Btrfs
From the Btrfs Documentation:
- Btrfs is a modern copy on write (COW) file system for Linux aimed at implementing advanced features while also focusing on fault tolerance, repair and easy administration.
Preparation
For user space utilities, install the btrfs-progs package that is required for basic operations.
If you need to boot from a Btrfs file system (i.e., your kernel and initramfs reside on a Btrfs partition), check if your boot loader supports Btrfs.
File system creation
The following shows how to create a new Btrfs file system. To convert an Ext3/4 partition to Btrfs, see #Ext3/4 to Btrfs conversion. To use a partitionless setup, see #Partitionless Btrfs disk.
See mkfs.btrfs(8) for more information.
File system on a single device
To create a Btrfs file system on partition /dev/partition
:
# mkfs.btrfs -L mylabel /dev/partition
The Btrfs default nodesize for metadata is 16 KiB, while the default sectorsize for data is equal to page size and autodetected. To use a larger nodesize for metadata (must be a multiple of sectorsize, up to 64 KiB is allowed), specify a value for the nodesize
via the -n
switch as shown in this example using 32 KiB blocks:
# mkfs.btrfs -L mylabel -n 32k /dev/partition
Multi-device file system
- The RAID 5 and RAID 6 modes of Btrfs are fatally flawed, and should not be used for "anything but testing with throw-away data." List of known problems and partial workarounds. See btrfs(5) § RAID56 STATUS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES for status updates.
- By default, systemd disables CoW for
/var/log/journal
, which can cause data corruption on RAID 1 (see #Disabling CoW). To prevent this, create an empty file/etc/tmpfiles.d/journal-nocow.conf
to override/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/journal-nocow.conf
(see tmpfiles.d(5) § CONFIGURATION DIRECTORIES AND PRECEDENCE).
Multiple devices can be used to create a RAID. Supported RAID levels include RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 10, RAID 5 and RAID 6. Starting from kernel 5.5 RAID1c3 and RAID1c4 for 3- and 4- copies of RAID 1 level. The RAID levels can be configured separately for data and metadata using the -d
and -m
options respectively. By default, the data has one copy (single
) and the metadata is mirrored (raid1
). This is similar to
creating a JBOD configuration, where disks are seen as one file system, but files are not duplicated. See Using Btrfs with Multiple Devices for more information about how to create a Btrfs RAID volume.
# mkfs.btrfs -d single -m raid1 /dev/part1 /dev/part2 ...
You must include either the udev
hook, systemd
hook or the btrfs
hook in /etc/mkinitcpio.conf
in order to use multiple Btrfs devices in a pool. See the Mkinitcpio#Common hooks article for more information.
Once the file system is created, it is advised to run the following command to scan for multi-device Btrfs file systems and register them, allowing to mount the multi-device file system by specifying only one member:
# btrfs device scan
- It is possible to add devices to a multiple-device file system later on. See the Btrfs wiki article for more information.
- Devices can be of different sizes. However, if one drive in a RAID configuration is bigger than the others, this extra space will not be used.
- Some boot loaders such as Syslinux do not support multi-device file systems.
- Btrfs does not automatically read from the fastest device, so mixing different kinds of disks results in inconsistent performance. See [1] for details.
See #RAID for advice on maintenance specific to multi-device Btrfs file systems.
Profiles
Btrfs uses the concept of profiles to configure mirroring, parity, and striping. In standard RAID terminology, this is called RAID level. Profiles for metadata (the -m
option of mkfs.btrfs(8)) and data (the -d
option of mkfs.btrfs(8)) may be different for the same Btrfs file system.
Some notable profiles:
- single
- No mirroring, no striping, no parity, enables mapping several devices to a single file system, called
LINEAR
in mdadm terminology. - raid0
- No mirroring, striping, no parity, enables parallel access between devices, but not limited to same-size devices like traditional mdadm RAID.
- raid1
- Mirroring, no striping, no parity, enables recovering from one drive failure.
Configuring the file system
Copy-on-Write (CoW)
By default, Btrfs uses copy-on-write for all files all the time. Writes do not overwrite data in place; instead, a modified copy of the block is written to a new location, and metadata is updated to point at the new location. See the Btrfs Sysadmin Guide section for implementation details, as well as advantages and disadvantages.
