Difference between revisions of "VirtualBox Extras"

Revision as of 03:19, 8 March 2013

zh-CN:VirtualBox Extras Template:Article summary start Template:Article summary text Template:Article summary heading Template:Article summary wiki - Main VirtualBox article. Template:Article summary end

Basic virtual machine setup

Audio

In the machine settings, go to the audio tab and select the correct driver according to your sound system (ALSA, OSS or PulseAudio).

RAM and video memory

You can change the default values by going to Settings → General.

CD-ROM

You can change the default values by going to Settings → CD/DVD-ROM.

Check mount CD/DVD drive and select one of the following options.

Extension pack

VirtualBox requires an extension pack in order to provide support for RDP, as well as USB 2.0 and PXE booting for Intel network cards, etc., available at this webpage: VirtualBox Downloads. This PUEL licensed extension pack is free for personal use.

To install the Extension pack you download and save it to your hard drive and then open the VirtualBox main program. Click on preferences and on the left side click Extensions. On the right side, click the add package icon and then open the folder that has the extension and click to install it.

Additionally you can install the Extension Pack from the command line using VBoxManage.

VBoxManage extpack install <tarball> |
                   uninstall [--force] <name> |
                   cleanup

As an alternative, you could also use virtualbox-ext-oracle^AUR from the AUR.

Networking

VirtualBox guests may be networked through various methods; among them, there is #NAT and #Bridged networking. Using the #NAT method is the simplest and the default for new virtual machines.

In order to use host-only and internal network settings you have to load the vboxnetadp kernel module. Host-only Networks have to be created first in VBox Manager->File->Preferences->Network, only then will you be able to select the adapters name in a VMs Network settings. The VirtualBox manual covers the available options for these two network types. They have been omitted here due to them being, for the most part, OS agnostic.

NAT

From VirtualBox:

• access the VM's Settings menu;
• click on Network from the list to the left; finally,
• in the Attached to drop-down list, select NAT.

VirtualBox's bundled DHCP server enables the guest system to be configured with DHCP. The NAT IP address on the first card is 10.0.2.0, 10.0.3.0 on the second and so on.

Bridged

Bridged networking may be setup through various methods; among them, there is the native way, which requires minimal setup at the expense of having less control. For other methods, see Advanced VirtualBox Networking. Since newer versions, VirtualBox can bridge between a guest and a wireless host interface without the help of third party utilities.

Before continuing, load the required module:

# modprobe vboxnetflt

From VirtualBox:

• access the VM's Settings menu;
• click on Network from the list to the left;
• in the Attached to drop-down list, select Bridged Adapter; finally,
• in the Name drop-down list, select the name of the host interface that is connected to the network that the guest OS should be part of.

Start the virtual machine and configure its network as usual; e.g., DHCP or static.

Guest additions

The Guest Additions make the shared folders feature available, improve video card acceleration support, and enable bi-directional clipboard between the guest and host. Mouse integration is another feature, taking away the need of releasing the mouse after using it in the guest.

Windows guests

After installing Windows (XP, 7, etc.) on your virtual machine, simply select Devices → Install Guest Additions...

This will mount the iso image and windows should then automatically launch the guest additions installer. Follow the instructions to the end. If it does not automatically launch the installer, double click on "My Computer" or select "Computer" from the Start Menu and double click the VirtualBox Additions icon. This will launch the installer, and after it is finished, will require a Windows reboot. If you have Guest Additions installed for one virtual machine, and you want to install it for another one, there is no need to re-download the .iso. Select Devices → CD/DVD Devices → Choose virtual CD/DVD drive and navigate to ~/.VirtualBox where the image is located. This is the case if you have multiple VMs.

Sharing keyboard and mouse

• To capture the keyboard and mouse, click the mouse inside the virtual machine display.
• To uncapture, press right Template:Keypress.

To get seamless mouse integration between host and guest, install the #Guest Additions inside the guest.

Sharing files

In the settings of the virtual machine go to shared folders tab and add the folders you want to share.

• NOTE: You need to install Guest Additions in order to use this feature.

