Multihead: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 18:07, 1 February 2024

Multi-head, multi-screen, multi-display or multi-monitor represent setups with multiple display devices attached to a single computer. This article provides a general description for several multi-head setup methods, and provides some configuration examples.

Note: The terms used in this article are very specific to avoid confusion:

Monitor refers to a physical display device, such as an LCD panel.
Screen refers to an X-Window screen (that is: a monitor attached to a display).
Display refers to a collection of screens that are in use at the same time showing parts of a single desktop (you can drag windows among all screens in a single display).

Historical background

X Window System (X, X11) is the underlying graphical user interface (GUI) for most Unix/Linux computers that provide one. It was developed in 1984 at MIT. After about 35 years of development, tweaks, new features and ideas, it is generally acknowledged to be a bit of a beast. During the time of early development, the common configuration was a single running X that provided individual views to Xterminals on a time-sharing system. Today, X typically provides a single screen on a desktop or laptop.

Note: There is still a rare configuration often called Zaphod display, which allows multiple users of a single computer to each have an independent set of display, mouse, and keyboard, as though they were using separate computers, but at a lower per-seat cost.

In short, there are many ways to configure GUIs using X. When using modern versions, sometimes you can even get away with limited or no configuration. In the last few years, the boast is that X is self-configuring. Certainly, a good rule of thumb is that less configuration is better - that is, only configure what the defaults got wrong.

RandR

RandR (Rotate and Resize) is an X Window System extension, which allows clients to dynamically change (e.g. resize, rotate, reflect) screens. In most cases, it can fully replace the old Xinerama setup. See an explanation why RandR is better than Xinerama.

RandR can be configured for the current session via the xrandr tool, arandr or persistently via an xorg.conf file.

Note: There are multiple ways to configure the same thing, you might have to experiment a little before you find the best configuration.

Configuration using xrandr

Note: This section assumes that you have read the xrandr page for basic info about xrandr.

You may arrange your screens either relatively to each other (using the --right-of, --left-of, --above, --below options), or by absolute coordinates (using the --pos option; note that in this case you usually need to know resolutions of your monitors). See xrandr(1) for details. Some frequently used settings are described below.

VGA1 left of HDMI1 at their preferred resolutions

$ xrandr --output VGA1 --auto --output HDMI1 --auto --right-of VGA1

--right-of places the previous screen (HDMI1) to the right of the specified screen (VGA1).

VGA1 right of HDMI1 at fixed resolutions

$ xrandr --output VGA1 --mode 1024x768 --pos 1920x0 --output HDMI1 --mode 1920x1080 --pos 0x0

or

$ xrandr --output VGA1 --mode 1024x768 --output HDMI1 --mode 1920x1080 --left-of VGA1

--left-of places the previous screen (HDMI1) to the left of the specified screen (VGA1).

Combine screens into virtual display

Since randr version 1.5, it has been possible to combine monitors into one virtual display. This is an updated version of what was possible with Xinerama and works with open source drivers and does not require an Xorg restart. Some desktop environments do not support this feature yet. Openbox has been tested and works with this feature.

Get monitor list by doing xrandr --listmonitors

0: +*DisplayPort-4 1920/518x1200/324+1920+0  DisplayPort-4
1: +DisplayPort-3 1920/518x1200/324+0+0  DisplayPort-3
2: +HDMI-A-0 1920/518x1200/324+3840+0  HDMI-A-0

Create virtual display xrandr --setmonitor SomeName auto DisplayPort-4,DisplayPort-3,HDMI-A-0. auto determines the size of the virtual display, setting this to auto will automatically create the correct size of the display array. Monitor order in this command does not matter and the monitors need to be rearranged correctly after or before this command is executed.

For a more detailed explanation see this page.

Configuration using xorg.conf

This is similar to using xrandr, separate Monitor section is needed for each screen. As an Identifier, the same value as reported by xrandr -q is used (i.e. Identifier "VGA1" is used instead of --output VGA1).

