Virtual user mail system with Postfix, Dovecot and Roundcube
This article describes how to set up a virtual user mail system, i.e. where the senders and recipients do not correspond to the Linux system users.
Roughly, the components used in this article are Postfix as the mail server, Dovecot as the IMAP server, Roundcube as the webmail interface and PostfixAdmin as the administration interface to manage it all.
In the end, the provided solution will allow you to use the best currently available security mechanisms, you will be able to send mails using SMTP and SMTPS and receive mails using POP3, POP3S, IMAP and IMAPS. Additionally, configuration will be easy thanks to PostfixAdmin and users will be able to login using Roundcube.
Contents
Installation
Before you start, you must have both a working MySQL server as described in MySQL and a working Postfix server as described in Postfix.
Install the dovecot and roundcubemail packages.
Configuration
User
For security reasons, a new user should be created to store the mails:
# groupadd -g 5000 vmail # useradd -u 5000 -g vmail -s /usr/bin/nologin -d /home/vmail -m vmail
A gid and uid of 5000 is used in both cases so that we do not run into conflicts with regular users. All your mail will then be stored in /home/vmail. You could change the home directory to something like /var/mail/vmail but be careful to change this in any configuration below as well.
Database
You will need to create an empty database and corresponding user. In this article, the user postfix_user will have read/write access to the database postfix_db using hunter2 as password. You are expected to create the database and user yourself, and give the user permission to use the database, as shown in the following code.
$ mysql -u root -p
CREATE DATABASE postfix_db; GRANT ALL ON postfix_db.* TO 'postfix_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'hunter2'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Now you can go to the PostfixAdmin's setup page, let PostfixAdmin create the needed tables and create the users in there.
PostfixAdmin
See PostfixAdmin.
SSL certificate
You will need a SSL certificate for all encrypted mail communications (SMTPS/IMAPS/POP3S). If you do not have one, create one:
# cd /etc/ssl/private/ # openssl req -new -x509 -nodes -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout vmail.key -out vmail.crt -days 1460 #days are optional # chmod 400 vmail.key # chmod 444 vmail.crt
Alternatively, create a free trusted certificate using Let's Encrypt. The private key will be in /etc/letsencrypt/live/yourdomain/privkey.pem, the certificate in /etc/letsencrypt/live/yourdomain/fullchain.pem. Either change the configuration accordingly, or symlink the keys to /etc/ssl/private:
# ln -s /etc/letsencrypt/live/yourdomain/privkey.pem /etc/ssl/private/vmail.key # ln -s /etc/letsencrypt/live/yourdomain/fullchain.pem /etc/ssl/private/vmail.crt
Postfix
Before you copy & paste the configuration below, check if relay_domains has already been already set. If you leave more than one active, you will receive warnings during runtime.
relay_domains can be dangerous. You usually do not want Postfix to forward mail of strangers. $mydestination is a sane default value. Double check its value before running postfix! See http://www.postfix.org/BASIC_CONFIGURATION_README.html#relay_toAlso follow Postfix#Secure SMTP (receiving) pointing to the files you created in #SSL certificate.
Setting up Postfix
To /etc/postfix/main.cf append:
relay_domains = $mydestination virtual_alias_maps = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/virtual_alias_maps.cf virtual_mailbox_domains = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/virtual_mailbox_domains.cf virtual_mailbox_maps = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/virtual_mailbox_maps.cf virtual_mailbox_base = /home/vmail virtual_mailbox_limit = 512000000 virtual_minimum_uid = 5000 virtual_transport = virtual virtual_uid_maps = static:5000 virtual_gid_maps = static:5000 local_transport = virtual local_recipient_maps = $virtual_mailbox_maps transport_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/transport smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot smtpd_sasl_path = /var/run/dovecot/auth-client smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, permit_sasl_authenticated, reject_unauth_destination smtpd_relay_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, permit_sasl_authenticated, reject_unauth_destination smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous smtpd_sasl_tls_security_options = $smtpd_sasl_security_options smtpd_tls_security_level = may smtpd_tls_auth_only = yes smtpd_tls_received_header = yes smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/ssl/private/vmail.crt smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/ssl/private/vmail.key smtpd_sasl_local_domain = $mydomain smtpd_tls_loglevel = 1 smtp_tls_security_level = may smtp_tls_loglevel = 1
- In the configuration above
virtual_mailbox_domainsis a list of the domains that you want to receive mail for. This CANNOT contain the domain that is set inmydestination. That is why we leftmydestinationto be localhost only.
virtual_mailbox_mapswill contain the information of virtual users and their mailbox locations. We are using a hash file to store the more permanent maps, and these will then override the forwards in the MySQL database.
virtual_mailbox_baseis the base directory where the virtual mailboxes will be stored.