Disabling CoW
nodatacow
files. When combined with RAID 1, power outages or other sources of corruption can cause the data to become out of sync.To disable copy-on-write for newly created files in a mounted subvolume, use the nodatacow
mount option. This will only affect newly created files. Copy-on-write will still happen for existing files. The nodatacow
option also disables compression. See btrfs(5) for details.
nodatacow
and others with datacow
. The mount option of the first mounted subvolume applies to any other subvolumes."To disable copy-on-write for single files/directories, do:
$ chattr +C /dir/file
This will disable copy-on-write for those operation in which there is only one reference to the file. If there is more than one reference, e.g. due to file clones or lightweight clones or file system snapshots, copy-on-write still occurs. Note that as of coreutils 9.0, cp
attempts to perform lightweight copies by default — see cp(1) for more details.
C
' flag should be set on new or empty files. If it is set on a file which already has data blocks, it is undefined when the blocks assigned to the file will be fully stable. If the 'C
' flag is set on a directory, it will have no effect on the directory, but new files created in that directory will have the No_COW
attribute."$ mv /path/to/dir /path/to/dir_old $ mkdir /path/to/dir $ chattr +C /path/to/dir $ cp -a --reflink=never /path/to/dir_old/. /path/to/dir $ rm -rf /path/to/dir_oldMake sure that the data are not used during this process. Also note that
mv
or cp
without --reflink=never
as described below will not work.Effect on snapshots
If a file has copy-on-write disabled (NOCOW) and a snapshot is taken, the first write to a file block after the snapshot will be a COW operation because the snapshot locks the old file blocks in place. However, the file will retain the NOCOW attribute and any subsequent writes to the same file block will be in-place until the next snapshot.
Frequent snapshots can reduce the effectiveness of NOCOW, as COW is still required on the first write. To avoid copy-on-write for such files altogether, put them in a separate subvolume and do not take snapshots of that subvolume.
Compression
Btrfs supports transparent and automatic compression. This reduces the size of files as well as significantly increases the lifespan of flash-based media by reducing write amplification. See Fedora:Changes/BtrfsByDefault#Compression, [2], and [3]. It can also improve performance, in some cases (e.g. single thread with heavy file I/O), while obviously harming performance in other cases (e.g. multi-threaded and/or CPU intensive tasks with large file I/O). Better performance is generally achieved with the fastest compress algorithms, zstd and lzo, and some benchmarks provide detailed comparisons.
LZO has a fixed compression level, whereas zlib and zstd have a range of levels from 1 (low compression) to 9 (zlib) or 15 (zstd); see btrfs(5) § COMPRESSION. Changing the levels will affect CPU and I/O throughput differently, so they should be checked / benchmarked before and after changing.
The compress=alg[:level]
mount option enables automatically considering every file for compression, where alg
is either zlib
, lzo
, zstd
, or no
(for no compression). Using this option, Btrfs will check if compressing the first portion of the data shrinks it. If it does, the entire write to that file will be compressed. If it does not, none of it is compressed. With this option, if the first portion of the write does not shrink, no compression will be applied to the write even if the rest of the data would shrink tremendously. [4] This is done to prevent making the disk wait to start writing until all of the data to be written is fully given to Btrfs and compressed.
The compress-force=alg[:level]
mount option can be used instead, which makes Btrfs skip checking if compression shrinks the first portion, and enables automatic compression try for every file. In a worst-case scenario, this can cause (slightly) more CPU usage for no purpose. However, empirical testing on multiple mixed-use systems showed a significant improvement of about 10% disk compression from using compress-force=zstd
over just compress=zstd
, which also had 10% disk compression. However, keep in mind that forcing compression is against official Btrfs guidelines.
Only files created or modified after the mount option is added will be compressed.
