Wine (Italiano)
(Wine Is Not an Emulator) è un software scritto con lo scopo di permettere il funzionamento dei programmi sviluppati per il sistema operativo Microsoft Windows Sui sistemi GNU/Linux e altri sistemi compatibili. Wine consente infatti di utilizzare applicazioni per Windows come se fossero applicazioni scritte appositamente per sistemi GNU/Linux senza dover emulare la struttura, ma implementando di un layer di compatibilità fornendo così il collegamento alle API necessarie per il funzionamento delle applicazioni. (ecco perché Wine non è da intendersi un emulatore)
Installazione
Per installare Wine è necessario scaricare il pacchetto wine, disponibile nei repository ufficiali. Nel caso in cui si desideri effettuare l'installazione su un sistema a 64-bit è necessario abilitare il repository Multilib.
Probabilmente si vorrà installare wine_gecko[broken link: replaced by wine-gecko] e wine-mono per le applicazioni che richiedono il supporto rispettivamente per Internet Explorer e .NET. Questi pacchetti non sono strettamente richiesti da Wine ma ne ampliano le funzioni.
Differenze tra architetture
Wine per default è un'applicazione a 32-bit, perciò, non è in grado di eseguire qualsiasi applicazione di Windows a 64-bit.
Il pacchetto per sistemi x86_64 viene compilato con l'opzione --enable-win64. In questo modo viene attivata la versione di Wine di WoW64.
- In Windows, questo complicato sottosistema permette all'utente di eseguire programmi a 32-bit o 64-bit in contemporanea e nella stessa cartella.
- In Wine, l'utente avrà cartelle separate. Per maggiori informazioni vedere Wine64[link interrotto 2020-08-06].
Se in un ambiente a 64-bit si riscontrano problemi con winetricks o con programmi, provare a creare un nuovo ambiente a 32-bit WINEPREFIX. Leggere: #Using WINEARCH[broken link: invalid section]. Utilizzando il pacchetto a 64-bit con WINEARCH=win32 si dovrà agire come se si stesse lavorando con il pacchetto per i686.
Configurazione
Tipicamente la configurazione di Wine avviene attraverso i seguenti strumenti:
- winecfg è uno strumento di configurazione ad interfaccia grafica. Per avviarlo da console digitare:
$ winecfg, oppure$ WINEPREFIX=~/.some_prefix winecfg. - control.exe è un'implementazione di Wine nel Pannello di controllo di Windows a cui è possibile accedere con:
$ wine control - regedit è l'editor di registro di Wine. Se winecfg e il Pannello di Controllo non sono abbastanza ricchi di funzionalità, leggere WineHQ's article on Useful Registry Keys
WINEPREFIX
Wine mantiene i file di configurazione e i programmi Windows installati per impostazione predefinita in ~/.wine.Questa cartella viene creata/aggiornata automaticamente quando viene eseguito un programma Windows oppure un programma da winecfg. Questa cartella inoltre contiene una lista con i programmi Windows installati che è possibile leggere con C: (the C-drive).
Con la variabile d'ambiente WINEPREFIX è possibile modificare la posizione dei file di configurazione. Ciò è particolarmente utile nel caso si voglia mantenere confugurazioni separate per differenti programmi Windows. La prima volta che viene avviato un programma, Wine creerà automaticamente una cartella contenente un drive C: e un registro.
Per esempio, avviando un programma con:
$ env WINEPREFIX=~/.win-a wine program-a.exe
e un'altro con:
$ env WINEPREFIX=~/.win-b wine program-b.exe
I due programmi avranno due drive C: e due registri separati.
Z: viene indicato con /, attenzione a queste considerazioni.)Per creare un file di configurazione standard senza avviare un programma Windows o altri strumenti grafici usare:
$ env WINEPREFIX=~/.customprefix wineboot -u
WINEARCH
Nel caso in cui il sistema sia a 64-bit, Wine avvierà automaticamente un ambiente a 64-bit. Per modificare tale comportamento utilizzare la variabile d'ambiente WINEARCH. Rinominare la cartella ~/.wine e creare un nuovo ambiente Wine eseguendo $ WINEARCH=win32 winecfg. Questa operazione creerà un ambiente a 32-bit per Wine.
