GnuPG
According to the official website:
- GnuPG is a complete and free implementation of the OpenPGP standard as defined by RFC 4880 (also known as PGP). GnuPG allows you to encrypt and sign your data and communications; it features a versatile key management system, along with access modules for all kinds of public key directories. GnuPG, also known as GPG, is a command line tool with features for easy integration with other applications. A wealth of frontend applications and libraries are available. GnuPG also provides support for S/MIME and Secure Shell (ssh).
Installation
This will also install pinentry, a collection of simple PIN or passphrase entry dialogs which GnuPG uses for passphrase entry. The shell script /usr/bin/pinentry
determines which pinentry dialog is used, in the order described at #pinentry.
If you want to use a graphical frontend or program that integrates with GnuPG, see List of applications/Security#Encryption, signing, steganography.
Configuration
Home directory
The GnuPG home directory is where the GnuPG suite stores its keyrings and private keys, and reads configurations from. By default, the path used is ~/.gnupg
. There are two ways to override this:
- Set the
$GNUPGHOME
environment variable. - Use the
--homedir
argument, e.g.$ gpg --homedir path/to/dir
[1].
By default, the home directory has its permissions set to 700
and the files it contains have their permissions set to 600
. Only the owner of the directory has permission to read, write, and access the files. This is for security purposes and should not be changed. In case this directory or any file inside it does not follow this security measure, you will get warnings about unsafe file and home directory permissions.
Configuration files
All of GnuPG's behavior is configurable via command line arguments. For arguments you would like to be the default, you can add them to the respective configuration file:
- gpg checks
gnupg_home/gpg.conf
(user) and/etc/gnupg/gpg.conf
(global) [2]. Since gpg is the main entrypoint for GnuPG, most configuration of interest will be here. See GPG Options for possible options. - dirmngr checks
gnupg_home/dirmngr.conf
and/etc/gnupg/dirmngr.conf
. dirmngr is a program internally invoked bygpg
to access PGP keyservers [3]. See Dirmngr Options for possible options.
These two configuration files cover the common usecases, but there are more auxiliary programs in the GnuPG suite with their own options. See the GnuPG manual for a comprehensive list.
Create the desired file(s), and set their permissions to 600
as discussed in #Home directory.
Add to these files any long options you want. Do not write the two dashes, but simply the name of the option and required arguments. For example, to make GnuPG always use a keyring at a specific path, as if it was invoked as gpg --no-default-keyring --keyring keyring-path ...
:
gnupg_home/gpg.conf (or /etc/gnupg/gpg.conf)
no-default-keyring keyring keyring-path
Other examples are found in #See also.
Additionally, pacman uses a different set of configuration files for package signature verification. See Pacman/Package signing for details.
Default options for new users
If you want to setup some default options for new users, put configuration files in /etc/skel/.gnupg/
. When the new user is added in system, files from here will be copied to its GnuPG home directory. There is also a simple script called addgnupghome which you can use to create new GnuPG home directories for existing users:
# addgnupghome user1 user2
This will add the respective /home/user1/.gnupg/
and /home/user2/.gnupg/
and copy the files from the skeleton directory to it. Users with existing GnuPG home directory are simply skipped.
Usage
- Whenever a
user-id
is required in a command, it can be specified with your key ID, fingerprint, a part of your name or email address, etc. GnuPG is flexible on this. - Whenever a
key-id
is needed, it can be found adding the--keyid-format=long
flag to the command. To show the master secret key for example, rungpg --list-secret-keys --keyid-format=long user-id
, the key-id is the hexadecimal hash provided on the same line as sec.
Create a key pair
Generate a key pair by typing in a terminal:
$ gpg --full-gen-key
--full-gen-key
the generated key will advertise an AEAD mechanism, which is not understood by other OpenPGP implementations. To disable this after key creation see #Disable unsupported AEAD mechanism.Also add the --expert
option to the command line to access more ciphers and in particular some newer elliptic curves like Curve448.
The command will prompt for answers to several questions. For general use most people will want:
- The default ECC (sign and encrypt) for signing and encryption keys.
- The default Curve 25519 to use Curve25519 and Ed25519.
- An expiration date: a period of one year is good enough for the average user. This way even if access is lost to the keyring, it will allow others to know that it is no longer valid. At a later stage, if necessary, the expiration date can be extended without having to re-issue a new key.
- Your name and email address. You can add multiple identities to the same key later (e.g., if you have multiple email addresses you want to associate with this key).
- no optional comment. Since the semantics of the comment field are not well-defined, it has limited value for identification.
- A secure passphrase, find some guidelines in Security#Choosing secure passwords.
--gen-key
option uses default parameters for the key cipher, size and expiry and only asks for real name and email address.List keys
To list keys in your public key ring:
$ gpg --list-keys
To list keys in your secret key ring:
$ gpg --list-secret-keys
Export your public key
GnuPG's main usage is to ensure confidentiality of exchanged messages via public-key cryptography. With it each user distributes the public key of their keyring, which can be used by others to encrypt messages to the user. The private key must always be kept private, otherwise confidentiality is broken. See Wikipedia:Public-key cryptography for examples about the message exchange.
So, in order for others to send encrypted messages to you, they need your public key.
To generate an ASCII version of a user's public key to file public-key.asc
(e.g. to distribute it by e-mail):
$ gpg --export --armor --output public-key.asc user-id
Alternatively, or in addition, you can use a keyserver to share your key.
- Add
--no-emit-version
to avoid printing the version number, or add the corresponding setting to yourgpg.conf
. - You can omit the
user-id
to export all public keys within your keyring. This is useful if you want to share multiple identities at once, or for importing in another application, e.g. Thunderbird.