To apply compression to existing files, use the btrfs filesystem defragment -calg
command, where alg
is either zlib
, lzo
or zstd
. For example, in order to re-compress the whole file system with zstd, run the following command:
# btrfs filesystem defragment -r -v -czstd /
cp
or bcp) plus using the -c
switch with a compression algorithm may result in two unrelated files effectively increasing the disk usage.To enable compression when installing Arch to an empty Btrfs partition, use the compress
option when mounting the file system: mount -o compress=zstd /dev/sdxY /mnt/
. During configuration, add compress=zstd
to the mount options of the root file system in fstab.
compress
mount option; to do so, apply chattr +c
or btrfs property set file compression alg
to the file. The first command is using legacy interface of file attributes inherited from ext2 filesystem and is not flexible, so by default the zlib
compression is set. The other command sets a property on the file with the given algorithm. (Note: setting level that way is not yet implemented.) When applied to directories, it will cause new files to be automatically compressed as they come.- Systems using older kernels or btrfs-progs without
zstd
support may be unable to read or repair your file system if you use this option. - GRUB introduced zstd support in 2.04. Make sure you have actually upgraded the bootloader installed in your MBR/ESP since then, by running
grub-install
with the appropriate options for your BIOS/UEFI setup, since that is not done automatically. See FS#63235.
View compression types and ratios
compsize takes a list of files (or an entire Btrfs file system) and measures compression types used and effective compression ratios. Uncompressed size may not match the number given by other programs such as du(1), because every extent is counted once, even if it is reflinked several times, and even if a part of it is no longer used anywhere but has not been garbage collected. The -x
option keeps it on a single file system, which is useful in situations like compsize -x /
to avoid it from attempting to look in non-Btrfs subdirectories and fail the entire run.
Subvolumes
"A Btrfs subvolume is not a block device (and cannot be treated as one) instead, a Btrfs subvolume can be thought of as a POSIX file namespace. This namespace can be accessed via the top-level subvolume of the file system, or it can be mounted in its own right." [5]
Each Btrfs file system has a top-level subvolume with ID 5. This subvolume cannot be removed or replaced by another subvolume. The top-level subvolume has path /
on the file system and other subvolumes are nested below the top-level subvolume. However, subvolumes can be moved around in the file system and their path may change, whereas their ID cannot.
By default, the top-level subvolume is mounted when mounting the file system. Options allow to mount a specific subvolume instead.
A major use case for subvolumes are snapshots.
See the following links for more details:
Creating a subvolume
To create a subvolume, the Btrfs file system must be mounted. The subvolume's name is set using the last argument.
# btrfs subvolume create /path/to/subvolume
--parents
to automatically create parent directories if they do not exist.Listing subvolumes
To see a list of current subvolumes and their ids under path
:
# btrfs subvolume list -p path
Deleting a subvolume
To delete a subvolume:
# btrfs subvolume delete /path/to/subvolume
Alternatively, a subvolume can be deleted like a regular directory (rm -r
, rmdir
).
Mounting subvolumes
Subvolumes can be mounted like file system partitions using the subvol=/path/to/subvolume
or subvolid=objectid
mount flags. For example, you could have a subvolume named subvol_root
and mount it as /
. One can mimic traditional file system partitions by creating various subvolumes under the top level of the file system and then mounting them at the appropriate mount points. It is preferable to mount using subvol=/path/to/subvolume
, rather than the subvolid, as the subvolid may change when restoring #Snapshots, requiring a change of mount configuration.
/
(which is done by default). Instead, consider creating a subvolume to house your actual data and mounting it as /
.See the Btrfs Wiki FAQ for which mount options can be used per subvolume.
See Snapper#Suggested filesystem layout, Btrfs SysadminGuide#Managing Snapshots, and SysadminGuide#Layout for example file system layouts using subvolumes.
See btrfs(5) for a full list of Btrfs-specific mount options.
Mounting subvolume as root
To use a subvolume as the root mountpoint, either make it the default subvolume, or specify the subvolume via a kernel parameter using rootflags=subvol=/path/to/subvolume
. Edit the root mountpoint in /etc/fstab
and specify the mount option subvol=
. Alternatively, the subvolume can be specified with its id, rootflags=subvolid=objectid
as kernel parameter and subvolid=objectid
as mount option in /etc/fstab
. It is preferable to mount using subvol=/path/to/subvolume
, rather than the subvolid, as the subvolid may change when restoring #Snapshots, requiring a change of mount configuration, or else the system will not boot.
