User:Larivact/drafts/Network configuration
This article describes how to configure network connections on OSI layer 3 and above. Medium-specifics are handled in the /Wired and /Wireless subpages.
Network management
To set up a network connection, follow these steps:
- Ensure your network interface is listed and enabled.
- Connect to the network. Plug in the Ethernet cable or connect to the wireless LAN.
- Configure your network connection:
- static IP address
- dynamic IP address: use DHCP
Arch Linux has deprecated ifconfig in favor of iproute2 (part of base). iproute2 provides the ip(8) command-line interface, used to manage network interfaces, IP addresses and the routing table. Be aware that configuration made using ip
will be lost after a reboot. For persistent configuration, you can use a network manager or automate ip commands using scripts and systemd units. Also note that ip
commands can generally be abbreviated, for clarity they are however spelled out in this article.
dhcpcd@interface.service
) for wired network devices[dead link 2021-07-05 ⓘ] on boot.Network interfaces
By default udev assigns names to your network interfaces using Predictable Network Interface Names, which prefixes interfaces names with en
(wired/Ethernet), wl
(wireless/WLAN), or ww
(WWAN).
Listing network interfaces
Both wired and wireless interface names can be found via ls /sys/class/net
or ip link
. Note that lo
is the loop device and not used in making network connections.
Wireless device names can also be retrieved using iw dev
. See also Wireless network configuration#Get the name of the interface.
If your network interface is not listed, make sure your device driver was loaded successfully, see /Wired#Device driver or /Wireless#Device driver.
Enabling and disabling network interfaces
Network interfaces can be enabled / disabled using ip link set interface up|down
, see ip-link(8).
To check the status of the interface eth0
:
$ ip link show dev eth0
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master br0 state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000 ...
The UP
in <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP>
is what indicates the interface is up, not the later state DOWN
.
eth0
, taking it down will also remove the route, and bringing it back up will not automatically reestablish the default route. See #Routing table for reestablishing it.Static IP address
A static IP address can be configured with most standard network managers and also dhcpcd.
To manually configure a static IP address, add an IP address as described in #IP addresses, set up your routing table and configure your DNS servers.
IP addresses
IP addresses are managed using ip-address(8).
List IP addresses:
$ ip address show
Add an IP address to an interface:
# ip address add address/prefix_len broadcast + dev interface
- Note that:
- the address is given in CIDR notation to also supply a subnet mask
+
is a special symbol that makesip
derive the broadcast address from the IP address and the subnet mask
- Note: Make sure manually assigned IP addresses do not conflict with DHCP assigned ones. See this forum thread.
Delete an IP address from an interface:
$ ip address del address/prefix_len dev interface
Delete all addresses matching a criteria, e.g. of a specific interface:
$ ip address flush dev interface
Routing table
The routing table is used to determine if you can reach an IP address directly or what gateway (router) you should use. If no other route matches the IP address, the default gateway is used.
The routing table is managed using ip-route(8).
PREFIX is either a CIDR notation or default
for the default gateway.
List routes:
$ ip route show
Add a route:
# ip route add PREFIX via address dev interface
Delete a route:
# ip route del PREFIX via address dev interface
DHCP
A Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server provides clients with a dynamic IP address, the subnet mask, the default gateway IP address and optionally also with DNS name servers.
To use DHCP you need a DHCP server in your network and a DHCP client:
Client | Package | Archiso | Note | Systemd units |
---|---|---|---|---|
dhcpcd | dhcpcd | Yes | DHCP, DHCPv6, ZeroConf, static IP | dhcpcd.service , dhcpcd@interface.service
|
ISC dhclient | dhclient | Yes | DHCP, BOOTP, static IP | dhclient@interface.service
|
Note that instead of directly using a DHCP client you can also use a network manager.
Network managers
A network manager lets you manage network connection settings in so called network profiles to facilitate switching networks.
Network manager | GUI | Archiso [1] | CLI tools | PPP support (e.g. 3G modem) |
DHCP client | Systemd units |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ConnMan | 8 unofficial | No | connmanctl(1) | Yes | internal | connman.service
|
netctl | 2 unofficial | Yes (base) | netctl(1), wifi-menu | Yes | dhcpcd or dhclient | netctl-ifplugd@interface.service , netctl-auto@interface.service
|
NetworkManager | Yes | No | nmcli(1), nmtui(1) | Yes | internal, dhcpcd or dhclient | NetworkManager.service
|
systemd-networkd | No | Yes (base) | networkctl(1) | No | internal | systemd-networkd.service , systemd-resolved.service
|
Wicd | Yes | No | wicd-cli(8), wicd-curses(8) | No | dhcpcd | wicd.service
|
There also is Wifi Radar, a GUI application to manage WiFi networks with wireless_tools, it however does not handle wired connections.
See also List of applications#Network managers.