Import a public key
In order to encrypt messages to others, as well as verify their signatures, you need their public key. To import a public key with file name public-key.asc
to your public key ring:
$ gpg --import public-key.asc
Alternatively, use a keyserver to find a public key.
If you wish to import a key ID to install a specific Arch Linux package, see pacman/Package signing#Managing the keyring and Makepkg#Signature checking.
Use a keyserver
Sending keys
You can register your key with a public PGP key server, so that others can retrieve it without having to contact you directly:
$ gpg --send-keys key-id
Searching and receiving keys
To find out details of a key on the keyserver, without importing it, do:
$ gpg --search-keys user-id
To import a key from a key server:
$ gpg --receive-keys key-id
To refresh/update the keychain with the latest version from a key server:
$ gpg --refresh-keys
- You should verify the authenticity of the retrieved public key by comparing its fingerprint with one that the owner published on an independent source(s) (e.g., contacting the person directly). See Wikipedia:Public key fingerprint for more information.
- It is recommended to use the long key ID or the full fingerprint when receiving a key. Using a short ID may encounter collisions. All keys will be imported that have the short ID, see fake keys found in the wild for such example.
auto-key-retrieve
to the GPG configuration file will automatically fetch keys from the key server as needed. This is not a compromise on security, but it can be considered a privacy violation; see "web bug" in gpg(1) § auto-key-retrieve.Key servers
See OpenPGP#Keyserver for a general overview of OpenPGP keyservers and their features.
An alternative key server can be specified with the keyserver
option in one of the configuration files, for instance:
~/.gnupg/dirmngr.conf
keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com
A temporary use of another server is handy when the regular one does not work as it should. It can be achieved by, for example,
$ gpg --keyserver hkps://keys.openpgp.org/ --search-keys user-id
- If you are experiencing keyserver failures, you may want to check your DNS and your resolver configurations or its logs beforehand (e.g systemd-resolved).
- If receiving fails with the message
gpg: keyserver receive failed: General error
, and you use the default hkps keyserver pool, make sure you set the HKPS pool verification certificate withhkp-cacert /usr/share/gnupg/sks-keyservers.netCA.pem
in yourdirmngr.conf
and kill the old dirmngr process. - If receiving fails with the message
gpg: keyserver receive failed: Connection refused
, try using a different DNS server. - If connecting to a keyserver fails with
gpg: keyserver receive failed: Server indicated a failure
, you may need to configure gpg to use an alternate port. For example, to use port 80 on Ubuntu's keyserver, usekeyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80
. - You can connect to the keyserver over Tor with Tor#Torsocks. Or using the
--use-tor
command line option. See [4] for more information. - You can connect to a keyserver using a proxy by setting the
http_proxy
environment variable and settinghonor-http-proxy
indirmngr.conf
. Alternatively, sethttp-proxy host[:port]
in the configuration file to override the environment variable of the same name. Restart thedirmngr.service
user service for the changes to take effect.
Web Key Directory
See OpenPGP#Web Key Directory for a general overview.
Lookup certificates using WKD
When encrypting to an email address (e.g. user@example.org
), GnuPG (>=2.1.16) will query the domain (example.com
) via HTTPS for the public OpenPGP key if it is not already in the local keyring. The option --auto-key-locate
will default to locate a key using the WKD protocol, if there is no key on the local keyring for this email address:
$ gpg --recipient user@example.org --auto-key-locate --encrypt doc
Create a WKD
If you control the domain of your email address yourself, you can follow this guide to enable WKD for your domain.
Encrypt and decrypt
Asymmetric
You need to import a public key of a user before encrypting (option -e
/--encrypt
) a file or message to that recipient (option -r
/--recipient
). Additionally you need to create a key pair if you have not already done so.
To encrypt a file with the name doc, use:
$ gpg --recipient user-id --encrypt doc
To decrypt (option -d
/--decrypt
) a file with the name doc.gpg encrypted with your public key, use:
$ gpg --output doc --decrypt doc.gpg
gpg will prompt you for your passphrase and then decrypt and write the data from doc.gpg to doc. If you omit the -o
/--output
option, gpg will write the decrypted data to stdout.
- Add
--armor
to encrypt a file using ASCII armor, suitable for copying and pasting a message in text format. - Use
-R user-id
or--hidden-recipient user-id
instead of-r
to not put the recipient key IDs in the encrypted message. This helps to hide the receivers of the message and is a limited countermeasure against traffic analysis. - Add
--no-emit-version
to avoid printing the version number, or add the corresponding setting to your configuration file. - You can use GnuPG to encrypt your sensitive documents by using your own user-id as recipient or by using the
--default-recipient-self
flag; however, you can only do this one file at a time, although you can always tarball various files and then encrypt the tarball. See also Data-at-rest encryption#Available methods if you want to encrypt directories or a whole file-system.
Symmetric
Symmetric encryption does not require the generation of a key pair and can be used to simply encrypt data with a passphrase. Simply use -c
/--symmetric
to perform symmetric encryption:
$ gpg -c doc
The following example:
- Encrypts
doc
with a symmetric cipher using a passphrase - Uses the AES-256 cipher algorithm to encrypt the data
- Uses the SHA-512 digest algorithm to mangle the passphrase and generate the encryption key
- Mangles the passphrase for 65536 iterations
$ gpg -c --s2k-cipher-algo AES256 --s2k-digest-algo SHA512 --s2k-count 65536 doc
To decrypt a symmetrically encrypted doc.gpg
using a passphrase and output decrypted contents into the same directory as doc
do:
$ gpg --output doc --decrypt doc.gpg
Directory
Encrypting/decrypting a directory can be done with gpgtar(1).