Changing the default sub-volume
The default sub-volume is mounted if no subvol=
mount option is provided. To change the default subvolume, do:
# btrfs subvolume set-default subvolume-id /
where subvolume-id can be found by listing.
grub-install
again to notify the bootloader of the changes. See this forum thread.Changing the default subvolume with btrfs subvolume set-default
will make the top level of the file system inaccessible, except by use of the subvol=/
or subvolid=5
mount options [6].
Quota
Quota support in Btrfs is implemented at a subvolume level by the use of quota groups or qgroup: Each subvolume is assigned a quota groups in the form of 0/subvolume_id by default. However, it is possible to create a quota group using any number if desired.
To use qgroups, you need to enable quota first using
# btrfs quota enable path
From this point onwards, newly created subvolumes will be controlled by those groups. In order to retrospectively enable them for already existing subvolumes, enable quota normally, then create a qgroup (quota group) for each of those subvolume using their subvolume_id and rescan them:
# btrfs subvolume list path | cut -d' ' -f2 | xargs -I{} -n1 btrfs qgroup create 0/{} path # btrfs quota rescan path
Quota groups in Btrfs form a tree hierarchy, whereby qgroups are attached to subvolumes. The size limits are set per qgroup and apply when any limit is reached in tree that contains a given subvolume.
Limits on quota groups can be applied either to the total data usage, un-shared data usage, compressed data usage or both. File copy and file deletion may both affect limits since the unshared limit of another qgroup can change if the original volume's files are deleted and only one copy is remaining. For example, a fresh snapshot shares almost all the blocks with the original subvolume, new writes to either subvolume will raise towards the exclusive limit, deletions of common data in one volume raises towards the exclusive limit in the other one.
To apply a limit to a qgroup, use the command btrfs qgroup limit
. Depending on your usage, either use a total limit, unshared limit (-e
) or compressed limit (-c
).
To show usage and limits for a given path within a file system, use
# btrfs qgroup show -reF path
Commit interval
The resolution at which data are written to the file system is dictated by Btrfs itself and by system-wide settings. Btrfs defaults to a 30 seconds checkpoint interval in which new data are committed to the file system. This can be changed by appending the commit
mount option in /etc/fstab
for the Btrfs partition.
LABEL=arch64 / btrfs defaults,compress=zstd,commit=120 0 0
System-wide settings also affect commit intervals. They include the files under /proc/sys/vm/*
and are out-of-scope of this wiki article. The kernel documentation for them is available at https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html.
SSD TRIM
A Btrfs file system is able to free unused blocks from an SSD drive supporting the TRIM command. Asynchronous discard support is available with mount option discard=async
, and is enabled by default as of linux 6.2. Freed extents are not discarded immediately, but grouped together and trimmed later by a separate worker thread, improving commit latency.
Asynchronous discard can safely be used alongside periodic trim [7].
More information about enabling and using TRIM can be found in Solid State Drives#TRIM.
Usage
Swap file
To properly initialize a swap file, first create a non-snapshotted subvolume to host the file, e.g.
# btrfs subvolume create /swap
@swap
. Then, make sure the subvolume is mounted to /swap
(or any other accessible location).Create the swap file:
# btrfs filesystem mkswapfile --size 4g --uuid clear /swap/swapfile
If --size
is omitted, the default of 2GiB is used.
Activate the swap file:
# swapon /swap/swapfile
Finally, edit the fstab configuration to add an entry for the swap file:
/etc/fstab
/swap/swapfile none swap defaults 0 0
For additional information, see fstab#Usage.
No_COW
attribute on the whole subvolume with chattr
, then following the steps in Swap#Swap file creation. See btrfs(5) § SWAPFILE SUPPORT for an alternative method.To use a swap file for hibernation, you might need to additionally follow the procedures described in Hibernation.
Displaying used/free space
General linux userspace tools such as df(1) will inaccurately report free space on a Btrfs partition. It is recommended to use btrfs filesystem usage
to query Btrfs partitions. For example, for a full breakdown of device allocation and usage stats:
# btrfs filesystem usage /
btrfs filesystem usage
command does not currently work correctly with RAID5/RAID6
RAID levels.Alternatively, btrfs filesystem df
allows a quick check on usage of allocated space without the requirement to run as root:
$ btrfs filesystem df /
See [8] for more information.
