Difference between revisions of "Netctl"

Revision as of 16:14, 14 September 2013

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netctl is a CLI-based tool used to configure and manage network connections via profiles. It is a native Arch Linux project that replaces the old netcfg utility.

Installation

The netctl package is available in the official repositories. Installing netctl will replace netcfg^AUR.

netctl and netcfg^AUR are conflicting packages. You will be potentially connectionless after installing netctl if your profiles are misconfigured.

Required reading

It is advisable to read the following man pages before using netctl:

• netctl
• netctl.profile
• netctl.special

Configuration

netctl uses profiles to manage network connections, profile files are stored in /etc/netctl/. Example configuration files are provided for the user to assist them in configuring their network connection. These example profiles are located in /etc/netctl/examples/. The common configurations include:

• ethernet-dhcp
• ethernet-static
• wireless-wpa
• wireless-wpa-static

To use an example profile, simply copy one of them from /etc/netctl/examples/ to /etc/netctl/ and configure it to your needs:

# cp /etc/netctl/examples/wireless-wpa /etc/netctl/profile

Once you have created your profile, make an attempt to establish a connection using the newly created profile by running:

# netctl start profile

If issuing the above command results in a failure, then use journalctl -xn and netctl status profile in order to obtain a more in depth explanation of the failure. Make the needed corrections to the failed configuration and retest.

Automatic operation

If you use only one profile (per interface) or want to switch profiles manually, the Basic method will do. Most common examples are servers, workstations, routers etc.

If you need to switch multiple profiles frequently, use Automatic switching of profiles. Most common examples are laptops.

Basic method

With this method, you can statically start only one profile per interface. First manually check that the profile can be started successfully, then it can be enabled using

# netctl enable profile

This will create and enable a systemd service that will start when the computer boots.

Automatic switching of profiles

netctl provides two special systemd services for automatic switching of profiles:

• For wired interfaces: netctl-ifplugd@interface.service. Using this netctl profiles change as you plug the cable in and out.
• For wireless interfaces: netctl-auto@interface.service. Using this netctl profiles change as you move from range of one network into range of other network.

First install required packages:

• Package wpa_actiond is required to use netctl-auto@interface.service.
• Package ifplugd is required to use netctl-ifplugd@interface.service.

Now configure all profiles that netctl-auto@interface.service or netctl-ifplugd@interface.service can start.

If you want some wireless profile not to be started automatically by netctl-auto@interface.service, you have to explicitly add ExcludeAuto=yes to that profile. You can use Priority= to set priority of some profile when multiple profiles are available. netctl-ifplugd@interface.service will prefer profiles, which use DHCP. To prefer a profile with a static IP, you can use AutoWired=yes. See netctl.profile(5) for details.

Once your profiles are set and verified to be working, simply enable these services using systemctl:

# systemctl enable netctl-auto@interface.service 
# systemctl enable netctl-ifplugd@interface.service  

Migrating from netcfg

netctl uses /etc/netctl/ to store its profiles, not /etc/network.d/ (used by netcfg).

In order to migrate from netcfg, at least the following is needed:

• Disable the netcfg service: systemctl disable netcfg.service.
• Uninstall netcfg and install netctl.
• Move network profile files to the new directory.
• Rename variables therein according to netctl.profile(5) (Most variable names have only UpperCamelCase i.e CONNECTION becomes Connection).
• For static IP configuration make sure the Address variables have a netmask after the IP (e.g. Address=('192.168.1.23/24' '192.168.1.87/24') in the example profile).
• If you setup a wireless profile according in the wireless-wpa-configsection example, note that this overrides wpa_supplicant options defined above the brackets. For a connection to a hidden wireless network, add scan_ssid=1 to the options in the wireless-wpa-configsection; Hidden=yes does not work there.
• Unquote interface variables and other variables that don't strictly need quoting (this is mainly a style thing).
• Run netctl enable profile for every profile in the old NETWORKS array. last doesn't work this way, see netctl.special(7).
• Use netctl list and/or netctl start profile instead of netcfg-menu. wifi-menu remains available.
• Unlike netcfg, by default netctl fails to bring up a NIC when it is not connected to another powered up NIC. To solve this problem, add SkipNoCarrier=yes at the end of your /etc/netctl/profile.

Passphrase obfuscation (256-bit PSK)

Users not wishing to have the passphrase to their wireless network stored in plain text have the option of storing the corresponding 256-bit pre-shared key (PSK) instead, which is calculated from the passphrase and the SSID using standard algorithms.

• Method 1: Use wifi-menu -o to generate a config file in /etc/netctl/
• Method 2: Manual settings as follows.

For both methods it is suggested to chmod 600 /etc/netctl/<config_file> to prevent user access to the password.

Calculate your 256-bit PSK using wpa_passphrase:

$ wpa_passphrase your_essid passphrase

network={
  ssid="your_essid"
  #psk="passphrase"
  psk=64cf3ced850ecef39197bb7b7b301fc39437a6aa6c6a599d0534b16af578e04a
}

In a second terminal window, copy the example file wireless-wpa from /etc/netctl/examples to /etc/netctl:

# cp /etc/netctl/examples/wireless-wpa /etc/netctl/wireless-wpa

You will then need to edit /etc/netctl/wireless-wpa using your favorite text editor and add the pre-shared key, that was generated earlier using wpa_passphrase, to the Key variable of this profile.