Example: dualhead configuration using relative coordinates

/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/10-monitor.conf

Section "Monitor"
    Identifier  "VGA1"
    Option      "Primary" "true"
EndSection

Section "Monitor"
    Identifier  "HDMI1"
    Option      "LeftOf" "VGA1"
EndSection

Example: dualhead configuration using relative coordinates with custom resolutions

The ID for each monitor can be found by running the $ xrandr -q command and should be defined as Monitor-<ID> inside the Device section.

See Xrandr#Adding undetected resolutions.

/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/10-monitor.conf

Section "Monitor"
  Identifier "DVI"
  Modeline "1680x1050_60.00"  146.25  1680 1784 1960 2240  1050 1053 1059 1089 -hsync +vsync
  Option "PreferredMode" "1680x1050_60.00"
  Option "LeftOf" "DP"
  Option "DPMS" "true"
EndSection

Section "Monitor"
  Identifier "DP"
  Modeline "1920x1080_60.00"  173.00  1920 2048 2248 2576  1080 1083 1088 1120 -hsync +vsync
  Option "PreferredMode" "1920x1080_60.00"
  Option "RightOf" "DVI"
  Option "DPMS" "true"
EndSection

Section "Screen"
  Identifier "Screen0"
  Device "Radeon" # e.g. Radeon, Intel, nvidia
  Monitor "DP"
  DefaultDepth 24
  SubSection "Display"
    Depth 24
    Virtual 3600 2130 # 1920 + 1680 (3600), 1080 + 1050 (2130)
  EndSubSection
EndSection

/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/20-radeon.conf

Section "Device"
  Identifier "Radeon"
  Driver "radeon"
  Option "Monitor-DVI-0" "DVI" # use DVI-0 as DVI
  Option "Monitor-DisplayPort-0" "DP"
EndSection

Example: dualhead configuration using absolute coordinates

/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/10-monitor.conf

Section "Monitor"
    Identifier  "VGA1"
    Option      "PreferredMode" "1024x768"
    Option      "Position" "1920 312"
EndSection

Section "Monitor"
    Identifier  "HDMI1"
    Option      "PreferredMode" "1920x1080"
    Option      "Position" "0 0"
EndSection

There are no negative coordinates, the setup's leftmost and highest possibly targeted point is at 0,0

(0,0)-----------------+ 
|                     |(1920,312)---+
|     1920 x 1080     ||            |
|        HDMI1        || 1024 x 768 |
|                     ||    VGA1    |
+---------------------++------------+

Dynamic display configuration

The following options allow you to automatically detect when a new display is connected and then change the layout based on that. This can be useful for laptop users who frequently work in multiple different environments that require different setups.

autorandr allows you to save your current xrandr configuration as profiles based on what display hardware is connected.
mons^AUR or mons-git^AUR is a shell script to quickly manage 2-monitors display using xrandr.

Separate screens

This is the original way of configuring multiple monitors with X, and it has been around for decades. Each physical monitor is assigned as an X screen, and while you can move the mouse between them, they are more or less independent.

Normally the X display has a single identifier such as :0, set in the DISPLAY environment variable; but in this configuration, each screen has a different $DISPLAY value. The first screen is :0.0, the second is :0.1 and so on.

With this configuration, it is not possible to move windows between screens, apart from a few special programs like GIMP and Emacs, which have multi-screen support. For most programs, you must change the DISPLAY environment variable when launching to have the program appear on another screen:

# Launch a terminal on the second screen
$ DISPLAY=:0.1 urxvt &

Alternatively, if you have a terminal on each screen, launching programs will inherit the DISPLAY value and appear on the same screen they were launched on. But, moving an application between screens involves closing it and reopening it again on the other screen.

Working this way does have certain advantages. For example, windows popping up on one screen will not steal the focus away from you if you are working on another screen - each screen is quite independent.

TwinView

TwinView is NVIDIA's extension which makes two monitors attached to a video card appear as a single screen. TwinView provides Xinerama extensions so that applications are aware there are two monitors connected, and thus it is incompatible with Xinerama. However, if you only have two monitors and they are both connected to the same NVIDIA card, there is little difference between TwinView and Xinerama (although in this situation TwinView may offer slightly better performance.)

If you wish to attach more than two monitors or monitors attached to other video cards, you will need to use Xinerama instead of TwinView. Likewise, as of April 2012, both monitors must be in the same orientation - you cannot have one in landscape and the other in portrait mode.