Inoltre è possibile combinare l'operazione precendente con WINEPREFIX per creare così due ambienti separati, 32-bit e 64-bit:
$ WINEARCH=win32 WINEPREFIX=~/win32 winecfg $ WINEPREFIX=~/win64 winecfg
WINEPREFIX.You can also use WINEARCH in combination with other Wine programs, such as winetricks (using Steam as an example):
env WINEARCH=win32 WINEPREFIX=~/.local/share/wineprefixes/steam winetricks steam
Driver grafici
For most games, Wine requires high performance accelerated graphics drivers. This likely means using proprietary NVIDIA or AMD Catalyst drivers, although the open source ATI driver is increasingly become proficient for use with Wine. Intel drivers should mostly work as well as they are going to out of the box.
See Gaming On Wine: The Good & Bad Graphics Drivers for more details.
A good sign that your drivers are inadequate or not properly configured is when Wine reports the following in your terminal window:
Direct rendering is disabled, most likely your OpenGL drivers have not been installed correctly
For x86-64 systems, additional multilib packages are required. Please install the one that is listed in the Multilib Package column in the table in Xorg#Driver installation.
Audio
By default sound issues may arise when running Wine applications. Ensure only one sound device is selected in winecfg. Currently, the Alsa driver is the most supported.
If you want to use Alsa driver in Wine, and are using x86_64, you'll need to install the lib32-alsa-lib. If you are also using PulseAudio, you will need to install lib32-libpulse.
If you want to use OSS driver in Wine, you will need to install the lib32-alsa-oss package. The OSS driver in the kernel will not suffice.
If winecfg still fails to detect the audio driver (Selected driver: (none)), configure it via the registry.
Games that use advanced sound systems may require installations of lib32-openal.
Supporto per MIDI
MIDI was a quite popular system for video games music in the 90. If you are trying out old games, it is not uncommon that the music will not play out of the box. Wine has excellent MIDI support. However you first need to make it work on your host system. See the wiki page for more details. Last but not least you need to make sure Wine will use the correct MIDI output. See the Wine Wiki for a detailed setup.
Librerie aggiuntive
- Some applications (e.g. Office 2003/2007) require the MSXML library to parse HTML or XML, in such cases you need to install lib32-libxml2.
- Some applications that play music may require lib32-mpg123.
- Some applications that use native image manipulation libraries may require lib32-giflib and lib32-libpng.
- Some applications that require encryption support may require lib32-gnutls.
Fonts
If Wine applications are not showing easily readable fonts, you may not have Microsoft's Truetype fonts installed. See MS Fonts. If this does not help, try running winetricks allfonts.
After running such programs, kill all wine servers and run winecfg. Fonts should be legible now.
If the fonts look somehow smeared, import the following text file into the Wine registry with regedit:
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Wine\X11 Driver] "ClientSideWithRender"="N"
When installing Windows programs with Wine, should result in the appropriate menu/desktop icons being created. For example, if the installation program (e.g. setup.exe) would normally add an icon to your Desktop or "Start Menu" on Windows, then Wine should create corresponding freedesktop.org style .desktop files for launching your programs with Wine.
By default, installation of Wine does not create desktop menus/icons for the software which comes with Wine (e.g. for winecfg, winebrowser, etc). These instructions will add entries for these applications.