Encrypt:
$ gpgtar -c -o dir.gpg dir
Decrypt:
$ gpgtar -d dir.gpg
Key maintenance
Backup your private key
To backup your private key do the following:
$ gpg --export-secret-keys --armor --output private-key.asc user-id
If the private key is protected by a passphrase, the exported key file will be protected by the same one.
GnuPG may ask you to enter the passphrase for the key. This is required, because the internal protection method of the secret key is different from the one specified by the OpenPGP protocol.[5]
- The passphrase is usually the weakest link in protecting your secret key. Place the private key in a safe place on a different system/device, such as a locked container or encrypted drive. It is the only safety you have to regain control to your keyring in case of, for example, a drive failure, theft or worse.
- This method of backing up key has some security limitations. See the Moving GPG Keys Privately post on VHSblog for a potentially more secure way to back up and import keys using gpg.
To import the backup of your private key:
$ gpg --import private-key.asc
Backup your revocation certificate
Revocation certificates are automatically generated for newly generated keys. These are by default located in ~/.gnupg/openpgp-revocs.d/
. The filename of the certificate is the fingerprint of the key it will revoke.
The revocation certificates can also be generated manually by the user later using:
$ gpg --gen-revoke --armor --output revcert.asc user-id
This certificate can be used to revoke a key if it is ever lost or compromised. The backup will be useful if you have no longer access to the secret key and are therefore not able to generate a new revocation certificate with the above command. It is short enough to be printed out and typed in by hand if necessary.
Edit your key
Running the gpg --edit-key user-id
command will present a menu which enables you to do most of your key management related tasks.
Type help
in the edit key sub menu to show the complete list of commands. Some useful ones:
> passwd # change the passphrase > clean # compact any user ID that is no longer usable (e.g revoked or expired) > revkey # revoke a key > addkey # add a subkey to this key > expire # change the key expiration time > adduid # add additional names, comments, and email addresses > addphoto # add photo to key (must be JPG, 240x288 recommended, enter full path to image when prompted)
adduid
command. You can then set your favourite one as primary
.Exporting subkey
If you plan to use the same key across multiple devices, you may want to strip out your master key and only keep the bare minimum encryption subkey on less secure systems.
First, find out which subkey you want to export.
$ gpg --list-secret-keys --with-subkey-fingerprint
Select only that subkey to export.
$ gpg --armor --export-secret-subkeys subkey-id! > /tmp/subkey.asc
At this point you could stop, but it is most likely a good idea to change the passphrase as well. Import the key into a temporary folder.
$ gpg --homedir /tmp/gpg --import /tmp/subkey.asc $ gpg --homedir /tmp/gpg --edit-key user-id > passwd > save $ gpg --homedir /tmp/gpg --armor --export-secret-subkeys subkey-id! > /tmp/subkey.altpass.asc
At this point, you can now use /tmp/subkey.altpass.asc
on your other devices.
Extending expiration date
It is good practice to set an expiration date on your subkeys, so that if you lose access to the key (e.g. you forget the passphrase) the key will not continue to be used indefinitely by others. When the key expires, it is relatively straight-forward to extend the expiration date:
$ gpg --edit-key user-id > expire
You will be prompted for a new expiration date, as well as the passphrase for your secret key, which is used to sign the new expiration date.
YYYY-MM-DD
formatted date or YYYYMMDDThhmmss
formatted timestamp as the expiration value.Repeat this for any further subkeys that have expired:
> key 1 > expire
Finally, save the changes and quit:
> save
Update it to a keyserver.
$ gpg --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --send-keys key-id
Alternatively, if you use this key on multiple computers, you can export the public key (with new signed expiration dates) and import it on those machines:
$ gpg --export --output pubkey.gpg user-id $ gpg --import pubkey.gpg
There is no need to re-export your secret key or update your backups: the master secret key itself never expires, and the signature of the expiration date left on the public key and subkeys is all that is needed.
Rotating subkeys
Alternatively, if you prefer to stop using subkeys entirely once they have expired, you can create new ones. Do this a few weeks in advance to allow others to update their keyring.
Create new subkey (repeat for both signing and encrypting key)
$ gpg --edit-key user-id > addkey
And answer the following questions it asks (see #Create a key pair for suggested settings).
Save changes
> save
Update it to a keyserver.
$ gpg --keyserver pgp.mit.edu --send-keys user-id
You will also need to export a fresh copy of your secret keys for backup purposes. See #Backup your private key for details on how to do this.
Revoke a key
Key revocation should be performed if the key is compromised, superseded, no longer used, or you forget your passphrase. This is done by merging the key with the revocation certificate of the key.
If you have no longer access to your keypair, first import a public key to import your own key.
Then, to revoke the key, import the file saved in #Backup your revocation certificate:
$ gpg --import revcert.asc
Now the revocation needs to be made public. Use a keyserver to send the revoked key to a public PGP server if you used one in the past, otherwise, export the revoked key to a file and distribute it to your communication partners.
Signatures
Signatures certify and timestamp documents. If the document is modified, verification of the signature will fail. Unlike encryption which uses the recipient public key to encrypt a document, signatures are created with the sender's private key. The recipient of a signed document then verifies the signature using the sender's public key.
Create a signature
Sign a file
To sign a file use the -s
/--sign
flag:
$ gpg --output doc.sig --sign doc
doc.sig
contains both the compressed content of the original file doc
and the signature in a binary format, but the file is not encrypted. However, you can combine signing with encrypting.
Clearsign a file or message
To sign a file without compressing it into binary format use:
$ gpg --output doc.sig --clearsign doc
Here both the content of the original file doc
and the signature are stored in human-readable form in doc.sig
.
