Difference between revisions of "WireGuard"
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where user is your username. See the {{man|8|wg-quick}} man page for more details. | where user is your username. See the {{man|8|wg-quick}} man page for more details. | ||
| − | == | + | == See also == |
| − | * | + | * [https://www.wireguard.com/presentations/ Presentations by Jason Donenfeld]. |
| − | * | + | * [https://lists.zx2c4.com/mailman/listinfo/wireguard Mailing list] |
Revision as of 05:38, 4 December 2018
From the WireGuard project homepage:
- Wireguard is an extremely simple yet fast and modern VPN that utilizes state-of-the-art cryptography. It aims to be faster, simpler, leaner, and more useful than IPSec, while avoiding the massive headache. It intends to be considerably more performant than OpenVPN. WireGuard is designed as a general purpose VPN for running on embedded interfaces and super computers alike, fit for many different circumstances. Initially released for the Linux kernel, it plans to be cross-platform and widely deployable.
Contents
Installation
Install the wireguard-tools package.
Raw usage
Below commands will demonstrate how to setup a basic tunnel between two peers with the following settings:
| Peer A | Peer B | |
|---|---|---|
| External IP address | 10.10.10.1/24 | 10.10.10.2/24 |
| Internal IP address | 10.0.0.1/24 | 10.0.0.2/24 |
| wireguard listening port | UDP/48574 | UDP/39814 |
The external addresses should already exist. For example, peer A should be able to ping peer B via ping 10.10.10.2, and vice versa. The internal addresses will be new addresses created by the ip commands below and will be shared internally within the new WireGuard network. The /24 in the IP addresses is the CIDR.
Key generation
600.To create a private key:
$ wg genkey > privatekey
To create a public key:
$ wg pubkey < privatekey > publickey
Alternatively, do this all at once:
$ wg genkey | tee privatekey | wg pubkey > publickey
One can also create a pre-shared key for added security.
# wg genpsk > preshared
Peer A setup
This peer will listen on UDP port 48574 and will accept connection from peer B by linking its public key with both its inner and outer IPs addresses.
# ip link add dev wg0 type wireguard # ip addr add 10.0.0.1/24 dev wg0 # wg set wg0 listen-port 48574 private-key ./privatekey # wg set wg0 peer [Peer B public key] persistent-keepalive 25 allowed-ips 10.0.0.2/32 endpoint 10.10.10.2:39814 # ip link set wg0 up
[Peer B public key] should have the same format as EsnHH9m6RthHSs+sd9uM6eCHe/mMVFaRh93GYadDDnM=. allowed-ips is a list of addresses that peer A will be able to send traffic to. allowed-ips 0.0.0.0/0 would allow sending traffic to any address.
Peer B setup
As with Peer A, whereas the wireguard daemon is listening on the UDP port 39814 and accept connection from peer A only.
# ip link add dev wg0 type wireguard # ip addr add 10.0.0.2/24 dev wg0 # wg set wg0 listen-port 39814 private-key ./privatekey # wg set wg0 peer [Peer A public key] persistent-keepalive 25 allowed-ips 10.0.0.1/32 endpoint 10.10.10.1:48574 # ip link set wg0 up
Basic checkups
Invoking the wg command without parameter will give a quick overview of the current configuration.
As an example, when Peer A has been configured we are able to see its identity and its associated peers:
peer-a$ wg interface: wg0 public key: UguPyBThx/+xMXeTbRYkKlP0Wh/QZT3vTLPOVaaXTD8= private key: (hidden) listening port: 48574 peer: 9jalV3EEBnVXahro0pRMQ+cHlmjE33Slo9tddzCVtCw= endpoint: 10.10.10.2:39814 allowed ips: 10.0.0.2/32
At this point one could reach the end of the tunnel:
peer-a$ ping 10.0.0.2
Persistent configuration
The configuration can be saved by utilizing showconf:
# wg showconf wg0 > /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf # wg setconf wg0 /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf
Example peer configuration
/etc/wireguard/wg0.conf
[Interface] Address = 10.0.0.1/32 PrivateKey = [CLIENT PRIVATE KEY] [Peer] PublicKey = [SERVER PUBLICKEY] AllowedIPs = 10.0.0.0/24, 10.123.45.0/24, 1234:4567:89ab::/48 Endpoint = [SERVER ENDPOINT]:51820 PersistentKeepalive = 25
Example configuration for systemd-networkd
/etc/systemd/network/30-wg0.netdev
[NetDev] Name = wg0 Kind = wireguard Description = Wireguard [WireGuard] PrivateKey = [CLIENT PRIVATE KEY] [WireGuardPeer] PublicKey = [SERVER PUBLIC KEY] PresharedKey = [PRE SHARED KEY] AllowedIPs = 10.0.0.0/24 Endpoint = [SERVER ENDPOINT]:51820 PersistentKeepalive = 25
/etc/systemd/network/30-wg0.network
[Match] Name = wg0 [Network] Address = 10.0.0.3/32 DNS = 10.0.0.1 [Route] Gateway = 10.0.0.1 Destination = 10.0.0.0/24
Specific use-case: setup a VPN server
The purpose of this section is to setup a WireGuard "server" and generic "clients" to enable access to the server/network resources through an encrypted and secured tunnel like OpenVPN and others. The "server" runs on Linux and the "clients" can run any any number of platforms (the WireGuard Project offers apps on both iOS and Android platforms in addition to Linux-native and MacOS). See the official project install link for more.
