Difference between revisions of "Installation guide"
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This document is a guide for installing [[Arch Linux]] from the live system booted with the official installation image. Before installing, it would be advised to view the [[FAQ]]. For conventions used in this document, see [[Help:Reading]]. | This document is a guide for installing [[Arch Linux]] from the live system booted with the official installation image. Before installing, it would be advised to view the [[FAQ]]. For conventions used in this document, see [[Help:Reading]]. | ||
− | For more detailed instructions, see the respective [[ArchWiki:About|ArchWiki]] articles or the various programs' [[man page]]s, both linked from this guide. See {{man|7|archlinux | + | For more detailed instructions, see the respective [[ArchWiki:About|ArchWiki]] articles or the various programs' [[man page]]s, both linked from this guide. See {{man|7|archlinux}} for an overview of the configuration. For interactive help, the [[IRC channel]] and the [https://bbs.archlinux.org/ forums] are also available. |
== Pre-installation == | == Pre-installation == | ||
Line 41: | Line 41: | ||
=== Set the keyboard layout === | === Set the keyboard layout === | ||
− | The default [[ | + | The default [[console keymap]] is [[w:File:KB United States-NoAltGr.svg|US]]. To list available layouts, run {{ic|ls /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/**/*.map.gz}}. To modify the layout, append a corresponding file name to {{man|1|loadkeys}}, omitting path and file extension. For example, run {{ic|loadkeys de-latin1}} to set a [[w:File:KB_Germany.svg|German]] keyboard layout. |
[[Console fonts]] are located in {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/}} and can likewise be set with {{man|8|setfont}}. | [[Console fonts]] are located in {{ic|/usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/}} and can likewise be set with {{man|8|setfont}}. | ||
Line 61: | Line 61: | ||
If no connection is available, [[stop]] the ''dhcpcd'' service with {{ic|systemctl stop dhcpcd@}}, {{ic|Tab}} and see [[Network configuration]]. | If no connection is available, [[stop]] the ''dhcpcd'' service with {{ic|systemctl stop dhcpcd@}}, {{ic|Tab}} and see [[Network configuration]]. | ||
− | For '''wireless''' connections, {{man|8|iw | + | For '''wireless''' connections, {{man|8|iw}}, {{man|8|wpa_supplicant}} and [[netctl#Wireless .28WPA-PSK.29|netctl]] are available. See [[Wireless network configuration]]. |
=== Update the system clock === | === Update the system clock === | ||
Line 98: | Line 98: | ||
=== Mount the file systems === | === Mount the file systems === | ||
− | [[ | + | [[Mount]] the file system on the root partition to {{ic|/mnt}}, for example: |
# mount /dev/''sda1'' /mnt | # mount /dev/''sda1'' /mnt | ||
Line 203: | Line 203: | ||
Creating a new ''initramfs'' is usually not required, because [[mkinitcpio]] was run on installation of the {{Pkg|linux}} package with ''pacstrap''. | Creating a new ''initramfs'' is usually not required, because [[mkinitcpio]] was run on installation of the {{Pkg|linux}} package with ''pacstrap''. | ||
− | For special configurations, modify the {{man|5|mkinitcpio.conf | + | For special configurations, modify the {{man|5|mkinitcpio.conf}} file and recreate the initramfs image: |
# mkinitcpio -p linux | # mkinitcpio -p linux |
Revision as of 20:03, 6 September 2017
This document is a guide for installing Arch Linux from the live system booted with the official installation image. Before installing, it would be advised to view the FAQ. For conventions used in this document, see Help:Reading.
For more detailed instructions, see the respective ArchWiki articles or the various programs' man pages, both linked from this guide. See archlinux(7) for an overview of the configuration. For interactive help, the IRC channel and the forums are also available.
Pre-installation
Arch Linux should run on any x86_64-compatible machine with a minimum of 512 MB RAM. A basic installation with all packages from the base group should take less than 800 MB of disk space. As the installation process needs to retrieve packages from a remote repository, a working internet connection is required.
Download and boot the installation medium as explained in Category:Getting and installing Arch. You will be logged in on the first virtual console as the root user, and presented with a Zsh shell prompt; common commands such as systemctl(1) can be tab-completed.
To switch to a different console—for example, to view this guide with ELinks alongside the installation—use the Alt+arrow
shortcut. To edit configuration files, nano, vi and vim are available.
Set the keyboard layout
The default console keymap is US. To list available layouts, run ls /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/**/*.map.gz
. To modify the layout, append a corresponding file name to loadkeys(1), omitting path and file extension. For example, run loadkeys de-latin1
to set a German keyboard layout.
Console fonts are located in /usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/
and can likewise be set with setfont(8).