Make a detached signature
To create a separate signature file to be distributed separately from the document or file itself, use the --detach-sig
flag:
$ gpg --output doc.sig --detach-sig doc
Here the signature is stored in doc.sig
, but the contents of doc
are not stored in it. This method is often used in distributing software projects to allow users to verify that the program has not been modified by a third party.
Verify a signature
To verify a signature use the --verify
flag:
$ gpg --verify doc.sig
where doc.sig
is the signed file containing the signature you wish to verify.
If you are verifying a detached signature, both the signed data file and the signature file must be present when verifying. For example, to verify Arch Linux's latest iso you would do:
$ gpg --verify archlinux-version.iso.sig
where archlinux-version.iso
must be located in the same directory.
You can also specify the signed data file with a second argument:
$ gpg --verify archlinux-version.iso.sig /path/to/archlinux-version.iso
If a file has been encrypted in addition to being signed, simply decrypt the file and its signature will also be verified.
gpg-agent
gpg-agent is mostly used as daemon to request and cache the password for the keychain. This is useful if GnuPG is used from an external program like a mail client. gnupg comes with systemd user sockets which are enabled by default. These sockets are gpg-agent.socket
, gpg-agent-extra.socket
, gpg-agent-browser.socket
, gpg-agent-ssh.socket
, and dirmngr.socket
.
- The main
gpg-agent.socket
is used by gpg to connect to the gpg-agent daemon. - The intended use for the
gpg-agent-extra.socket
on a local system is to set up a Unix domain socket forwarding from a remote system. This enables to use gpg on the remote system without exposing the private keys to the remote system. See gpg-agent(1) for details. - The
gpg-agent-browser.socket
allows web browsers to access the gpg-agent daemon. - The
gpg-agent-ssh.socket
can be used by SSH to cache SSH keys added by the ssh-add program. See #SSH agent for the necessary configuration. - The
dirmngr.socket
starts a GnuPG daemon handling connections to keyservers.
ListenStream
(see systemd.socket(5) § options) of all the socket files to be consistent with gpgconf --list-dirs
. The socket names use the hash of the non-default GnuPG home directory [7], so you can hardcode it without worrying about it changing.Configuration
gpg-agent can be configured via ~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf
file. The configuration options are listed in gpg-agent(1). For example you can change cache ttl for unused keys:
~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf
default-cache-ttl 3600
$ /usr/lib/gnupg/gpg-preset-passphrase --preset XXXXX
where XXXXX is the keygrip. You can get its value when running gpg --with-keygrip --list-secret-keys
. The passphrase will be stored until gpg-agent
is restarted. If you set up default-cache-ttl
value, it will take precedence.
--allow-preset-passphrase
or setting allow-preset-passphrase
in ~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf
.Reload the agent
After changing the configuration, reload the agent using gpg-connect-agent:
$ gpg-connect-agent reloadagent /bye
The command should print OK
.
However in some cases only the restart may not be sufficient, like when keep-screen
has been added to the agent configuration.
In this case you firstly need to kill the ongoing gpg-agent process and then you can restart it as was explained above.
pinentry
gpg-agent
can be configured via the pinentry-program
stanza to use a particular pinentry user interface when prompting the user for a passphrase. For example:
~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf
pinentry-program /usr/bin/pinentry-curses
There are other pinentry programs that you can choose from - see pacman -Ql pinentry | grep /usr/bin/
. You may need to install the relevant optional dependencies for your chosen pinentry program.
- The pinentry programs
/usr/bin/pinentry-gnome3
(GNOME),/usr/bin/pinentry-qt
,/usr/bin/pinentry-qt5
and/usr/bin/pinentry-gtk
(generic) [8] support the DBus Secret Service API, which allows for remembering passwords via a compliant manager such as GNOME Keyring, KeePassXC or KDE Wallet. - An alternative for KDE Wallet is
/usr/bin/pinentry-kwallet
which requires installing the kwalletcliAUR package.
PINENTRY_KDE_USE_WALLET
to a non-empty value.Remember to reload the agent after making changes to the configuration.
Cache passwords
max-cache-ttl
and default-cache-ttl
defines how many seconds gpg-agent should cache the passwords. To enter a password once a session, set them to something very high, for instance:
gpg-agent.conf
max-cache-ttl 60480000 default-cache-ttl 60480000
For password caching in SSH emulation mode, set default-cache-ttl-ssh
and max-cache-ttl-ssh
instead, for example:
gpg-agent.conf
default-cache-ttl-ssh 60480000 max-cache-ttl-ssh 60480000
Unattended passphrase
Starting with GnuPG 2.1.0 the use of gpg-agent and pinentry is required, which may break backwards compatibility for passphrases piped in from STDIN using the --passphrase-fd 0
commandline option. In order to have the same type of functionality as the older releases two things must be done:
First, edit the gpg-agent configuration to allow loopback pinentry mode:
~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf
allow-loopback-pinentry
Reload the agent if it is running to let the change take effect.
Second, either the application needs to be updated to include a commandline parameter to use loopback mode like so:
$ gpg --pinentry-mode loopback ...
...or if this is not possible, add the option to the configuration:
~/.gnupg/gpg.conf
pinentry-mode loopback
pinentry-mode loopback
in gpg.conf
may break other usage, using the commandline option should be preferred if at all possible. [9]SSH agent
gpg-agent has OpenSSH agent emulation. If you already use the GnuPG suite, you might consider using its agent to also cache your SSH keys. Additionally, some users may prefer the PIN entry dialog GnuPG agent provides as part of its passphrase management.
Set SSH_AUTH_SOCK
Set the following variables to communicate with gpg-agent instead of the default ssh-agent.