The same limitations apply to tools which analyze space usage for some subset of the file system, such as du(1) or ncdu(1), as they do not take into account reflinks, snapshots and compression. Instead, see btduAUR and compsize for Btrfs-aware alternatives.
Defragmentation
Btrfs supports online defragmentation through the mount option autodefrag
; see btrfs(5) § MOUNT OPTIONS. To manually defragment your root, use:
# btrfs filesystem defragment -r /
Using the above command without the -r
switch will result in only the metadata held by the subvolume containing the directory being defragmented. This allows for single file defragmentation by simply specifying the path.
cp
or bcp) plus using the -c
switch with a compression algorithm may result in two unrelated files effectively increasing the disk usage.RAID
Btrfs offers native "RAID" for #Multi-device file systems. Notable features which set Btrfs RAID apart from mdadm are self-healing redundant arrays and online balancing. See the Btrfs wiki page for more information. The Btrfs sysadmin page also has a section with some more technical background.
Scrub
The Btrfs Wiki Glossary says that Btrfs scrub is "[a]n online file system checking tool. Reads all the data and metadata on the file system and uses checksums and the duplicate copies from RAID storage to identify and repair any corrupt data."
Start manually
To start a (background) scrub on the file system which contains /
:
# btrfs scrub start /
To check the status of a running scrub:
# btrfs scrub status /
Start with a service or timer
The btrfs-progs package brings the btrfs-scrub@.timer
unit for monthly scrubbing the specified mountpoint. Enable the timer with an escaped path, e.g. btrfs-scrub@-.timer
for /
and btrfs-scrub@home.timer
for /home
. You can use systemd-escape -p /path/to/mountpoint
to escape the path; see systemd-escape(1) for details.
You can also run the scrub by starting btrfs-scrub@.service
(with the same encoded path). The advantage of this over btrfs scrub
(as the root user) is that the results of the scrub will be logged in the systemd journal.
On large NVMe drives with insufficient cooling (e.g. in a laptop), scrubbing can read the drive fast enough and long enough to get it very hot. If you are running scrubs with systemd, you can easily limit the rate of scrubbing with the IOReadBandwidthMax
option described in systemd.resource-control(5) by using a drop-in file.
Balance
"A balance passes all data in the file system through the allocator again. It is primarily intended to rebalance the data in the file system across the devices when a device is added or removed. A balance will regenerate missing copies for the redundant RAID levels, if a device has failed." [9] See Upstream FAQ page.
On a single-device filesystem, a balance may be also useful for (temporarily) reducing the amount of allocated but unused (meta)data chunks. Sometimes this is needed for fixing "file system full" issues.
# btrfs balance start --bg / # btrfs balance status /
Snapshots
"A snapshot is simply a subvolume that shares its data (and metadata) with some other subvolume, using Btrfs's COW capabilities." See Btrfs Wiki SysadminGuide#Snapshots for details.
To create a snapshot:
# btrfs subvolume snapshot source [dest/]name
To create a readonly snapshot, add the -r
flag. To create a writable version of a readonly snapshot, simply create a snapshot of it.
- It is possible for a snapshot to be converted in-place from readonly to writeable with
btrfs property set -f -ts '/path/to/snapshot' ro false
. However, this is not recommended because it causes issues with any future incremental send/receive. Making a new writeable snapshot prevents such issues. - Snapshots are not recursive. Every nested subvolume will be an empty directory inside the snapshot.
Send/receive
A subvolume can be sent to stdout or a file using the send
command. This is usually most useful when piped to a Btrfs receive
command. For example, to send a snapshot named /root_backup
(perhaps of a snapshot you made of /
earlier) to /backup
, you would do the following:
# btrfs send /root_backup | btrfs receive /backup
The snapshot that is sent must be readonly. The above command is useful for copying a subvolume to an external device (e.g. a USB disk mounted at /backup
above).
The subvolume will be created on the receiving end. It does not need to be created manually.