In a Linux host, Devices → Install Guest Additions
Yes (when asked to download the CD image)
Mount (when asked to register and mount)

In a Linux host, create one or more folders for sharing files, then set the shared folders via the virtualbox menu (guest window).

In a Windows guest, starting with VirtualBox 1.5.0, shared folders are browseable and are therefore visible in Windows Explorer. Open Windows Explorer and look for it under My Networking Places → Entire Network → VirtualBox Shared Folders.

Launch the Windows Explorer (run explorer command) to browse the network places -> expand with the (+) sign : entire network → VirtualBox shared folders → \\Vboxsvr → then you can now expand all your configured shared folders here, and set up shortcuts for Linux folders in the guest filesystem. You can alternatively use the "Add network place wizard", and browse to "VBoxsvr".

Alternatively, on the Windows command line, you can also use the following:

net use x: \\VBOXSVR\sharename

While VBOXSVR is a fixed name, replace x: with the drive letter that you want to use for the share, and sharename with the share name specified with VBoxManage.

In a Windows guest, to improve loading and saving files (e.g. MS Office) by VirtualBox Shared Folders edit c:\windows\system32\drivers\etc\hosts as below:

127.0.0.1 localhost vboxsvr

In a Linux guest, use the following command:

# mount -t vboxsf [-o OPTIONS] sharename mountpoint
  (Notes: sharename is optional or same as selected in the VirtualBox-Dialog , mountpoint of the shared directory in the hosts filesystem)

Automatically mounting a shared folder is possible through the linux-guest /etc/fstab file. You may also specify the uid=#,gid=# (where # is replaced by the actual numerical uid and gid) to mount the share with normal user permissions instead of root permissions. (this can be helpful to mount parts of your host ~/home for use in your Linux-guest. To do this add an entry in the following format to the linux-guest /etc/fstab:

sharename mountpoint vboxsf uid=#,gid=# 0 0

Replace sharename with the share name specified with VBoxManage, and mountpoint with the path where you want the share to be mounted (e.g. /mnt/share). The usual mount rules apply, that is, create this directory first if it does not exist yet. Note that if you have told VirtualBox to "automatically mount" the shared folder, this step may not be necessary and your folder will be found somewhere under /media.

Beyond the standard options supplied by the mount command, the following are available:

iocharset=CHARSET

to set the character set used for I/O operations (utf8 by default) and

convertcp=CHARSET

to specify the character set used for the shared folder name (utf8 by default).

D3D acceleration in Windows guests

Recent versions of Virtualbox have support for accelerating OpenGL inside guests. This can be enabled with a simple checkbox in the machine's settings, right below where video ram is set, and installing the Virtualbox guest additions. However, most Windows games use Direct3D (part of DirectX), not OpenGL, and are thus not helped by this method. However, it is possible to gain accelerated Direct3D in your Windows guests by borrowing the d3d libraries from Wine, which translate d3d calls into OpenGL, which is then accelerated.

After enabling OpenGL acceleration as described above, go to http://www.nongnu.org/wined3d/ in your Windows guest and grab the "Latest version (Installer):". Reboot the guest into safe mode (press F8 before the Windows screen appears but after the Virtualbox screen disappears), and install wined3d, accepting the defaults during the install. (You may check the box for DirectX 10 support if you like, don't touch anything else.) Reboot back to normal mode and you should have accelerated Direct3D.

Virtual hard disks

Cloning a Disk Image and Reassigning a UUID

Assigns a new UUID to the given image file. This way, multiple copies of a container can be registered.

$ VBoxManage internalcommands sethduuid /path/to/disk.vdi

Compacting Linux disks

Boot the Linux guest VM and remove all bloat (unwanted packages, temp files, etc.). When satisfied, wipe the freespace using dd or preferably dcfldd:

$ dcfldd if=/dev/zero of=fillfile bs=4M

When the fillfile hits the limit of the virtual hdd, the vast majority of user-space (non-reserved blocks) will be filled. Alternatively, run the command as root to get all of them. Example message: "8192 blocks (8192Mb) written.dcfldd:: No space left on device."

