], and a tag with 'n' windows open would display this: [n].
To return to tiled mode, press Template:Keypress + Template:Keypress. You will see a symbol which looks like this: []= .
Exiting dwm
To cleanly exit dwm, press Template:Keypress + Template:Keypress + Template:Keypress.
Source: dwm tutorial.
Extended usage
Patches & additional tiling modes
The official website has a number of patches that can add extra functionality to dwm. Users can easily customize dwm by applying the modifications they like. The Bottom Stack patch provides an additional tiling mode that splits the screen horizontally, as opposed to the default vertically oriented tiling mode. Similarly, bstack horizontal splits the tiles horizontally.
The gaplessgrid patch allows windows to be tiled like a grid.
Enable one layout per tag
The default behaviour of dwm is to apply the currently selected layout for all tags.To have different layouts for different tags use the pertag patch.
Fixing gaps around terminal windows
If there are empty gaps of desktop space outside terminal windows, it is likely due to the terminal's font size. Either adjust the size until finding the ideal scale that closes the gap, or toggle resizehints
to False in config.h
:
static Bool resizehints = False; /* False means respect size hints in tiled resizals */
This will cause dwm to ignore resize requests from all client windows, not just terminals. The downside to this workaround is that some terminals may suffer redraw anomalies, such as ghost lines and premature line wraps, among others.
Urxvt
Another choice for urxvt users is applying the hints patch and regressing to dwm's original behaviour:
static Bool resizehints = True;
Restart dwm without logging out or closing programs
For restarting dwm without logging out or closing applications, change or add a startup script so that it loads dwm in a while loop, like this:
while true; do # Log stderror to a file dwm 2> ~/.dwm.log # No error logging #dwm >/dev/null 2>&1 done
dwm can now be restarted without destroying other X windows by pressing the usual Mod-Shift-Q combination.
It is a good idea to place the above startup script into a separate file, ~/bin/startdwm
for instance, and execute it through ~/.xinitrc
. From this point on, when desiring to actually end the X session simply execute killall startdwm
, or bind it to a convenient key.
Make the right Alt key work as if it were Mod4 (Windows Key)
When using Mod4 (aka Super/Windows Key) as the MODKEY
, it may be equally convenient to have the right Alt key (Alt_R) act as Mod4. This will allow performing otherwise awkward keystrokes one-handed, such as zooming with Alt_R+Enter.
First, find out which keycode is assigned to Alt_R:
xmodmap -pke | grep Alt_R
Then simply add the following to the startup script (e.g. ~/.xinitrc
), changing the keycode 113 if necessary to the result gathered by the previous xmodmap
command:
xmodmap -e "keycode 113 = Super_L" # reassign Alt_R to Super_L xmodmap -e "remove mod1 = Super_L" # make sure X keeps it out of the mod1 group
Now, any functions that are triggered by a Super_L (Windows) key press will also be triggered by an Alt_R key press.
Disable focus follows mouse behaviour
To disable focus follows mouse behaviour comment out the following line in definiton of struct handler in dwm.c
[EnterNotify] = enternotify,
Note that this change can cause some difficulties. After it the first click on inactive window will only bring the focus on it. To interact with window contents (buttons, fields etc) you need to click again. Also if you have several monitors you can notice that keyboard focus doesn't switch to another monitor activated by clicking.
Adding custom keybinds/shortcuts
Two entries are needed in config.h
to create custom keybinds. One under the "/* commands /*" section, and another under the "static Key keys[] = {" section.
static const char *<keybindname>[] = { "<command>", "<flags>", "<arguments>", NULL };
<keybindname> can be anything... <command> <-flags> and <arguments> can be anything but they have to be individually enclosed in "",
{ MODKEY, XK_<key>, spawn, {.v = <keybindname> } },
...would bind Mod+<key> to the command defined previously.
{ MODKEY|ShiftMask, XK_<key>, spawn, {.v = <keybindname> } },
...would bind Mod+Shift+<key> Use ControlMask for Ctrl key.
Single keys such as Fn or multimedia keys have to be bound with the hex codes obtainable from the program "xev"
{ 0, 0xff00, spawn, {.v = <keybindname> } },
...would bind foo key 0xff00 to <keybindname>
Fixing misbehaving Java applications
As of JRE 6u20, Java applications misbehave in dwm because it is not a known window manager to Java. This causes menus to close when the mouse is released, and other little issues. First, install wmname from the [community] repository:
# pacman -S wmname
Now all you have to do is use wmname to set a WM name that Java recognizes:
$ wmname LG3D
This is not permanent, so you may want to add this command to your .xinitrc.
It is also possible to change enable export _JAVA_AWT_WM_NONREPARENTING=1
in /etc/profile.d/jre.sh
See also
- dwm's official website
- Introduction to dwm video
- dmenu - Simple application launcher from the developers of dwm
- The dwm thread on the forums
- Hacking dwm thread
- Check out the forums' wallpaper thread for a selection of dwm wallpapers
- Show off your dwm configuration forum thread
- Moved to dwm