Another example which creates: /mnt/arch-v2/subvolumes/@var
:
# btrfs send --proto 2 --compressed-data '/mnt/arch/snapshots/@var' | btrfs receive '/mnt/arch-v2/subvolumes/'
The parameters --proto 2
and --compressed-data
used in the example might be useful for more efficient sending (assumes compressed data).
You can also send only the difference between two snapshots. For example, if you have already sent a copy of root_backup
above and have made a new readonly snapshot on your system named root_backup_new
, then to send only the incremental difference to /backup
, do:
# btrfs send -p /root_backup /root_backup_new | btrfs receive /backup
Now, a new subvolume named root_backup_new
will be present in /backup
.
See Btrfs Wiki's Incremental Backup page and #Incremental backup to external drive on how to use this for incremental backups and for tools that automate the process.
Deduplication
Using copy-on-write, Btrfs is able to copy files or whole subvolumes without actually copying the data. However, whenever a file is altered, a new proper copy is created. Deduplication takes this a step further by actively identifying blocks of data which share common sequences and combining them into an extent with the same copy-on-write semantics.
Tools dedicated to deduplicate a Btrfs formatted partition include duperemove and bees. One may also want to merely deduplicate data on a file based level instead using e.g. rmlint, rdfind, jdupesAUR or dduper-gitAUR. For an overview of available features of those programs and additional information, have a look at the upstream Wiki entry.
Resizing
You can grow a file system to the maximum space available on the device, or specify an exact size. Ensure that you grow the size of the device or logical volume before you attempt to increase the size of the file system. When specifying an exact size for the file system on a device, either increasing or decreasing, ensure that the new size satisfies the following conditions:
- The new size must be greater than the size of the existing data; otherwise, data loss occurs.
- The new size must be equal to or less than the current device size because the file system size cannot extend beyond the space available.
To extend the file system size to the maximum available size of the device:
# btrfs filesystem resize max /
To extend the file system to a specific size:
# btrfs filesystem resize size /
Replace size
with the desired size in bytes. You can also specify units on the value, such as K (kibibytes), M (mebibytes), or G (gibibytes). Alternatively, you can specify an increase or decrease to the current size by prefixing the value with a plus (+) or a minus (-) sign, respectively:
# btrfs filesystem resize +size / # btrfs filesystem resize -size /
Known issues
A few limitations should be known before trying.
Encryption
Btrfs has no built-in encryption support, but this may come in the future. Users can encrypt the partition before running mkfs.btrfs
, see dm-crypt/Encrypting an entire system. Another approach is stacked filesystem encryption.
btrfs check issues
The tool btrfs check
has known issues and should not be run without further reading; see section #btrfs check.
Tips and tricks
Partitionless Btrfs disk
Btrfs can occupy an entire data storage device, replacing the MBR or GPT partitioning schemes, using subvolumes to simulate partitions. However, using a partitionless setup is not required to simply create a Btrfs file system on an existing partition that was created using another method. There are some limitations to partitionless single disk setups:
- Cannot place other file systems on another partition on the same disk.
- Due to the previous point, having an ESP on this disk is not possible. Another device is necessary for UEFI boot.
To overwrite the existing partition table with Btrfs, run the following command:
# mkfs.btrfs /dev/sdX
For example, use /dev/sda
rather than /dev/sda1
. The latter would format an existing partition instead of replacing the entire partitioning scheme. Because the root partition is Btrfs, make sure btrfs
is compiled into the kernel, or put btrfs
into mkinitcpio.conf#MODULES and regenerate the initramfs.
Install the boot loader like you would for a data storage device with a Master Boot Record. See Syslinux#Manually or GRUB/Tips and tricks#Install to partition or partitionless disk. If your kernel does not boot due to Failed to mount /sysroot.
, please add GRUB_PRELOAD_MODULES="btrfs"
in /etc/default/grub
and generate the grub configuration.
Ext3/4 to Btrfs conversion
Boot from an install CD, then convert by doing:
# btrfs-convert /dev/partition
Mount the partition and test the conversion by checking the files. Be sure to change the /etc/fstab
to reflect the change (type to btrfs
and fs_passno [the last field] to 0
as Btrfs does not do a file system check on boot). Also note that the UUID of the partition will have changed, so update fstab accordingly when using UUIDs. chroot
into the system and rebuild your boot loader's menu list (see Install from existing Linux). If converting a root file system, while still chrooted, run mkinitcpio -p linux
to regenerate the initramfs or the system will not successfully boot.