Set the hostname
A hostname is a unique name created to identify a machine on a network, configured in /etc/hostname
—see hostname(5) and hostname(7) for details. The file can contain the system's domain name, if any. To set the hostname, edit /etc/hostname
to include a single line with myhostname
:
/etc/hostname
myhostname
Alternatively, using hostnamectl(1):
# hostnamectl set-hostname myhostname
To temporarily set the hostname (until reboot), use hostname(1) from inetutils:
# hostname myhostname
To set the "pretty" hostname and other machine metadata, see machine-info(5) § https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/machine-info.html.
Local hostname resolution
The myhostname
Name Service Switch (NSS) module of systemd provides local hostname resolution without having to edit /etc/hosts
(hosts(5)). It is enabled by default.
Some clients may however still rely on /etc/hosts
, see [2] [3] for examples.
To configure the hosts file, add the following line to /etc/hosts
:
127.0.1.1 myhostname.localdomain myhostname
/etc/hosts
is significant. The first string is considered the canonical hostname and may be appended with parent domains, where domain components are separated by a dot (ie. .localdomain
above). All following strings on the same line are considered aliases. See hosts(5) for more info.As a result the system resolves to both entries:
$ getent hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost 127.0.1.1 myhostname.localdomain myhostname
For a system with a permanent IP address, that permanent IP address should be used instead of 127.0.1.1
.
Local network hostname resolution
To make your machine accessible in your LAN via its hostname you can:
- edit the
/etc/hosts
file for every device in your LAN, see hosts(5) - set up a DNS server to resolve your hostname and make the LAN devices use it (e.g. via #DHCP)
- or the easy way: use a Zero-configuration networking service:
- Samba provides hostname resolution via Microsoft's NetBIOS. It only requires installation of samba and enabling of the
nmb.service
service. Computers running Windows, macOS, or Linux withnmb
running, will be able to find your machine. - Avahi provides hostname resolution via zeroconf, also known as Avahi or Bonjour. It requires slightly more complex configuration than Samba: see Avahi#Hostname resolution for details. Computers running macOS, or Linux with an Avahi daemon running, will be able to find your machine. Windows does not have a built-in Avahi client or daemon.
- Samba provides hostname resolution via Microsoft's NetBIOS. It only requires installation of samba and enabling of the
Tips and tricks
Change interface name
You can change the device name by defining the name manually with an udev-rule. For example:
/etc/udev/rules.d/10-network.rules
SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION=="add", ATTR{address}=="aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff", NAME="net1" SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION=="add", ATTR{address}=="ff:ee:dd:cc:bb:aa", NAME="net0"
These rules will be applied automatically at boot.
A couple of things to note:
- To get the MAC address of each card, use this command:
cat /sys/class/net/device_name/address
- Make sure to use the lower-case hex values in your udev rules. It does not like upper-case.
If the network card has a dynamic MAC, you can use DEVPATH
, for example:
/etc/udev/rules.d/10-network.rules
SUBSYSTEM=="net", DEVPATH=="/devices/platform/wemac.*", NAME="int" SUBSYSTEM=="net", DEVPATH=="/devices/pci*/*1c.0/*/net/*", NAME="en"
The device path should match both the new and old device name, since the rule may be executed more than once on bootup. For example, in the second rule, "/devices/pci*/*1c.0/*/net/enp*"
would be wrong since it will stop matching once the name is changed to en
. Only the system-default rule will fire the second time around, causing the name to be changed back to e.g. enp1s0
.
To test your rules, they can be triggered directly from userspace, e.g. with udevadm --debug test /sys/DEVPATH
. Remember to first take down the interface you are trying to rename (e.g. ip link set enp1s0 down
).
net0
, net1
, wifi0
, wifi1
. For further details please see the systemd documentation.Revert to traditional interface names
If you would prefer to retain traditional interface names such as eth0, Predictable Network Interface Names can be disabled by masking the udev rule:
# ln -s /dev/null /etc/udev/rules.d/80-net-setup-link.rules
Alternatively, add net.ifnames=0
to the kernel parameters.
Set device MTU and queue length
You can change the device MTU and queue length by defining manually with an udev-rule. For example:
/etc/udev/rules.d/10-network.rules
ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="net", KERNEL=="wl*", ATTR{mtu}="1500", ATTR{tx_queue_len}="2000"
mtu
: For PPPoE, the MTU should be no larger than 1492. You can also set MTU via systemd.netdev(5).tx_queue_len
: Small value for slower devices with a high latency like modem links and ISDN. High value is recommend for server connected over the high-speed Internet connections that perform large data transfers.
Bonding or LAG
See netctl#Bonding or Wireless bonding.
IP address aliasing
IP aliasing is the process of adding more than one IP address to a network interface. With this, one node on a network can have multiple connections to a network, each serving a different purpose. Typical uses are virtual hosting of Web and FTP servers, or reorganizing servers without having to update any other machines (this is especially useful for nameservers).
Example
To manually set an alias, for some NIC, use iproute2 to execute
# ip addr add 192.168.2.101/24 dev eth0 label eth0:1
To remove a given alias execute
# ip addr del 192.168.2.101/24 dev eth0:1
Packets destined for a subnet will use the primary alias by default. If the destination IP is within a subnet of a secondary alias, then the source IP is set respectively. Consider the case where there is more than one NIC, the default routes can be listed with ip route
.