The virtual_uid_maps and virtual_gid_maps are the real system user IDs that the virtual mails will be owned by. This is for storage purposes.
Create the file structure
Those new additional settings reference a lot of files that do not even exist yet. We will create them with the following steps.
If you were setting up your database with PostfixAdmin and created the database schema through PostfixAdmin, you can create the following files. Do not forget to change the password:
/etc/postfix/virtual_alias_maps.cf
user = postfix_user password = hunter2 hosts = localhost dbname = postfix_db table = alias select_field = goto where_field = address
/etc/postfix/virtual_mailbox_domains.cf
user = postfix_user password = hunter2 hosts = localhost dbname = postfix_db table = domain select_field = domain where_field = domain
/etc/postfix/virtual_mailbox_maps.cf
user = postfix_user password = hunter2 hosts = localhost dbname = postfix_db table = mailbox select_field = maildir where_field = username
For alias domains functionality adjust the following files:
/etc/postfix/main.cf
virtual_alias_maps = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/virtual_alias_maps.cf,proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/virtual_alias_domains_maps.cf virtual_alias_domains = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/virtual_alias_domains.cf
/etc/postfix/virtual_alias_domains_maps.cf
user = postfix_user
password = hunter2
hosts = localhost
dbname = postfix_db
query = SELECT goto FROM alias,alias_domain WHERE alias_domain.alias_domain = '%d' and alias.address = CONCAT('%u', '@', alias_domain.target_domain) AND alias.active = '1' AND alias_domain.active='1'
/etc/postfix/virtual_alias_domains.cf
user = postfix_user password = hunter2 hosts = localhost dbname = postfix_db query = SELECT alias_domain FROM alias_domain WHERE alias_domain='%s' AND active = '1'
/etc/postfix/virtual_alias_maps.cf
user = postfix_user password = hunter2 hosts = localhost dbname = postfix_db table = domains select_field = virtual where_field = domain
/etc/postfix/virtual_mailbox_domains.cf
user = postfix_user password = hunter2 hosts = localhost dbname = postfix_db table = forwardings select_field = destination where_field = source
/etc/postfix/virtual_mailbox_maps.cf
user = postfix_user password = hunter2 hosts = localhost dbname = postfix_db table = users select_field = concat(domain,'/',email,'/') where_field = email
Run postmap on transport to generate its db:
# postmap /etc/postfix/transport
Dovecot
Instead of using the provided Dovecot example config file, we'll create our own /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf. Please note that the user and group here might be vmail instead of postfix!
/etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf
protocols = imap pop3
auth_mechanisms = plain
passdb {
driver = sql
args = /etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf
}
userdb {
driver = sql
args = /etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf
}
service auth {
unix_listener auth-client {
group = postfix
mode = 0660
user = postfix
}
user = root
}
mail_home = /home/vmail/%d/%n
mail_location = maildir:~
ssl_cert = </etc/ssl/private/vmail.crt
ssl_key = </etc/ssl/private/vmail.key
dovecot.conf.sample, beware that the default configuration file imports the content of conf.d/*.conf. Those files call other files that aren't present in our configuration.Now we create /etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf, which we just referenced in the config above. Use the following contents and check if everything is set accordingly to your system's configuration.