In the past, TwinView was the only way to get OpenGL acceleration with NVIDIA cards while being able to drag windows between screens. However modern versions of the NVIDIA closed-source driver are able to provide OpenGL acceleration even when using Xinerama.

See NVIDIA#TwinView for an example configuration.

Xinerama

Xinerama is the old way of doing genuine multihead X. Xinerama combines all monitors into a single screen (:0) making it possible to drag windows between screens.

Xinerama is configured via custom X configuration files. There is also a GUI tool named WideGuy to make toggling Xinerama easier. Note that to use WideGuy you still need an Xorg configuration with a ServerLayout section.

Here are some X configuration examples:

This is a ServerLayout section which controls where each monitor sits relative to the others.

/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/90-serverlayout.conf

Section "ServerLayout"
  Identifier   "Main"
  Screen       0 "Primary"
  Screen       1 "DellPortraitLeft" RightOf "Primary"
  Screen       2 "Wacom" RightOf "DellPortraitLeft"
  Screen       3 "U2412" LeftOf "Primary"
  Option         "Xinerama" "1"  # enable XINERAMA extension.  Default is disabled.
EndSection

Each Screen in the above section is defined in a separate file, such as this one:

/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/30-screen-dell2001.conf

# Define the monitor's physical specs
Section "Monitor"
  Identifier   "Dell 2001FP"
  VertRefresh  60
  Option  "dpms"  "on"

  # Modelines are probably unnecessary these days, but it does give you fine-grained control

  # 1600x1200 @ 60.00 Hz (GTF) hsync: 74.52 kHz; pclk: 160.96 MHz
  Modeline "1600x1200"  160.96  1600 1704 1880 2160  1200 1201 1204 1242  -HSync +Vsync
EndSection

# Define a screen that uses the above monitor.  Note the Monitor value matches the above
# Identifier value and the Device value matches one of the video cards defined below
# (the card and connector this monitor is actually plugged in to.)
Section "Screen"
  Identifier   "DellPortraitLeft"
  Device       "GeForce 8600GTb"
  Monitor      "Dell 2001FP"
  DefaultDepth 24
  SubSection "Display"
    Depth     24
    Modes     "1600x1200"
    ViewPort  0 0
    Virtual   1600 1200
  EndSubsection

  # This screen is in portrait mode
  Option "Rotate" "left"
EndSection

You will need to create a Device section for each monitor, i.e. a dual head video card will have two Device sections. The following example shows how to configure two video cards each providing two outputs, for a total of four monitors.

/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/20-nvidia.conf

# First head of first video card in the system
Section "Device"
  Identifier  "GeForce 8600GT"
  Driver      "nvidia"

  # If you have multiple video cards, the BusID controls which one this definition refers
  # to.  You can omit it if you only have one card.
  BusID       "PCI:1:0:0"

  # Need to flag this as only referring to one output on the card
  Screen      0

  # For nVidia devices, this controls which connector the monitor is connected to.
  Option      "UseDisplayDevice"   "DFP-0"

  # We want control!
  Option      "DynamicTwinView"    "FALSE"

  # Various performance and configuration options
  Option      "AddARGBGLXVisuals"  "true"
  Option      "UseEDIDDpi"         "false"
  Option      "DPI"                "96 x 96"
  Option      "Coolbits"           "1"
EndSection

# Second head of same video card (note different Identifier but same BusID.)  We can omit
# the UseDisplayDevice option this time as it will pick whichever one is remaining.
Section "Device"
  Identifier  "GeForce 8600GTb"
  Driver      "nvidia"
  BusID       "PCI:1:0:0"
  # This is the second output on this card
  Screen      1

  # Same config options for all cards
  Option      "AddARGBGLXVisuals"  "true"
  Option      "UseEDIDDpi"         "false"
  Option      "DPI"                "96 x 96"
  Option      "Coolbits"           "1"
  Option      "DynamicTwinView"    "FALSE"
EndSection

# First head of second video card, note different BusID.
Section "Device"
  Identifier  "G210"
  Driver      "nvidia"
  BusID       "PCI:2:0:0"
  Screen      0