SSH_AGENT_PID="" SSH_AUTH_SOCK="${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.ssh"
- If you are using a script to manage your variables, you may also unset
SSH_AGENT_PID
rather than setting it to""
, viaunset SSH_AGENT_PID
. - If you set your
SSH_AUTH_SOCK
manually, keep in mind that your socket location may be different if you are using a customGNUPGHOME
. You can use the following bash example, or changeSSH_AUTH_SOCK
to the value ofgpgconf --list-dirs agent-ssh-socket
. - If GNOME Keyring is installed, it is necessary to deactivate its ssh component. Otherwise, it will overwrite
SSH_AUTH_SOCK
.
Alternatively, depend on Bash. This works for non-standard socket locations as well:
~/.bashrc
unset SSH_AGENT_PID if [ "${gnupg_SSH_AUTH_SOCK_by:-0}" -ne $$ ]; then export SSH_AUTH_SOCK="$(gpgconf --list-dirs agent-ssh-socket)" fi
gnupg_SSH_AUTH_SOCK_by
variable is for the case where the agent is started as gpg-agent --daemon /bin/sh
, in which case the shell inherits the SSH_AUTH_SOCK
variable from the parent, gpg-agent [10].Configure pinentry to use the correct TTY
Also set the GPG_TTY and refresh the TTY in case user has switched into an X session as stated in gpg-agent(1). For example:
~/.bashrc
export GPG_TTY=$(tty) gpg-connect-agent updatestartuptty /bye >/dev/null
If you use multiple terminals simultaneously and want gpg-agent to ask for passphrase via pinentry-curses from the same terminal where the ssh command was run, add the following to the SSH configuration file. This will make the TTY to be refreshed every time an ssh command is run [11]:
~/.ssh/config
Match host * exec "gpg-connect-agent UPDATESTARTUPTTY /bye"
Note that GPG_TTY environment variable has to be set for this to work.
Add SSH keys
Once gpg-agent is running you can use ssh-add to approve keys, following the same steps as for ssh-agent. The list of approved keys is stored in the ~/.gnupg/sshcontrol
file.
Once your key is approved, you will get a pinentry dialog every time your passphrase is needed. For password caching see #Cache passwords.
Using a PGP key for SSH authentication
You can also use your PGP key as an SSH key. This requires a key with the Authentication
capability (see #Custom capabilities). There are various benefits gained by using a PGP key for SSH authentication, including:
- Reduced key maintenance, as you will no longer need to maintain an SSH key.
- The ability to store the authentication key on a smartcard. GnuPG will automatically detect the key when the card is available, and add it to the agent (check with
ssh-add -l
orssh-add -L
). The comment for the key should be something like:openpgp:key-id
orcardno:card-id
.
To retrieve the public key part of your GPG/SSH key, run gpg --export-ssh-key gpg-key
. If your key is authentication-capable but this command still fails with "Unusable public key", add a !
suffix ([12]).
Unless you have your GPG key on a keycard, you need to add your key to $GNUPGHOME/sshcontrol
to be recognized as a SSH key. If your key is on a keycard, its keygrip is added to sshcontrol
implicitly. If not, get the keygrip of your key this way:
$ gpg --list-keys --with-keygrip
sub rsa4096 2018-07-25 [A] Keygrip = 1531C8084D16DC4C36911F1585AF0ACE7AAFD7E7
Then edit sshcontrol
like this. Adding the keygrip is a one-time action; you will not need to edit the file again, unless you are adding additional keys.
$GNUPGHOME/sshcontrol
1531C8084D16DC4C36911F1585AF0ACE7AAFD7E7
Forwarding gpg-agent and ssh-agent to remote
It is possible to forward one's gpg-agent to a remote machine by forwarding gpg sockets to the remote machine, as explained by the GnuPG wiki.
First, add the following line to /etc/ssh/sshd_config
on the remote machine to enable automatic removal of stale sockets on connect. Without this, the socket(s) on the remote machine will need to removed manually before connecting with forwarding enabled for agent forwarding to work:
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
... StreamLocalBindUnlink yes ...
sshd.service
on the remote machine for the new configuration to be loaded by sshd.On the client, use the RemoteForward
SSH directive to forward traffic destined for a remote port, to a port on your local host. As described in ssh_config(5) § RemoteForward, this directive's parameters are the listening socket path on the remote, and then the destination socket path on the local host. Your configuration should look something like this:
~/.ssh/config
Host remote_name ... RemoteForward remote_agent_socket local_agent_extra_socket RemoteForward remote_agent_ssh_socket local_agent_ssh_socket
The first line configures gpg-agent forwarding:
- remote_agent_socket is the output of
gpgconf --list-dir agent-socket
on the remote host. - local_agent_extra_socket is
gpgconf --list-dir agent-extra-socket
on the local host.
The second line is optional. It configures ssh-agent forwarding:
- remote_agent_ssh_socket is
gpgconf --list-dir agent-ssh-socket
on the remote host. - local_agent_ssh_socket is
gpgconf --list-dir agent-ssh-socket
on the local host.
SSH_AUTH_SOCK
set to the output of gpgconf --list-dir agent-ssh-socket
as mentioned in #SSH agent).So, with the default paths, it would be:
RemoteForward /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.extra RemoteForward /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.ssh /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.ssh
With this configuration in place, invoking ssh remote_name
should automatically forward the gpg-agent to the remote, and allow the use of your gpg key(s) for both decryption/signing (and allows the use of ssh-agent with gpg if the second RemoteForward
line is included).
Smartcards
GnuPG uses scdaemon as an interface to your smartcard reader, please refer to the man page scdaemon(1) for details.