If you used PostfixAdmin, then you add the following:
/etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf
driver = mysql
connect = host=localhost dbname=postfix_db user=postfix_user password=hunter2
# It is highly recommended to not use deprecated MD5-CRYPT. Read more at http://wiki2.dovecot.org/Authentication/PasswordSchemes
default_pass_scheme = SHA512-CRYPT
# Get the mailbox
user_query = SELECT '/home/vmail/%d/%n' as home, 'maildir:/home/vmail/%d/%n' as mail, 5000 AS uid, 5000 AS gid, concat('dirsize:storage=', quota) AS quota FROM mailbox WHERE username = '%u' AND active = '1'
# Get the password
password_query = SELECT username as user, password, '/home/vmail/%d/%n' as userdb_home, 'maildir:/home/vmail/%d/%n' as userdb_mail, 5000 as userdb_uid, 5000 as userdb_gid FROM mailbox WHERE username = '%u' AND active = '1'
# If using client certificates for authentication, comment the above and uncomment the following
#password_query = SELECT null AS password, ‘%u’ AS user
Without having used PostfixAdmin you can use:
/etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf
driver = mysql
connect = host=localhost dbname=postfix_db user=postfix_user password=hunter2
# It is highly recommended to not use deprecated MD5-CRYPT. Read more at http://wiki2.dovecot.org/Authentication/PasswordSchemes
default_pass_scheme = SHA512-CRYPT
# Get the mailbox
user_query = SELECT '/home/vmail/%d/%n' as home, 'maildir:/home/vmail/%d/%n' as mail, 5000 AS uid, 5000 AS gid, concat('dirsize:storage=', quota) AS quota FROM users WHERE email = '%u'
# Get the password
password_query = SELECT email as user, password, '/home/vmail/%d/%n' as userdb_home, 'maildir:/home/vmail/%d/%n' as userdb_mail, 5000 as userdb_uid, 5000 as userdb_gid FROM users WHERE email = '%u'
# If using client certificates for authentication, comment the above and uncomment the following
#password_query = SELECT null AS password, ‘%u’ AS user
DH parameters
With v2.3 you are required to provide ssl_dh = </path/to/dh.pem yourself.
To generate a new DH parameters file (this will take very long):
# openssl dhparam -out /etc/dovecot/dh.pem 4096
then add the file to /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf
ssl_dh = </etc/dovecot/dh.pem
PostfixAdmin
See PostfixAdmin.
Note: To match the configuration in this file, config.inc.php should contain the following.
# /etc/webapps/postfixadmin/config.inc.php ... $CONF['domain_path'] = 'YES'; $CONF['domain_in_mailbox'] = 'NO'; ...
Roundcube
Make sure that both extension=pdo_mysql and extension=iconv are uncommented in your php.ini file. Also check the .htaccess for access restrictions. Assuming that localhost is your current host, navigate a browser to http://localhost/roundcube/installer/ and follow the instructions.
Roundcube needs a separate database to work. You should not use the same database for Roundcube and PostfixAdmin. Create a second database roundcube_db and a new user named roundcube_user.
While running the installer ...
- For the address of the IMAP host, use
ssl://localhost/ortls://localhost/and not justlocalhost. - Use port
993. Likewise with SMTP. - For the address of the SMTP host, use
tls://localhost/and port587if you used STARTTLS. Usessl://localhost/with port465if you used SMTPS. - See #Postfix for an explanation on that.
- Make sure the resulting configuration file has
$config['smtp_user'] = '%u';and$config['smtp_pass'] = '%p';lines in it or you will not be able to send email.
The post install process is similar to any other webapp like PhpMyAdmin or PostFixAdmin. The configuration file is in /etc/webapps/roundcubemail/config/config.inc.php which works as an override over defaults.inc.php.
Apache configuration
If you are using Apache, copy the example configuration file to your webserver configuration directory.
# cp /etc/webapps/roundcubemail/apache.conf /etc/httpd/conf/extra/httpd-roundcubemail.conf
Add the following line in
/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Include conf/extra/httpd-roundcubemail.conf
Roundcube: Change Password Plugin
To let users change their passwords from within Roundcube, do the following:
Enable the password plugin by adding this line to
/etc/webapps/roundcubemail/config/config.inc.php
$config['plugins'] = array('password');
Configure the password plugin and make sure you alter the settings accordingly:
/usr/share/webapps/roundcubemail/plugins/password/config.inc.php
<?php $config['password_driver'] = 'sql'; $config['password_db_dsn'] = 'mysql://<postfix_database_user>:<password>@localhost/<postfix_database_name>'; // for dovecot salted passwords only // $config['password_dovecotpw'] = 'doveadm pw'; // $config['password_dovecotpw_method'] = 'SHA512-CRYPT'; // $config['password_dovecotpw_with_method'] = true; $config['password_query'] = 'UPDATE mailbox SET password=%c WHERE username=%u';
Fire it up
All necessary daemons should be started in order to test the configuration. Start both postfix and dovecot.
Now for testing purposes, create a domain and mail account in PostfixAdmin. Try to login to this account using Roundcube. Now send yourself a mail.