Once completed your network profile wireless-wpa containing a 256-bit PSK should resemble:

/etc/netctl/wireless-wpa

Description='A simple WPA encrypted wireless connection using 256-bit PSK'
Interface=wlp2s2
Connection=wireless
Security=wpa
IP=dhcp
ESSID=your_essid
Key=\"64cf3ced850ecef39197bb7b7b301fc39437a6aa6c6a599d0534b16af578e04a

Tips and tricks

Replace 'netcfg current'

As of April 2013 there is no netctl alternative to netcfg current. If you relied on it for something, like a status bar for a tiling window manager, you can now use:

# netctl list | awk '/*/ {print $2}'

or, when netctl-auto was used to connect:

# wpa_cli -i interface status | sed -n 's/^id_str=//p'

# netctl-auto current

Eduroam

Some universities use a system called "Eduroam" to manage their wireless networks. For this system, a WPA config-section profile with the following format is often useful:

/etc/netctl/wlan0-eduroam

Description='Eduroam-profile for <user>'
Interface=wlan0
Connection=wireless
Security=wpa-configsection
IP=dhcp
WPAConfigSection=(
 'ssid="eduroam"'
 'proto=RSN'
 'key_mgmt=WPA-EAP'
 'pairwise=CCMP'
 'auth_alg=OPEN'
 'eap=PEAP'
 'identity="<user>"'
 'password="<password>"'
)

Bonding

From kernel documentation:

The Linux bonding driver provides a method for aggregating multiple network interfaces into a single logical "bonded" interface. The behavior of the bonded interfaces depends on the mode. Generally speaking, modes provide either hot standby or load balancing services. Additionally, link integrity monitoring may be performed.

Load balancing

To use bonding with netctl, additional package from official repositories is required: ifenslave.

Copy /etc/netctl/examples/bonding to /etc/netctl/bonding and edit it, for example:

/etc/netctl/bonding

Description='Bond Interface'
Interface='bond0'
Connection=bond
BindsToInterfaces=('eth0' 'eth1')
IP=dhcp
IP6=stateless

Now you can disable your old configuration and set bonding to be started automatically. Switch to the new profile, for example:

# netctl switch-to bonding

$ cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0

Wired to wireless failover

This example describes how to use bonding to fallback to wireless when the wired ethernet goes down. The presence of network connection on each interface is detected and dhcpcd is started when connection on either or both interfaces is established.

You'll need additional packages from the official repositories: ifplugd, ifenslave and wpa_supplicant.

First configure the bonding driver to use active-backup:

/etc/modprobe.d/bonding.conf

options bonding mode=active-backup
options bonding miimon=100
options bonding primary=eth0
options bonding max_bonds=0

The max_bonds option avoids the Interface bond0 already exists error.

Next, configure a netctl profile to enslave the two hardware interfaces:

/etc/netctl/failover

Description='A wired connection with failover to wireless'
Interface='bond0'
Connection=bond
BindsToInterfaces=('eth0' 'wlan0')
IP='no'
SkipNoCarrier='no'

Enable the profile on startup.

# netctl enable failover

Configure wpa_supplicant to associate with known networks. This can be done with a netctl profile (remember to use IP='no') and a wpa_supplicant service running constantly, or on-demand with wpa_cli. Ways to do this are covered on the wpa_supplicant page.

Create an ifplugd action for automatic DHCP assignment on the bonded interface:

/etc/ifplugd/bond_dhcp.action

#!/bin/sh

case "$2" in
  up)
    systemctl start "dhcpcd@$1.service" && exit 0
    ;;
  down)
    systemctl stop "dhcpcd@$1.service" && exit 0
    ;;
  *)
    echo "Wrong arguments" > /dev/stderr
    ;;
esac
exit 1

and make it executable

# chmod +x /etc/ifplugd/bond_dhcp.action

Then create the systemd service which starts ifplugd for bond0:

/etc/systemd/system/net-auto-bonded@.service

[Unit]
Description=Provides automatic dhcp resolution for bonded failover connection
Requires=netctl@failover.service
After=netctl@failover.service

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/bin/ifplugd -i %i -r /etc/ifplugd/bond_dhcp.action -fIns

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Enable the net-auto-bonded service and reboot:

# systemctl enable net-auto-bonded@bond0.service
# reboot

If you have a wired and wireless connection to the same network, you can probably now disconnect and reconnect the wired connection without losing connectivity. In most cases, even streaming music won't skip!

Issues using a wireless password with special characters

Try using

# wpa_passphrase <ssid>

then typing your password. This will generate a obfuscated hash of your password just as wifi-menu -o would but handles special characters correct.

Now create the profile using

# install -m640 /etc/netctl/examples/wireless-wpa /etc/netctl/profileName

Edit the config file to match your SSID and remember to qoute your key in the config file like this:

Key=\"inserthashhere

The Template:\" is important here!

Remove old dhcpd lease

# sudo rm /var/lib/dhcpcd/dhcpcd-wlan0.lease

See also

• Official announcement thread
• There is a cinnamon applet available in the AUR: cinnamon-applet-netctl-systray-menu^AUR