GnuPG's gpg-card tool can be used to configure scdaemon and serves as front-end for smartcard configuration, see gpg-card(1) for details.
gpg --edit-card
command.[13] See the GnuPG advisory for information and remediation with gpg-card checkkeys
.GnuPG only setups
If you do not plan to use other cards but those based on GnuPG, you should check the reader-port
parameter in ~/.gnupg/scdaemon.conf
. The value '0' refers to the first available serial port reader and a value of '32768' (default) refers to the first USB reader.
GnuPG with pcscd (PCSC Lite)
pcscd(8) is a daemon which handles access to smartcard (SCard API). In earlier versions, if GnuPG's scdaemon failed to connect to the smartcard directly (e.g. by using its integrated CCID support), it fell back and tried to find a smartcard using the PCSC Lite driver. Since version 2.4 however, you will have to add the disable-ccid
option in ~/.gnupg/scdaemon.conf
, to be able to use pcscd.
To use pscsd install pcsclite and ccid. Then start and/or enable pcscd.service
. Alternatively start and/or enable pcscd.socket
to activate the daemon when needed.
Always use pcscd
If you are using any smartcard with an opensc driver (e.g.: ID cards from some countries) you should pay some attention to GnuPG configuration. Out of the box you might receive a message like this when using gpg --card-status
gpg: selecting openpgp failed: ec=6.108
By default, scdaemon will try to connect directly to the device. This connection will fail if the reader is being used by another process. For example: the pcscd daemon used by OpenSC. To cope with this situation we should use the same underlying driver as opensc so they can work well together. In order to point scdaemon to use pcscd you should remove reader-port
from ~/.gnupg/scdaemon.conf
, specify the location to libpcsclite.so
library and disable ccid so we make sure that we use pcscd:
~/.gnupg/scdaemon.conf
pcsc-driver /usr/lib/libpcsclite.so card-timeout 5 disable-ccid
Please check scdaemon(1) if you do not use OpenSC.
GnuPG scdaemon
is the only popular pcscd
client that uses PCSC_SHARE_EXCLUSIVE
flag when connecting to pcscd
. Other clients like OpenSC PKCS#11 that are used by browsers and programs listed in Electronic identification are using PCSC_SHARE_SHARED
that allows simultaneous access to single smartcard. pcscd
will not give exclusive access to smartcard while there are other clients connected. This means that to use GnuPG smartcard features you must before have to close all your open browser windows or do some other inconvenient operations.
Starting from version 2.2.28 LTS and 2.3.0 you can enable shared access by modifying your scdaemon.conf
file and adding the line pcsc-shared
to the end of it. Keep in mind that scdaemon(1) § --pcsc-shared describes this flag as a "somewhat dangerous option" due to "certain information being cached from the card".
Multi applet smart cards
When using YubiKeys or other multi applet USB dongles with OpenSC PKCS#11 may run into problems where OpenSC switches your Yubikey from OpenPGP to PIV applet, breaking the scdaemon
.
You can hack around the problem by forcing OpenSC to also use the OpenPGP applet. Open /etc/opensc.conf
file, search for Yubikey and change the driver = "PIV-II";
line to driver = "openpgp";
. If there is no such entry, use pcsc_scan
. Search for the Answer to Reset ATR: 12 34 56 78 90 AB CD ...
. Then create a new card_atr
block referencing your device ATR within the app
block.
/etc/opensc.conf
app default { ... card_atr 12:23:34:45:67:89:ab:cd:... { name = "YubiKey Neo"; driver = "openpgp" } } ...
After that you can test with pkcs11-tool -O --login
that the OpenPGP applet is selected by default. Other PKCS#11 clients like browsers may need to be restarted for that change to be applied.
Using a smart card on a remote client
If for example you log into a machine via SSH or share a smart card to WSL via usbipd-win and try to use an attached device via pcscd, you will notice errors such as:
gpg: selecting card failed: No such device gpg: OpenPGP card not available: No such device
This is due to Polkit restricting access to local clients. To fix this, you can add a rule to allow certain users in all cases. The below rule allows all users in the wheel
group to access devices via pcscd
:
/etc/polkit-1/rules.d/99-pcscd.rules
polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) { if (action.id == "org.debian.pcsc-lite.access_card" && subject.isInGroup("wheel")) { return polkit.Result.YES; } }); polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) { if (action.id == "org.debian.pcsc-lite.access_pcsc" && subject.isInGroup("wheel")) { return polkit.Result.YES; } });
After creating the file, make sure to restart polkit.service
.
OpenPGP compatibility
GnuPG started out as an implementation of the OpenPGP format. Currently, the project is based on RFC 4880 and does not support RFC 9580 (which supersedes RFC 4880).
However, beginning with version 2.4.0 (from December 2022) GnuPG has opted to roll out changes and extensions to the format outside of the IETF process (see draft-koch-librepgp).
Most of the GnuPG-proprietary formats (which diverge from the OpenPGP standard) carry "version 5" (this version is not used in the IETF OpenPGP standard) and introduce incompatibilities:
- GnuPG "version 5" keys use different fingerprints (longer, due to the use of SHA-256).
- A new symmetrically encrypted data packet format (OCB Encrypted Data Packet) is added. Support for this format is signalled with a "feature flag" which is aggressively enabled by default. See #Disable unsupported AEAD mechanism.
- A new Post-Quantum Cryptography format, again diverging from the IETF process (see draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc).
External reviews have raised concerns about the soundness of the format extensions by GnuPG (see A Summary of Known Security Issues in LibrePGP).
See A Critique on "A Critique on the OpenPGP Updates" for a more in-depth discussion of concerns with regard to the GnuPG-specific format changes.