Promiscuous mode
Toggling promiscuous mode will make a (wireless) NIC forward all traffic it receives to the OS for further processing. This is opposite to "normal mode" where a NIC will drop frames it is not intended to receive. It is most often used for advanced network troubleshooting and packet sniffing.
/etc/systemd/system/promiscuous@.service
[Unit] Description=Set %i interface in promiscuous mode After=network.target [Service] Type=oneshot ExecStart=/usr/bin/ip link set dev %i promisc on RemainAfterExit=yes [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target
If you want to enable promiscuous mode on interface eth0
run enable promiscuous@eth0.service
.
Troubleshooting
To troubleshoot a network connection, go through the following conditions and ensure that you meet them:
- Your network interface is listed and enabled.
- You are connected to the network. The cable is plugged in or you are connected to the wireless LAN.
- Your network interface has an IP address.
- Your routing table is correctly set up.
- You can ping a local IP address (e.g. your default gateway).
- You can ping a public IP address (e.g.
8.8.8.8
), if you can't it may be related to your default gateway or your internet service provider. - Check if you can resolve domain names (e.g.
archlinux.org
).
8.8.8.8
is a static address that is easy to remember. It is the address of Google's primary DNS server, therefore it can be considered reliable, and is generally not blocked by content filtering systems and proxies.Ping
ping is used to test if you can reach a host.
$ ping www.example.com
PING www.example.com (93.184.216.34): 56(84) data bytes 64 bytes from 93.184.216.34: icmp_seq=0 ttl=56 time=11.632 ms 64 bytes from 93.184.216.34: icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=11.726 ms 64 bytes from 93.184.216.34: icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=10.683 ms ...
For every reply you receive ping prints a line like above. For more information see the ping(8) manual.
Note that computers can be configured not to respond to ICMP echo requests.[4]
When you receive no reply, you can use a traceroute (traceroute(8) or tracepath(8)) to further diagnose the route to the host.
ping: icmp open socket: Operation not permitted
when executing ping, try to re-install the iputils package.The TCP window scaling problem
TCP packets contain a "window" value in their headers indicating how much data the other host may send in return. This value is represented with only 16 bits, hence the window size is at most 64Kb. TCP packets are cached for a while (they have to be reordered), and as memory is (or used to be) limited, one host could easily run out of it.
Back in 1992, as more and more memory became available, RFC 1323 was written to improve the situation: Window Scaling. The "window" value, provided in all packets, will be modified by a Scale Factor defined once, at the very beginning of the connection. That 8-bit Scale Factor allows the Window to be up to 32 times higher than the initial 64Kb.
It appears that some broken routers and firewalls on the Internet are rewriting the Scale Factor to 0 which causes misunderstandings between hosts. The Linux kernel 2.6.17 introduced a new calculation scheme generating higher Scale Factors, virtually making the aftermaths of the broken routers and firewalls more visible.
The resulting connection is at best very slow or broken.
How to diagnose the problem
First of all, let us make it clear: this problem is odd. In some cases, you will not be able to use TCP connections (HTTP, FTP, ...) at all and in others, you will be able to communicate with some hosts (very few).
When you have this problem, the dmesg
's output is OK, logs are clean and ip addr
will report normal status... and actually everything appears normal.
If you cannot browse any website, but you can ping some random hosts, chances are great that you are experiencing this problem: ping uses ICMP and is not affected by TCP problems.
You can try to use Wireshark. You might see successful UDP and ICMP communications but unsuccessful TCP communications (only to foreign hosts).
Ways of fixing it
Bad
To fix it the bad way, you can change the tcp_rmem
value, on which Scale Factor calculation is based. Although it should work for most hosts, it is not guaranteed, especially for very distant ones.
# echo "4096 87380 174760" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_rmem
Good
Simply disable Window Scaling. Since Window Scaling is a nice TCP feature, it may be uncomfortable to disable it, especially if you cannot fix the broken router. There are several ways to disable Window Scaling, and it seems that the most bulletproof way (which will work with most kernels) is to add the following line to /etc/sysctl.d/99-disable_window_scaling.conf
(see also sysctl):
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 0
Best
This problem is caused by broken routers/firewalls, so let us change them. Some users have reported that the broken router was their very own DSL router.
More about it
This section is based on the LWN article TCP window scaling and broken routers and a Kernel Trap article: Window Scaling on the Internet.
There are also several relevant threads on the LKML.
See also
- Linux Network Administrators Guide
- Debian Reference: Network setup
- RHEL7: Networking Guide
- Linux Home Networking[dead link 2021-07-05 ⓘ]
- Monitoring and tuning the Linux Networking Stack: Receiving data
- Monitoring and tuning the Linux Networking Stack: Sending data
- Tracing a packet journey using tracepoints, perf and eBPF