Once this occurs, simply remove the fill file and powerdown the VM:

$ rm -f fillfile && sudo shutdown -hF now

Now compact the disk:

$ VBoxManage modifyhd /path/to/your.vdi --compact

Compacting Windows disks

See this article.

Increasing Windows disk size

If you find that you are running out of space due to the small hard drive size you selected when created your VM, you can take the following steps:

Create a new vdi in ~/.VirtualBox/HardDisks by running:

# cd ~/.VirtualBox/HardDisks
# VBoxManage createhd -filename new.vdi --size 10000

where size is in mb, in this example 10000MB ~= 10GB, and new.vdi is name of new hard drive to be created.

Next the old vdi needs to be cloned to the new vdi, this may take some time so wait while it occurs:

# VBoxManage clonehd old.vdi new.vdi --existing

Detach old harddrive and attach new hard drive, replace VMName with whatever you called your VM:

# VBoxManage modifyvm VMName --hda none
# VBoxManage modifyvm VMName --hda new.vdi

Boot the VM, run Partition Wizard 5 to resize the partition on the fly, and reboot.

Remove old vdi from VirtualBox and delete

# VBoxManage closemedium disk old.vdi
# rm old.vdi

Disk image format conversion

The qemu-img program can be used to convert images from one format to another or to add compression or encryption to an image. qemu-img is provided by the qemu package.

QEMU to VDI

From QEMU 0.12.x on, qemu-img is able to convert directly to VDI and back, if necessary:

$ qemu-img convert -O vdi test.qcow2 test.vdi

VMware to VDI

You can

  $ VBoxManage clonehd source.vmdk target.vdi --format VDI

although recent versions of VirtualBox are able to use (and also create) .vmdk images directly.

Windows XP guest and Nokia phones

To get working Windows XP and Nokia phones with PC Suite mode, VirtualBox needs two simple steps:

1. Add a rule to udev with /etc/udev/rules.d/40-permissions.rules:

LABEL="usb_serial_start"
ATTRS{idVendor}=="0403", ATTRS{idProduct}=="6001", \
GROUP="usbfs", MODE="0660", GROUP="dialout"
LABEL="usb_serial_end"

2. Create the group usbfs and add its user to it

# groupadd usbfs
# usermod -a -G usbfs $USER

After logging out, connect a Nokia phone with PC Suite mode and start Windows XP to test the new rule.

Starting virtual machines with a key binding

It can be useful to start the virtual machines directly rather than start the Virtual Box console. To do this, simply assign a keybinding in .xbindkeysrc to

"VBoxManage startvm vm-name"
keycode
keyname

If you have a space in the vm name, then enclose the vm-name in single apostrophes. For eg.

"VBoxManage startvm 'Windows 7'"
m:0x0 + c:163
XF86Mail

Detecting web-cams and other USB devices

Make sure you filter any devices that are not a keyboard or a mouse so they do not start up at boot and this insures that Windows will detect the device at start-up.

Sending CTRL+ALT+F1

If your guest O/S is a Linux distro, and you want to open a new tty text shell or exit X via typing Template:Keypress+Template:Keypress+Template:Keypress, you can easily send this command to the guest O/S simply by hitting your 'Host Key' (usually the Template:Keypress in the Right side of your keyboard) + Template:Keypress or Template:Keypress, etc.

Starting VMs at system boot on headless servers

Add this line to /etc/rc.local

exec /bin/su -c 'VBoxManage startvm --type headless <UUID|NAME>' PREFERED_USER >/dev/null 2>&1

Where <UUID|NAME> is the guest identifier, and PREFERRED_USER is the user profile that contains the VM definitions and .vdi files.

Since exec replaces the currently running process, you will not be able to start a second VM, or execute any other commands, after the exec. Try the following if this is a problem:

su -c 'VBoxHeadless -s <UUID|NAME> &' -s /bin/sh PREFERED_USER >/dev/null 2>&1

Using fully qualified path to su and VBoxHeadless is recommend. Add additional lines like above to start additional VMs. Commands following these in /etc/rc.local will be executed. Based on some rooting around in the VirtualBox documentation, I get the impression this will be a little more robust than 'VBoxManage ... --type headless' in future VBox releases.