Arch Linux's position is to prefer compatibility with the OpenPGP standard. To this end patches such as the one for reverting RFC4880bis by default are applied to the gnupg package. This ensures the longterm compatibility with other OpenPGP implementations and avoids vendor lock-in by default.
Disable unsupported AEAD mechanism
With gnupg 2.4, gpg
generates keys, which advertise support for a GnuPG specific AEAD encryption mechanism (based on OCB). However, this flavor of AEAD is not supported by other OpenPGP implementations!
Although many downstreams attempt to remove this new default by patching the GnuPG sources, when using --full-gen-key
the OCB based custom AEAD encryption mechanism is nonetheless set for the new key.
Whether GnuPG's custom AEAD is set for a key can be inspected with the help of gpg
itself:
$ gpg --expert --edit-key <FINGERPRINT> gpg> showpref [ultimate] (1). Foobar McFooface (test) <foobar@mcfooface.com> Cipher: AES256, AES192, AES, 3DES AEAD: OCB Digest: SHA512, SHA384, SHA256, SHA224, SHA1 Compression: ZLIB, BZIP2, ZIP, Uncompressed Features: MDC, AEAD, Keyserver no-modify
This mechanism can be disabled:
gpg> setpref AES256 AES192 AES SHA512 SHA384 SHA256 SHA224 ZLIB BZIP2 ZIP Set preference list to: Cipher: AES256, AES192, AES, 3DES AEAD: Digest: SHA512, SHA384, SHA256, SHA224, SHA1 Compression: ZLIB, BZIP2, ZIP, Uncompressed Features: MDC, Keyserver no-modify Really update the preferences? (y/N) y
Tips and tricks
Different algorithm
You may want to use stronger algorithms:
~/.gnupg/gpg.conf
... personal-digest-preferences SHA512 cert-digest-algo SHA512 default-preference-list SHA512 SHA384 SHA256 SHA224 AES256 AES192 AES CAST5 ZLIB BZIP2 ZIP Uncompressed personal-cipher-preferences TWOFISH CAMELLIA256 AES 3DES
In the latest version of GnuPG, the default algorithms used are SHA256 and AES, both of which are secure enough for most people. However, if you are using a version of GnuPG older than 2.1, or if you want an even higher level of security, then you should follow the above step.
Encrypt a password
It can be useful to encrypt some password, so it will not be written in clear on a configuration file. A good example is your email password.
First create a file with your password. You need to leave one empty line after the password, otherwise gpg will return an error message when evaluating the file.
Then run:
$ gpg -e -a -r user-id your_password_file
-e
is for encrypt, -a
for armor (ASCII output), -r
for recipient user ID.
You will be left with a new your_password_file.asc
file.
Change trust model
By default GnuPG uses the Web of Trust as the trust model. You can change this to Trust on first use by adding --trust-model=tofu
when adding a key or adding this option to your GnuPG configuration file. More details are in this email to the GnuPG list.
Hide all recipient id's
By default the recipient's key ID is in the encrypted message. This can be removed at encryption time for a recipient by using hidden-recipient user-id
. To remove it for all recipients add throw-keyids
to your configuration file. This helps to hide the receivers of the message and is a limited countermeasure against traffic analysis (i.e. using a little social engineering, anyone who is able to decrypt the message can check whether one of the other recipients is the one they suspect). On the receiving side, it may slow down the decryption process because all available secret keys must be tried (e.g. with --try-secret-key user-id
).
Using caff for keysigning parties
To allow users to validate keys on the keyservers and in their keyrings (i.e. make sure they are from whom they claim to be), PGP/GPG uses the Web of Trust. Keysigning parties allow users to get together at a physical location to validate keys. The Zimmermann-Sassaman key-signing protocol is a way of making these very effective. Here you will find a how-to article.
For an easier process of signing keys and sending signatures to the owners after a keysigning party, you can use the tool caff. It can be installed from the AUR with the package caff-gitAUR.
To send the signatures to their owners you need a working MTA. If you do not have already one, install msmtp.
Always show long ID's and fingerprints
To always show long key ID's add keyid-format 0xlong
to your configuration file. To always show full fingerprints of keys, add with-fingerprint
to your configuration file.
Custom capabilities
For further customization also possible to set custom capabilities to your keys. The following capabilities are available:
- Certify (only for primary keys) - allows the key to create certifications that the User IDs on other keys are correct.
- Sign - allows the key to create cryptographic signatures over data, that others can verify with the public key.
- Encrypt - allows anyone to encrypt data with the public key, that only the private key can decrypt.
- Authenticate - allows the key to authenticate with various non-GnuPG programs. The key can be used as e.g. an SSH key.
It is possible to specify the capabilities of the primary key, by running:
$ gpg --full-generate-key --expert
--full-generate-key
the generated key will advertise an AEAD mechanism, which is not understood by other OpenPGP implementations. To disable this after key creation see #Disable unsupported AEAD mechanism.And select an option that allows you to set your own capabilities.
Comparably, to specify custom capabilities for subkeys, add the --expert
flag to gpg --edit-key
, see #Edit your key for more information.
Troubleshooting
su
When using pinentry
, you must have the proper permissions of the terminal device (e.g. /dev/tty1
) in use. However, with su (or sudo), the ownership stays with the original user, not the new one. This means that pinentry will fail with a Permission denied
error, even as root. If this happens when attempting to use ssh, an error like sign_and_send_pubkey: signing failed: agent refused operation
will be returned. The fix is to change the permissions of the device at some point before the use of pinentry (i.e. using gpg with an agent). If doing gpg as root, simply change the ownership to root right before using gpg:
# chown root /dev/ttyN # where N is the current tty
and then change it back after using gpg the first time. The equivalent is true with /dev/pts/
.
tty
is not enough.script
it will use a new tty with the correct ownership:
# script -q -c "gpg --gen-key" /dev/null
Agent complains end of file
If the pinentry program is /usr/bin/pinentry-gnome3
, it needs a DBus session bus to run properly. See General troubleshooting#Session permissions for details.