Verify the boot mode
If UEFI mode is enabled on an UEFI motherboard, Archiso will boot Arch Linux accordingly via systemd-boot. To verify this, list the efivars directory:
# ls /sys/firmware/efi/efivars
If the directory does not exist, the system may be booted in BIOS or CSM mode. Refer to your motherboard's manual for details.
Connect to the Internet
The installation image enables the dhcpcd daemon on boot for wired network devices. The connection may be checked with:
# ping archlinux.org
If no connection is available, stop the dhcpcd service with systemctl stop dhcpcd@
, Tab
and see Network configuration.
For wireless connections, iw(8), wpa_supplicant(8) and netctl are available. See Wireless network configuration.
Update the system clock
Use timedatectl(1) to ensure the system clock is accurate:
# timedatectl set-ntp true
To check the service status, use timedatectl status
.
Partition the disks
When recognized by the live system, disks are assigned to a block device such as /dev/sda
. To identify these devices, use lsblk or fdisk — results ending in rom
, loop
or airoot
may be ignored:
# fdisk -l
The following partitions (shown with a numerical suffix) are required for a chosen device:
- One partition for the root directory
/
. - If UEFI is enabled, an EFI System Partition.
Swap space can be set on a separate partition or a swap file.
To modify partition tables, use fdisk or parted. See Partitioning for more information.
If you want to create any stacked block devices for LVM, disk encryption or RAID, do it now.
Format the partitions
Once the partitions have been created, each must be formatted with an appropriate file system. For example, to format the root partition on /dev/sda1
with ext4
, run:
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1
See File systems#Create a file system for details.
Mount the file systems
Mount the file system on the root partition to /mnt
, for example:
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
Create mount points for any remaining partitions and mount them accordingly, for example:
# mkdir /mnt/boot # mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/boot
genfstab will later detect mounted file systems and swap space.
Installation
Select the mirrors
Packages to be installed must be downloaded from mirror servers, which are defined in /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
. On the live system, all mirrors are enabled, and sorted by their synchronization status and speed at the time the installation image was created.
The higher a mirror is placed in the list, the more priority it is given when downloading a package. You may want to edit the file accordingly, and move the geographically closest mirrors to the top of the list, although other criteria should be taken into account.
This file will later be copied to the new system by pacstrap, so it is worth getting right.
Install the base packages
Use the pacstrap script to install the base package group:
# pacstrap /mnt base
This group does not include all tools from the live installation, such as btrfs-progs or specific wireless firmware; see packages.both for comparison.
To install packages and other groups such as base-devel, append the names to pacstrap (space separated) or to individual pacman commands after the #Chroot step.
Configure the system
Fstab
Generate an fstab file (use -U
or -L
to define by UUID or labels, respectively):
# genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
Check the resulting file in /mnt/etc/fstab
afterwards, and edit it in case of errors.
Chroot
Change root into the new system:
# arch-chroot /mnt
Time zone
Set the time zone:
# ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Region/City /etc/localtime
Run hwclock(8) to generate /etc/adjtime
:
# hwclock --systohc
This command assumes the hardware clock is set to UTC. See Time#Time standard for details.
Locale
Uncomment en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
and other needed localizations in /etc/locale.gen
, and generate them with:
# locale-gen
Set the LANG
variable in locale.conf(5) accordingly, for example:
/etc/locale.conf
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
If you set the keyboard layout, make the changes persistent in vconsole.conf(5):
/etc/vconsole.conf
KEYMAP=de-latin1
Hostname
Create the hostname(5) file:
/etc/hostname
myhostname
Consider adding a matching entry to hosts(5):
/etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost ::1 localhost.localdomain localhost 127.0.1.1 myhostname.localdomain myhostname
See also Network configuration#Set the hostname.
Network configuration
The newly installed environment has no network connection activated by default. See Network configuration#Network managers.
For Wireless configuration, install the iw and wpa_supplicant packages, as well as needed firmware packages. Optionally install dialog for usage of wifi-menu.
Initramfs
Creating a new initramfs is usually not required, because mkinitcpio was run on installation of the linux package with pacstrap.
For special configurations, modify the mkinitcpio.conf(5) file and recreate the initramfs image:
# mkinitcpio -p linux
Root password
Set the root password:
# passwd
Boot loader
See Category:Boot loaders for available choices and configurations.
If you have an Intel CPU, install the intel-ucode package in addition, and enable microcode updates.
Reboot
Exit the chroot environment by typing exit
or pressing Ctrl+D
.
Optionally manually unmount all the partitions with umount -R /mnt
: this allows noticing any "busy" partitions, and finding the cause with fuser(1).
Finally, restart the machine by typing reboot
: any partitions still mounted will be automatically unmounted by systemd. Remember to remove the installation media and then login into the new system with the root account.
Post-installation
See General recommendations for system management directions and post-installation tutorials (like setting up a graphical user interface, sound or a touchpad).
For a list of applications that may be of interest, see List of applications.