To determine the available VMs for a user:

su -c 'VBoxManage list vms' PREFERED_USER

To save the state of a running VM:

su -c 'VBoxManage controlvm <UUID|NAME> savestate' PREFERED_USER

/etc/rc.local.shutdown would be a good spot for this.

Accessing a guest server

To access apache on a VM from the Host machine ONLY, simply execute the following lines on the Host:

$ VBoxManage setextradata GuestName "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcnet/0/LUN#0/Config/Apache/HostPort" 8888
$ VBoxManage setextradata GuestName "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcnet/0/LUN#0/Config/Apache/GuestPort" 80
$ VBoxManage setextradata GuestName "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcnet/0/LUN#0/Config/Apache/Protocol" TCP

Where 8888 is the port the host should listen on and 80 is the port the VM will send Apache's signal on. To use a port lower than 1024 on the host machine changes need to be made to the firewall on the host machine. This can also be set up to work with SSH, etc.. by changing "Apache" to whatever service and using different ports.

Note: "pcnet" refers to the network card of the VM. If you use an Intel card in your VM settings change "pcnet" to "e1000"

• from [1]

Daemon Tools

While VirtualBox can mount ISO images without a problem, there are some image formats which cannot reliably be converted to ISO. For instance, ccd2iso ignores .ccd and .sub files, which can give disk images with broken files, fuseiso and MagicISO will do the same.

In this case you will either have to use CDEmu for Linux or Daemon Tools inside VirtualBox.

VirtualBox on a USB key

When using VirtualBox on a USB key, for example to start an installed machine with an ISO image, you will manually have to create VDMKs from the existing drives. However, once the new VMDKs are saved and you move on to another machine, you may experience problems launching an appropriate machine again. To get rid of this issue, you can use the following script to launch VirtualBox. This script will clean up and unregister old VMDK files and it will create new, proper VMDKs for you:

#!/bin/bash

# Erase old VMDK entries
rm ~/.VirtualBox/*.vmdk

# Clean up VBox-Registry
sed -i '/sd/d' ~/.VirtualBox/VirtualBox.xml

# Remove old harddisks from existing machines
find ~/.VirtualBox/Machines -name \*.xml | while read file; do
  line=`grep -e "type\=\"HardDisk\"" -n $file | cut -d ':' -f 1`
  if [ -n "$line" ]; then
    sed -i ${line}d $file
    sed -i ${line}d $file
    sed -i ${line}d $file
  fi
  sed -i "/rg/d" $file
done

# Delete prev-files created by VirtualBox
find  ~/.VirtualBox/Machines -name \*-prev -exec rm '{}' \;

# Recreate VMDKs
ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid | cut -d ' ' -f 9,11 | while read ln; do
  if [ -n "$ln" ]; then
    uuid=`echo "$ln" | cut -d ' ' -f 1`
    device=`echo "$ln" | cut -d ' ' -f 2 | cut -d '/' -f 3 | cut -b 1-3`

    # determine whether drive is mounted already
    checkstr1=`mount | grep $uuid`
    checkstr2=`mount | grep $device`
    checkstr3=`ls ~/.VirtualBox/*.vmdk | grep $device`
    if [[ -z "$checkstr1" && -z "$checkstr2" && -z "$checkstr3" ]]; then
      VBoxManage internalcommands createrawvmdk -filename ~/.VirtualBox/$device.vmdk -rawdisk /dev/$device -register
    fi
  fi
done

# Start VirtualBox
VirtualBox

Note that your user has to be added to the "disk" group to create VMDKs out of existing drives.

phpVirtualBox

An open source, AJAX implementation of the VirtualBox user interface written in PHP. As a modern web interface, it allows you to access and control remote VirtualBox instances. See PhpVirtualBox for more information.

Troubleshooting

OpenBSD

Some people with older computers can have trouble running an OpenBSD VM, manifesting as bunch of segmentation faults and total unusability. Starting VirtualBox with the -norawr0 argument may solve the problem. You can do it like this:

$ VBoxSDL -norawr0 -vm NameOfYourOpenBSDVM