  # Same config options for all cards
  Option      "AddARGBGLXVisuals"  "true"
  Option      "UseEDIDDpi"         "false"
  Option      "DPI"                "96 x 96"
  Option      "Coolbits"           "1"
  Option      "DynamicTwinView"    "FALSE"
EndSection

# Second head of second video card.  Output connector is set here, which means the previous
# Device will use the other connector, whatever it may be.
Section "Device"
  Identifier  "G210b"
  Driver      "nvidia"
  BusID       "PCI:2:0:0"
  Screen      1
  Option      "UseDisplayDevice"   "DFP-1"

  # Same config options for all cards
  Option      "AddARGBGLXVisuals"  "true"
  Option      "UseEDIDDpi"         "false"
  Option      "DPI"                "96 x 96"
  Option      "Coolbits"           "1"
  Option      "DynamicTwinView"    "FALSE"
EndSection

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Category:X server]]
 [[ja:マルチディスプレイ]]
-[[fa:Multihead]]
 [[zh-hans:Multihead]]
 {{Related articles start}}
@@ Line 7: / Line 6: @@
 {{Related|xrandr}}
 {{Related|NVIDIA#Multiple monitors}}
-{{Related|Nouveau#Dual head}}
-{{Related|AMD Catalyst#Double Screen (Dual Head / Dual Screen / Xinerama)}}
-{{Related|ATI#Multihead setup}}
 {{Related|Extreme Multihead}}
 {{Related articles end}}
-'''Multi-head''', '''multi-screen''', '''multi-display''' or '''multi-monitor''' represent a setup when multiple display devices are attached to a computer. This article provides general description of multiple multi-head setup methods, and provides some examples of configuration.
+'''Multi-head''', '''multi-screen''', '''multi-display''' or '''multi-monitor''' represent setups with multiple display devices attached to a single computer. This article provides a general description for several multi-head setup methods, and provides some configuration examples.
 {{Note|The terms used in this article are very specific to avoid confusion:
@@ Line 23: / Line 19: @@
 == Historical background ==
-X Window System is the underlying graphical interface of most Unix/Linux computers providing a GUI. It was developed in 1984 at MIT. After about 35 years of development, tweaking and adding of new features and ideas, it is generally acknowledged to be a bit of a beast. It should be remembered that the common configuration at the time of development was a single running X providing individual views to Xterminals in a [[Wikipedia: Time-sharing|time-sharing]] system. Nowadays the standard is X providing a single screen on a desktop or laptop.
+X Window System (X, X11) is the underlying graphical user interface (GUI) for most Unix/Linux computers that provide one. It was developed in 1984 at MIT. After about 35 years of development, tweaks, new features and ideas, it is generally acknowledged to be a bit of a beast. During the time of early development, the common configuration was a single running X that provided individual views to Xterminals on a [[Wikipedia: Time-sharing|time-sharing]] system. Today, X typically provides a single screen on a desktop or laptop.
 {{Note|There is still a rare configuration often called [[Xorg multiseat|Zaphod display]], which allows multiple users of a single computer to each have an independent set of display, mouse, and keyboard, as though they were using separate computers, but at a lower per-seat cost.}}
-All of this means that there are many ways of achieving the same thing and many slightly different things that can meet the same purpose. In modern X versions sometimes you can get away with limited or no configuration. In the last few years, the boast is that X is self-configuring. Certainly, the best practice rule of thumb is less configuration is better - that is ''only configure what is wrong''.
+In short, there are many ways to configure GUIs using X. When using modern versions, sometimes you can even get away with limited or no configuration. In the last few years, the boast is that X is self-configuring. Certainly, a good rule of thumb is that less configuration is better - that is, ''only configure what the defaults got wrong''.
-== Separate screens ==
-This is the original way of configuring multiple monitors with X, and it has been around for decades.  Each physical monitor is assigned as an X screen, and while you can move the mouse between them, they are more or less independent.
-Normally the X display has a single identifier such as {{ic|:0}} set in the {{ic|DISPLAY}} environment variable, but in this configuration each screen has a different {{ic|$DISPLAY}} value.  The first screen is {{ic|:0.0}}, the second is {{ic|:0.1}} and so on.