/ext2_saved
is still there. Use the btrfs-convert -r /dev/partition
command to rollback; this will discard any modifications to the newly converted Btrfs file system.After confirming that there are no problems, complete the conversion by deleting the backup ext2_saved
sub-volume. Note that you cannot revert back to ext3/4 without it.
# btrfs subvolume delete /ext2_saved
Finally, balance the file system to reclaim the space.
Remember that some applications which were installed prior have to be adapted to Btrfs.
Corruption recovery
btrfs check
has known issues, see section #btrfs checkbtrfs-check cannot be used on a mounted file system. To be able to use btrfs-check without booting from a live USB, add it to the initial ramdisk:
/etc/mkinitcpio.conf
BINARIES=(btrfs)
Then if there is a problem booting, the utility is available for repair.
See btrfs-check(8) for more information.
Booting into snapshots
In order to boot into a snapshot, the same procedure applies as for mounting a subvolume as your root partition, as given in section mounting a subvolume as your root partition, because snapshots can be mounted like subvolumes.
- If using GRUB, you can automatically populate your boot menu with Btrfs snapshots when regenerating the configuration file with the help of grub-btrfs or grub-btrfs-gitAUR.
- If using rEFInd, you can automatically populate your boot menu with Btrfs snapshots with the help of refind-btrfsAUR, after enabling
refind-btrfs.service
.
Use Btrfs subvolumes with systemd-nspawn
See the Systemd-nspawn#Use Btrfs subvolume as container root and Systemd-nspawn#Use temporary Btrfs snapshot of container articles.
Reducing access time metadata updates
Because of the copy-on-write nature of Btrfs, simply accessing files can trigger the metadata copy and writing. Reducing the frequency of access time updates may eliminate this unexpected disk usage and increase performance. See fstab#atime options for the available options.
Incremental backup to external drive
The following packages use btrfs send
and btrfs receive
to send backups incrementally to an external drive. Refer to their documentation to see differences in implementation, features, and requirements.
- btrbk — Tool for creating snapshots and remote backups of Btrfs subvolumes.
- snap-sync — Use Snapper snapshots to backup to external drive or remote machine.
- snapsync — A synchronization tool for Snapper.
The following package allows backing up snapper snapshots to non-Btrfs file systems.
- snapborg — borgmatic-like tool which integrates snapper snapshots with borg backups.
Automatic snapshots
For the managing and automatic creation of Btrfs snapshot, one may use a snapshot manager such as Snapper, Timeshift or Yabsnap.
Troubleshooting
See the Btrfs Troubleshooting pages and Btrfs Problem FAQ for general troubleshooting.
GRUB
Partition offset
The offset problem may happen when you try to embed core.img
into a partitioned disk. It means that it is OK to embed GRUB's core.img
into a Btrfs pool on a partitionless disk (e.g. /dev/sdX
) directly.
GRUB can boot Btrfs partitions, however the module may be larger than other file systems. And the core.img
file made by grub-install
may not fit in the first 63 sectors (31.5KiB) of the drive between the MBR and the first partition. Up-to-date partitioning tools such as fdisk
and gdisk
avoid this issue by offsetting the first partition by roughly 1MiB or 2MiB.
Missing root
Users experiencing the following: error no such device: root
when booting from a RAID style setup then edit /usr/share/grub/grub-mkconfig_lib and remove both quotes from the line echo " search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root ${hints} ${fs_uuid}"
. Regenerate the config for grub and the system should boot without an error.