Server
On the machine acting as the server, first enable IPv4 forwarding:
# sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
To make the change permanent, add net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 to /etc/sysctl.d/99-sysctl.conf.
A properly configured firewall is HIGHLY recommended for any Internet-facing device. Be sure to:
- Allow UDP traffic on the specified port(s) on which WireGuard will be running (for example allowing traffic on 51820/udp).
- Setting up the forwarding policy for the firewall if it is not included in the WireGuard config for the interface itself
/etc/wireguard/wg0.conf. The example below should work as-is.
Finally, WireGuard port(s) need to be forwarded to the server from the network router so they can be accessed from the WAN.
Key generation
Generate public/private key pairs for the server and for each client as explained in #Key generation. Optionally, generate a preshared key for all peers to share.
Server config
Create the server config file:
/etc/wireguard/wg0.conf
[Interface] Address = 10.200.200.1/24 SaveConfig = true ListenPort = 51820 PrivateKey = [SERVER PRIVATE KEY] # note - substitute eth0 in the following lines to match the Internet-facing interface PostUp = iptables -A FORWARD -i %i -j ACCEPT; iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE PostDown = iptables -D FORWARD -i %i -j ACCEPT; iptables -t nat -D POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE [Peer] # client foo PublicKey = [FOO's PUBLIC KEY] PresharedKey = [PRE-SHARED KEY] AllowedIPs = 10.200.200.2/32 [Peer] # client bar PublicKey = [BAR's PUBLIC KEY] PresharedKey = [PRE-SHARED KEY] AllowedIPs = 10.200.200.3/32
The interface can be managed manually or by systemctl.
For example: bring the interface up by using wg-quick up wg0 and bring it down by using wg-quick down wg0.
Alternatively, systemctl can be used to manage the interface. Start and optionally enable it via wg-quick@.service where the server config name is inserted after the "@" symbol. For example:
# systemctl start wg-quick@wg0
Client config
Create the corresponding client config file(s):
foo.conf
[Interface] Address = 10.200.200.2/24 PrivateKey = [FOO's PRIVATE KEY] DNS = 10.200.200.1 [Peer] PublicKey = [SERVER PUBLICKEY] PresharedKey = [PRE-SHARED KEY] AllowedIPs = 0.0.0.0/0 Endpoint = my.ddns.address.com:51820
bar.conf
[Interface] Address = 10.200.200.3/24 PrivateKey = [BAR's PRIVATE KEY] DNS = 10.200.200.1 [Peer] PublicKey = [SERVER PUBLICKEY] PresharedKey = [PRE-SHARED KEY] AllowedIPs = 0.0.0.0/0 Endpoint = my.ddns.address.com:51820
If the client is a mobile device such as a phone, qrencode can be used to share the config with the client:
$ qrencode -t ansiutf8 < foo.conf
NetworkManager-wait-online.service and users of systemd-networkd may need to enable the systemd-networkd-wait-online.service to wait until devices are network ready before attempting wireguard connection.Troubleshooting
The iOS client (v0.0.20181104) has a bug where config files containing a PresharedKey field fail to get imported correctly via QR codes. All the other fields are successfully transferred except for the PresharedKey. One can manually edit the imported file and type it resulting in a functional config.
Routes are periodically reset
Make sure that NetworkManager is not managing your Wireguard interface:
/etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/unmanaged.conf
[keyfile] unmanaged-devices=interface-name:wg0
Connection loss with NetworkManager
On desktop, connection loss can be experienced when all the traffic is tunnelled through a Wireguard interface: typically, the connection is seemingly lost after a while or upon new connection to an access point.
By default wg-quick uses a resolvconf provider such as openresolv to register new DNS entries (i.e. DNS keyword in the configuration file). However NetworkManager does not use resolvconf by default: every time a new DHCP lease is acquired, NetworkManager overwrites the global DNS addresses with the DHCP-provided ones which might not be available through the tunnel.
Using resolvconf
If resolvconf is already used by the system and connection losses persist, make sure NetworkManager is configured to use it: NetworkManager#Use openresolv.
Using dnsmasq
See Dnsmasq#openresolv for configuration.
Using systemd-resolved
At the time of writing (Sept. 2018), the resolvconf-compatible mode offered by systemd-resolvconf does not work with wg-quick. However systemd-resolved can still be used by wg-quick through the PostUp hook. First make sure that NetworkManager is configured with systemd-resolved: NetworkManager#systemd-resolved and then alter the tunnel configuration:
/etc/wireguard/wg0.conf
[Interface] Address = 10.0.0.2/24 # The client IP from wg0server.conf with the same subnet mask PrivateKey = [CLIENT PRIVATE KEY] PostUp = resolvectl domain %i "~."; resolvectl dns %i 10.0.0.1; resolvectl dnssec %i yes [Peer] PublicKey = [SERVER PUBLICKEY] AllowedIPs = 0.0.0.0/0, ::0/0 Endpoint = [SERVER ENDPOINT]:51820 PersistentKeepalive = 25
Setting "~." as a domain name is necessary for systemd-resolved to give priority to the newly available DNS server.
No PostDown key is necessary as systemd-resolved automatically revert all parameters when wg0 is torn down.
Tips and tricks
Store private keys in encrypted form
It may be desirable to store private keys in encrypted form, such as through use of pass. Just replace the PrivateKey line under [Interface] in your configuration file with:
PostUp = wg set %i private-key <(su user -c "export PASSWORD_STORE_DIR=/path/to/your/store/; pass WireGuard/private-keys/%i")
where user is your username. See the wg-quick(8) man page for more details.