-With this configuration, it is not possible to move windows between screens, apart from a few special programs like GIMP and Emacs which have multi-screen support.  For most programs you must change the {{ic|DISPLAY}} environment variable when launching to have the program appear on another screen:
- # Launch a terminal on the second screen
- $ DISPLAY=:0.1 urxvt &
-Alternatively, if you have a terminal on each screen launching programs will inherit the {{ic|DISPLAY}} value and appear on the same screen they were launched on.  But moving an application between screens involves closing it and reopening it again on the other screen.
-Working this way does have certain advantages, such as windows popping up on one screen won't steal the focus away from you if you are working on another screen - each screen is quite independent.
 == RandR ==
-[[Wikipedia:RandR|RandR]] ('''R'''otate '''and''' '''R'''esize) is an [[Wikipedia:X Window System|X Window System]] extension, which allows clients to dynamically change (e.g. resize, rotate, reflect) screens. In most cases, it can fully replace the old Xinerama setup. See [http://i3wm.org/docs/multi-monitor.html#_the_explanation an explanation] why RandR is better than Xinerama.
+[[Wikipedia:RandR|RandR]] ('''R'''otate '''and''' '''R'''esize) is an [[Wikipedia:X Window System|X Window System]] extension, which allows clients to dynamically change (e.g. resize, rotate, reflect) screens. In most cases, it can fully replace the old Xinerama setup. See [https://i3wm.org/docs/multi-monitor.html#_the_explanation an explanation] why RandR is better than Xinerama.
 RandR can be configured for the current session via the [[xrandr]] tool, arandr or persistently via an [[xorg.conf]] file.
 {{Note|There are multiple ways to configure the same thing, you might have to experiment a little before you find the best configuration.}}
-=== Configuration using arandr ===
-{{Move|xrandr|Not specific to this page.}}
-arandr can graphically arrange your monitors, change resolutions, and save a script to duplicate your setup. By default, if you "Save As" it will be saved in {{ic|~/.screenlayout/}}. These files can then be added to your {{ic|~/.profile}}. Sometimes problems arise from running the arandr script too soon after login.
-{{Accuracy|Graphical things don't belong into {{ic|~/.profile}}.}}
-Edit {{ic|~/.profile}}
- $ sleep 3
- $ /home/<user>/.screenlayout/myLayout.sh
 === Configuration using xrandr ===
@@ Line 120: / Line 88: @@
 ==== Example: dualhead configuration using relative coordinates with custom resolutions ====
 The ID for each monitor can be found by running the {{ic|$ xrandr -q}} command and should be defined as {{ic|Monitor-<ID>}} inside the {{ic|Device}} section.
@@ Line 188: / Line 157: @@
 +---------------------++------------+
 </nowiki>}}
+== Dynamic display configuration ==
+The following options allow you to automatically detect when a new display is connected and then change the layout based on that. This can be useful for laptop users who frequently work in multiple different environments that require different setups.
+* {{Pkg|autorandr}} allows you to save your current [[xrandr]] configuration as profiles based on what display hardware is connected.
+* {{AUR|mons}} or {{AUR|mons-git}} is a shell script to quickly manage 2-monitors display using [[xrandr]].
+== Separate screens ==
+This is the original way of configuring multiple monitors with X, and it has been around for decades.  Each physical monitor is assigned as an X screen, and while you can move the mouse between them, they are more or less independent.
+Normally the X display has a single identifier such as {{ic|:0}}, set in the {{ic|DISPLAY}} environment variable; but in this configuration, each screen has a different {{ic|$DISPLAY}} value.  The first screen is {{ic|:0.0}}, the second is {{ic|:0.1}} and so on.
+With this configuration, it is not possible to move windows between screens, apart from a few special programs like GIMP and Emacs, which have multi-screen support.  For most programs, you must change the {{ic|DISPLAY}} environment variable when launching to have the program appear on another screen:
+ # Launch a terminal on the second screen
+ $ DISPLAY=:0.1 urxvt &
+Alternatively, if you have a terminal on each screen, launching programs will inherit the {{ic|DISPLAY}} value and appear on the same screen they were launched on.  But, moving an application between screens involves closing it and reopening it again on the other screen.