Testing
Now lets see if Postfix is going to deliver mail for our test user.
nc servername 25 helo testmail.org mail from:<test@testmail.org> rcpt to:<cactus@virtualdomain.tld> data This is a test email. . quit
Error response
451 4.3.0 <lisi@test.com>:Temporary lookup failure
Maybe you have entered the wrong user/password for MySQL or the MySQL socket is not in the right place.
This error will also occur if you neglect to run newaliases at least once before starting postfix. MySQL is not required for local only usage of postfix.
550 5.1.1 <email@spam.me>: Recipient address rejected: User unknown in virtual mailbox table.
Double check content of mysql_virtual_mailboxes.cf and check the main.cf for mydestination
See that you have received a email
Now type $ find /home/vmailer.
You should see something like the following:
/home/vmailer/virtualdomain.tld/cactus@virtualdomain.tld /home/vmailer/virtualdomain.tld/cactus@virtualdomain.tld/tmp /home/vmailer/virtualdomain.tld/cactus@virtualdomain.tld/cur /home/vmailer/virtualdomain.tld/cactus@virtualdomain.tld/new /home/vmailer/virtualdomain.tld/cactus@virtualdomain.tld/new/1102974226.2704_0.bonk.testmail.org
The key is the last entry. This is an actual email, if you see that, it is working.
Optional Items
Although these items are not required, they definitely add more completeness to your setup
Quota
To enable mailbox quota support by dovecot, do the following:
- First add the following lines to /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf
dict {
quotadict = mysql:/etc/dovecot/dovecot-dict-sql.conf.ext
}
service dict {
unix_listener dict {
group = vmail
mode = 0660
user = vmail
}
user = root
}
service quota-warning {
executable = script /usr/local/bin/quota-warning.sh
user = vmail
unix_listener quota-warning {
group = vmail
mode = 0660
user = vmail
}
}
mail_plugins=quota
protocol pop3 {
mail_plugins = quota
pop3_client_workarounds = outlook-no-nuls oe-ns-eoh
pop3_uidl_format = %08Xu%08Xv
}
protocol lda {
mail_plugins = quota
postmaster_address = postmaster@yourdomain.com
}
protocol imap {
mail_plugins = $mail_plugins imap_quota
mail_plugin_dir = /usr/lib/dovecot/modules
}
plugin {
quota = dict:User quota::proxy::quotadict
quota_rule2 = Trash:storage=+10%%
quota_warning = storage=100%% quota-warning +100 %u
quota_warning2 = storage=95%% quota-warning +95 %u
quota_warning3 = storage=80%% quota-warning +80 %u
quota_warning4 = -storage=100%% quota-warning -100 %u # user is no longer over quota
}
- Create a new file /etc/dovecot/dovecot-dict-sql.conf.ext with the following code:
connect = host=localhost dbname=yourdb user=youruser password=yourpassword
map {
pattern = priv/quota/storage
table = quota2
username_field = username
value_field = bytes
}
map {
pattern = priv/quota/messages
table = quota2
username_field = username
value_field = messages
}
- Create a warning script /usr/local/bin/quota-warning.sh and make sure it is executable. This warning script works with postfix lmtp configuration as well.
#!/bin/sh
BOUNDARY="$1"
USER="$2"
MSG=""
if [[ "$BOUNDARY" = "+100" ]]; then
MSG="Your mailbox is now overfull (>100%). In order for your account to continue functioning properly, you need to remove some emails NOW."
elif [[ "$BOUNDARY" = "+95" ]]; then
MSG="Your mailbox is now over 95% full. Please remove some emails ASAP."
elif [[ "$BOUNDARY" = "+80" ]]; then
MSG="Your mailbox is now over 80% full. Please consider removing some emails to save space."
elif [[ "$BOUNDARY" = "-100" ]]; then
MSG="Your mailbox is now back to normal (<100%)."