Mounting timed out
Sometimes, especially with large RAID1 arrays, mounting might time out during boot with a journal message such as:
Jan 25 18:05:12 host systemd[1]: storage.mount: Mounting timed out. Terminating. Jan 25 18:05:46 host systemd[1]: storage.mount: Mount process exited, code=killed, status=15/TERM Jan 25 18:05:46 host systemd[1]: storage.mount: Failed with result 'timeout'. Jan 25 18:05:46 host systemd[1]: Failed to mount /storage. Jan 25 18:05:46 host systemd[1]: Startup finished in 32.943s (firmware) + 3.097s (loader) + 7.247s (kernel)> Jan 25 18:05:46 host kernel: BTRFS error (device sda): open_ctree failed
This can easily be worked around by providing a longer timeout via the systemd-specific mount option x-systemd.mount-timeout
in fstab. For example:
/dev/sda /storage btrfs rw,relatime,x-systemd.mount-timeout=5min 0 0
BTRFS: open_ctree failed
As of November 2014, there seems to be a bug in systemd or mkinitcpio causing the following error on systems with multi-device Btrfs file system using the btrfs
hook in mkinitcpio.conf
:
BTRFS: open_ctree failed mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdb2, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases, useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg|tail or so. You are now being dropped into an emergency shell.
A workaround is to remove btrfs
from the HOOKS
array in /etc/mkinitcpio.conf
and instead add btrfs
to the MODULES
array. Then regenerate the initramfs and reboot.
You will get the same error if you try to mount a raid array without one of the devices. In that case, you must add the degraded
mount option to /etc/fstab
. If your root resides on the array, you must also add rootflags=degraded
to your kernel parameters.
As of August 2016, a potential workaround for this bug is to mount the array by a single drive only in /etc/fstab
, and allow Btrfs to discover and append the other drives automatically. Group-based identifiers such as UUID and LABEL appear to contribute to the failure. For example, a two-device RAID1 array consisting of 'disk1' and disk2' will have a UUID allocated to it, but instead of using the UUID, use only /dev/mapper/disk1
in /etc/fstab
. For a more detailed explanation, see the following blog post.
Another possible workaround is to remove the udev
hook in mkinitcpio.conf and replace it with the systemd
hook. In this case, btrfs
should not be in the HOOKS
or MODULES
arrays.
See the original forums thread and FS#42884 for further information and discussion.
btrfs check
btrfs check
command, it is highly recommended to create a backup and consult btrfs-check(8) before executing btrfs check
with the --repair
switch.The btrfs-check(8) command can be used to check or repair an unmounted Btrfs file system. However, this repair tool is still immature and not able to repair certain file system errors even those that do not render the file system unmountable.
Constant drive activity
Since the kernel version 6.2, discard=async
mount(8) option is set by default. This has been reported to cause constant drive activity on some drives even while idle, as the discard queue is filled faster than it is processed. This can cause increased power usage, especially on NVMe-based drives.
As of kernel version 6.3, the default discard iops_limit
has been changed from 100 to 1000 to address this issue. You can manually set it to a desired value on an old kernel version, e.g.
# echo 1000 > /sys/fs/btrfs/uuid/discard/iops_limit
Where uuid
is the UUID of the Btrfs file system. The limit of 1000
will need to be tuned experimentally.
To set the parameter on boot, systemd-tmpfiles may be used, e.g. by creating the following file:
/etc/tmpfiles.d/btrfs-discard.conf
w /sys/fs/btrfs/uuid/discard/iops_limit - - - - 1000
Alternatively, one can disable asynchronous discard altogether by mounting using the nodiscard
mount option in fstab, and instead use Periodic TRIM.
Device total_bytes should be at most X but found Y
If a drive has been moved from another computer or the order of devices has changed, and the difference in sizes reported is tiny (at most megabytes), it is possible HPA (Host Protected Area) is in effect.
To verify if HPA is enabled, use hdparm:
# hdparm -N DEVICE
The output provides two numbers: the number of visible sectors and the actual number of sectors. If they differ, HPA is enabled.
If motherboard sets this forcefully and the firmware provides no option to turn that off, the only option is to shrink the affected file system. This is most easily done one the original computer, or on any machine that does not apply HPA.
See also
- Official site
- Performance related
- Miscellaneous
- Funtoo:BTRFS Fun
- Avi Miller presenting Btrfs at SCALE 10x, January 2012.
- Summary of Chris Mason's talk from LFCS 2012
- Btrfs: stop providing a bmap operation to avoid swapfile corruptions 2009-01-21
- Doing Fast Incremental Backups With Btrfs Send and Receive