Alternatively, you can use a variety of different options described in #pinentry.
KGpg configuration permissions
There have been issues with kgpg being able to access the ~/.gnupg/
options. One issue might be a result of a deprecated options file, see the bug report.
GNOME on Wayland overrides SSH agent socket
For Wayland sessions, gnome-session
sets SSH_AUTH_SOCK
to the standard gnome-keyring socket, $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/keyring/ssh
. This overrides any value set elsewhere.
See GNOME/Keyring#Disabling on how to disable this behavior.
mutt
Mutt might not use gpg-agent correctly, you need to set an environment variable GPG_AGENT_INFO
(the content does not matter) when running mutt. Be also sure to enable password caching correctly, see #Cache passwords.
See this forum thread.
"Lost" keys, upgrading to gnupg version 2.1
When gpg --list-keys
fails to show keys that used to be there, and applications complain about missing or invalid keys, some keys may not have been migrated to the new format.
Please read GnuPG invalid packet workaround. Basically, it says that there is a bug with keys in the old pubring.gpg
and secring.gpg
files, which have now been superseded by the new pubring.kbx
file and the private-keys-v1.d/
subdirectory and files. Your missing keys can be recovered with the following commands:
$ cd $ cp -r .gnupg gnupgOLD $ gpg --export-ownertrust > otrust.txt $ gpg --import .gnupg/pubring.gpg $ gpg --import-ownertrust otrust.txt $ gpg --list-keys
gpg hanged for all keyservers (when trying to receive keys)
If gpg hanged with a certain keyserver when trying to receive keys, you might need to kill dirmngr in order to get access to other keyservers which are actually working, otherwise it might keeping hanging for all of them.
Smartcard not detected
Your user might not have the permission to access the smartcard which results in a card error
to be thrown, even though the card is correctly set up and inserted.
One possible solution is to add a new group scard
including the users who need access to the smartcard.
Then use udev rules, similar to the following:
/etc/udev/rules.d/71-gnupg-ccid.rules
ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ENV{ID_VENDOR_ID}=="1050", ENV{ID_MODEL_ID}=="0116|0111", MODE="660", GROUP="scard"
One needs to adapt VENDOR and MODEL according to the lsusb
output, the above example is for a YubikeyNEO.
server 'gpg-agent' is older than us (x < y)
This warning appears if gnupg
is upgraded and the old gpg-agent is still running. Restart the user's gpg-agent.socket
(i.e., use the --user
flag when restarting).
IPC connect call failed
Make sure gpg-agent
and dirmngr
are not running with killall gpg-agent dirmngr
and the $GNUPGHOME/crls.d/
folder has permission set to 700
.
By default, the gnupg package uses the directory /run/user/$UID/gnupg/
for sockets. GnuPG documentation states this is the preferred directory (not all file systems are supported for sockets). Validate that your agent-socket
configuration specifies a path that has an appropriate file system. You can find the your path settings for agent-socket
by running gpgconf --list-dirs agent-socket
.
Test that gpg-agent
starts successfully with gpg-agent --daemon
.
Mitigating Poisoned PGP Certificates
In June 2019, an unknown attacker spammed several high-profile PGP certificates with tens of thousands (or hundreds of thousands) of signatures (CVE-2019-13050) and uploaded these signatures to the SKS keyservers. The existence of these poisoned certificates in a keyring causes gpg to hang with the following message:
gpg: removing stale lockfile (created by 7055)
Possible mitigation involves removing the poisoned certificate as per this blog post.
Invalid IPC response and Inappropriate ioctl for device
The default pinentry program is /usr/bin/pinentry-gtk-2
. If gtk2 is unavailable, pinentry falls back to /usr/bin/pinentry-curses
and causes signing to fail:
gpg: signing failed: Inappropriate ioctl for device gpg: [stdin]: clear-sign failed: Inappropriate ioctl for device
You need to set the GPG_TTY
environment variable for the pinentry programs /usr/bin/pinentry-tty
and /usr/bin/pinentry-curses
.
$ export GPG_TTY=$(tty)
Keyblock resource does not exist
If you get an error like this when trying to import keys
gpg: keyblock resource 'gnupg_home/pubring.kbx': No such file or directory
it is because GnuPG will not create its home directory if it does not yet exist. Simply create it manually
$ mkdir -m 700 gnupg_home
Subkey is created with Restricted capability
In some cases creating a subkey with a custom set of capabilities results in the subkey marked as "Restricted". This happens in the addkey
command with option 7 or 8 ("set your own capabilities") when the capabilities are toggled in the interactive prompt. A workaround is to enter the desired capability set directly as a string instead of toggling individual capabilities, when prompted with the capability selection. For example, enter "=A" to create a subkey with only the Authentication capability.
See also
- GNU Privacy Guard Homepage
- Alan Eliasen's GPG Tutorial
- RFC 4880 — "OpenPGP Message Format"
- gpg.conf recommendations and best practices
- Fedora:Creating GPG Keys
- Debian:Subkeys
- Protecting code integrity with PGP
- A more comprehensive gpg Tutorial
- /r/GPGpractice - a subreddit to practice using GnuPG.
- A Summary of Known Security Issues in LibrePGP on blog.pgpkeys.eu