fi
cat << EOF | /usr/lib/dovecot/dovecot-lda -d $USER -o "plugin/quota=maildir:User quota:noenforcing"
From: postmaster@yourdomain.com
Subject: Email Account Quota Warning
Dear User,
$MSG
Best regards,
Your Mail System
EOF
- Edit the user_query line and add iterat_query in dovecot-sql.conf as following:
user_query = SELECT '/home/vmail/%d/%n' as home, 'maildir:/home/vmail/%d/%n' as mail, 5000 AS uid, 5000 AS gid, concat('*:bytes=', quota) AS quota_rule FROM mailbox WHERE username = '%u' AND active = '1'
iterate_query = SELECT username AS user FROM mailbox
- Set up LDA as described above under SpamAssassin. If you're not using SpamAssassin, the pipe should look like this in /etc/postfix/master.cf :
dovecot unix - n n - - pipe
flags=DRhu user=vmail:vmail argv=/usr/lib/dovecot/deliver -f ${sender} -d ${recipient}
As above activate it in Postfix main.cf
virtual_transport = dovecot
- You can set up quota per each mailbox in postfixadmin. Make sure the relevant lines in config.inc.php look like this:
$CONF['quota'] = 'YES'; $CONF['quota_multiplier'] = '1024000';
Restart postfix and dovecot services. If things go well, you should be able to list all users' quota and usage by the this command:
doveadm quota get -A
You should be able to see the quota in roundcube too.
Autocreate and autosubscribe folders in Dovecot
To automatically create the "usual" mail hierarchy, modify your /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf as follows, editing to your specific needs.
namespace inbox {
type = private
separator = /
prefix =
inbox = yes
}
namespace inbox {
mailbox Drafts {
auto = subscribe
special_use = \Drafts
}
mailbox Junk {
auto = subscribe
special_use = \Junk
}
mailbox Trash {
auto = subscribe
special_use = \Trash
}
mailbox Sent {
auto = subscribe
special_use = \Sent
}
}
Dovecot public folder and global ACLs
In this section we enable IMAP namespace public folders combined with global and per-folder ACLs.
First, add the following lines to /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf:
### ACLs
mail_plugins = acl
protocol imap {
mail_plugins = $mail_plugins imap_acl
}
plugin {
acl = vfile
# With global ACL files in /etc/dovecot/dovecot-acls file (v2.2.11+):
acl = vfile:/etc/dovecot/dovecot-acl
}
### Public Mailboxes
namespace {
type = public
separator = /
prefix = public/
location = maildir:/home/vmail/public:INDEXPVT=~/public
subscriptions = no
list = children
}
Create the root directory /home/vmail/public and the folders you want to publicly share, for example (the period is required!) /home/vmail/public/.example-1.
Change the ownership of all files in the root directory:
$ chown -R vmail:vmail /home/vmail/public
Finally, create and modify your global ACL file to allow users access to these folders:
/etc/dovecot/dovecot-acl
public/* user=admin@example.com lrwstipekxa
In the above example, user admin@example.com has access to, and can do anything to, all the public folders. Edit to fit your specific needs.
lrwstipekxaare the permissions being granted. Visit the Dovecot wiki for further details.- Make sure the user subscribes to the folders in the client they are using.
Fighting Spam
As an alternative to SpamAssassin, consider rspamd. Out of the box, it delivers an amazing amount of spam reduction, greylisting, etc and includes a nifty webui. See also [1].
Sidenotes
Alternative vmail folder structure
Instead of having a directory structure like /home/vmail/example.com/user@example.com you can have cleaner subdirectories (without the additional domain name) by replacing select_field and where_field with:
query = SELECT CONCAT(SUBSTRING_INDEX(email,'@',-1),'/',SUBSTRING_INDEX(email,'@',1),'/') FROM users WHERE email='%s'
Troubleshooting
IMAP/POP3 client failing to receive mails
If you get similar errors, take a look into /var/log/mail.log or use journalctl -xn --unit postfix.service to find out more.
It may turn out that the Maildir /home/vmail/mail@domain.tld is just being created if there is at least one email waiting. Otherwise there wouldn't be any need for the directory creation before.
Roundcube not able to delete emails or view any 'standard' folders
Ensure that the Roundcube config.inc.php file contains the following:
$rcmail_config['default_imap_folders'] = array('INBOX', 'Drafts', 'Sent', 'Junk', 'Trash');
$rcmail_config['create_default_folders'] = true;
$rcmail_config['protect_default_folders'] = true;
LMTP / Sieve
Is LMTP not connecting to sieve? Ensure that your server is not routing the messages locally. This can be set in /etc/postfix/main.cf:
mydestination =
Are your emails sent to gmail users ending up in their junk/spam folders?
Google gmail (and most other large email providers) will send your emails straight into your recipients junk / spam folder if you have not implemented SPF / DKIM / DMARC policies. (Hint: Rspamd, via the link above, shows you how to set this up, and will DKIM sign your emails.)