+Working this way does have certain advantages. For example, windows popping up on one screen will not steal the focus away from you if you are working on another screen - each screen is quite independent.
 == TwinView ==
@@ Line 332: / Line 323: @@
 EndSection
 }}
-== Application support ==
-{{Out of date|This section contains outdated information, mostly specific to Xinerama.}}
-This section lists tips for individual applications.
-* mplayer: use {{ic|-xineramascreen 1}} to make the video play on screen #1 (the second screen.)  Add {{ic|1=xineramascreen=1}} to {{ic|~/.mplayer/config}} to make it permanent.
-* Xonotic: if you are playing across multiple screens and you are unable to turn left/right properly, set {{ic|vid_stick_mouse}} to 1 in {{ic|~/.xonotic/data/config.cfg}}
-=== Window managers ===
-This section lists window managers and how they cope with multiple monitors.
-* [[Awesome]] - Works
-* [[FVWM]] - Works. Has support for Xinerama and multi-screen display, such as Single Logical Screen.
-* [[i3]] - Works
-* [[KDE]] - Works
-* [[MATE]] - Works
-* [[Qtile]] - Works
-* [[Spectrwm]] - Works (screens are different workspaces, both accessible and switching is possible by both keyboard and mouse) - as of March 2015
-* [[Xmonad]] - Works (screens are different workspaces, both accessible and switching is possible by both keyboard and mouse) - as of April 2014
-=== Display managers ===
-[[GDM]]: see [[GDM#Setup default monitor settings]].
-Users may prefer to use {{ic|startx}} and {{ic|~/.xinitrc}} instead of a display manager due to the lack of working support with multiple displays.
-=== Full screen games ===
-Many games require their window to appear at (0,0) when running in full-screen.  If the screen you have at (0,0) - the left-most one - is not one you wish to game on, it is almost impossible to move a full-screen game onto a different screen.
-A workaround for this is to create a separate X11 configuration (a new '''layout''') just for playing games, which may have less (or only one) screen configured.  You can then launch games using this separate layout, while normal desktop work uses the original multihead configuration.
-To create a new layout, copy {{ic|/etc/X11/xorg.d/90-serverlayout.conf}} and call it {{ic|91-serverlayout-gaming.conf}}.  It is important to use a number larger than 90, as the one with the lowest number will become the default used when you first load X.
-Adjust this new configuration file to your preferred gaming configuration.  Here is an example (based on the example Xinerama configuration above) with only one screen defined, noting that the screen specifics (such as resolution) are defined in other files and are unchanged from and shared with the normal configuration:
-{{hc|/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/91-serverlayout-gaming.conf|
-# New screen layout only using a single screen called "Primary"
-Section "ServerLayout"
-    Identifier   "Gaming"
-    Screen       0 "Primary" Absolute 0 0
-EndSection
-}}
-{{Tip|While it's easiest to just reuse the existing screen definitions, you can, of course, define new ones if you wish to have a different set of screen resolutions available.}}
-To use this new layout, launch the game via the {{ic|startx}} script:
- # Launch Xonotic on a new X11 display using the "Gaming" layout
- startx /usr/bin/xonotic-glx -fullscreen -- :1 -layout Gaming
-Note that:
-* You must specify the full path to the command to run, here {{ic|/usr/bin/xonotic-glx}}.
-* The {{ic|:1}} must refer to an empty unused display.  The first display you are likely using for your desktop is {{ic|:0}}, so {{ic|:1}} will be fine for most people.  But should you want to launch a second game at the same time, you would have to change this to {{ic|:2}}.
-* Just as you can switch between text consoles with Alt+Ctrl+F1 and back to X with Alt+Ctrl+F7, the new display will sit on Alt+Ctrl+F8.  So you can switch back to your desktop with Alt+Ctrl+F7 and back to the game with Alt+Ctrl+F8.  This is because you are running an independent X desktop, so if you switch out of the game with Alt+Tab or equivalent there will be an empty desktop with no window manager running.
 == See also ==
 * [https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=652861 'How I got Dual Monitors with Nouveau Driver' forums thread]
-* [http://linuxgazette.net/124/smith.html Six-headed, Six-user Linux System]
+* [https://linuxgazette.net/124/smith.html Six-headed, Six-user Linux System]