First, install a Windows program using Wine to create the base menu. After the base menu is created, you can create the following files in ~/.local/share/applications/wine/:
wine-browsedrive.desktop
[Desktop Entry] Name=Browse C: Drive Comment=Browse your virtual C: drive Exec=wine winebrowser c: Terminal=false Type=Application Icon=folder-wine Categories=Wine;
wine-uninstaller.desktop
[Desktop Entry] Name=Uninstall Wine Software Comment=Uninstall Windows applications for Wine Exec=wine uninstaller Terminal=false Type=Application Icon=wine-uninstaller Categories=Wine;
wine-winecfg.desktop
[Desktop Entry] Name=Configure Wine Comment=Change application-specific and general Wine options Exec=winecfg Terminal=false Icon=wine-winecfg Type=Application Categories=Wine;
And create the following file in ~/.config/menus/applications-merged/:
wine.menu
<!DOCTYPE Menu PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD Menu 1.0//EN" "http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/menu-spec/menu-1.0.dtd[link interrotto 2020-08-06]"> <Menu> <Name>Applications</Name> <Menu> <Name>wine-wine</Name> <Directory>wine-wine.directory</Directory> <Include> <Category>Wine</Category> </Include> </Menu> </Menu>
If these settings produce a ugly/non-existent icon, it means that there are no icons for these launchers in the icon set that you have enabled. You should replace the icon settings with the explicit location of the icon that you want. Clicking the icon in the launcher's properties menu will have the same effect. A great icon set that supports these shortcuts is GNOME-colors.
Menu entries created by Wine are located in ~/.local/share/applications/wine/Programs/. Remove the program's .desktop entry to remove the application from the menu.
The Wine menu items may appear in "Lost & Found" instead of the Wine menu in KDE 4. This is because kde-applications.menu is missing the MergeDir option.
Edit /etc/xdg/menus/kde-applications.menu
At the end of the file add <MergeDir>applications-merged</MergeDir> after <DefaultMergeDirs/>, it should look like this:
<Menu>
<Include>
<And>
<Category>KDE</Category>
<Category>Core</Category>
</And>
</Include>
<DefaultMergeDirs/>
<MergeDir>applications-merged</MergeDir>
<MergeFile>applications-kmenuedit.menu</MergeFile>
</Menu>
Alternatively you can create a symlink to a folder that KDE does see:
$ ln -s ~/.config/menus/applications-merged ~/.config/menus/kde-applications-merged
This has the added bonus that an update to KDE won't change it, but is per user instead of system wide.
Running Windows applications
To run a windows application:
$ wine <path to exe>
To install using an MSI installer, use the included msiexec utility:
$ msiexec installername.msi
Tips and tricks
- The Wine Application Database (AppDB) - Information about running specific Windows applications (Known issues, ratings, guides, etc tailored to specific applications)
- The WineHQ Forums - A great place to ask questions after you have looked through the FAQ and AppDB
Changing the language
Some programs may not offer a language selection, they will guess the desired language upon the sytem locales. Wine will transfer the current environment (including the locales) to the application, so it should work out of the box. If you want to force a program to run in a specific locale (which is fully generated on your system), you can call Wine with the following setting:
LC_ALL=xx_XX.encoding wine /my/program
For instance
LC_ALL=it_IT.UTF-8 wine /my/program
Installing Microsoft Office 2010
Microsoft Office 2010 works without any problems (tested with Microsoft Office Home and Student 2010, Wine 1.5.27 and 1.7.5). Activation over Internet also works.
Start by installing wine-mono, wine_gecko[broken link: replaced by wine-gecko], samba, and lib32-libxml2.
Proceed with launching the installer:
$ export WINEPREFIX=.wine # any path to a writable folder on your home directory will do $ export WINEARCH="win32" $ wine /path/to/office_cd/setup.exe
You could also put the above exports into your .bashrc.
Once installation completes, open Word or Excel to activate over the Internet. Once activated, close the application. Then run winecfg, and set riched20 (under libraries) to (native,builtin). This will enable Powerpoint to work.
For additional info, see the WineHQ article.
Proper mounting of optical media images
Some applications will check for the optical media to be in drive. They may check for data only, in which case it might be enough to configure the corresponding path as being a CD-ROM drive in winecfg.
However, other applications will look for a media name and/or a serial number, in which case the image has to be mounted with these special properties.
Some virtual drive tools do not handle these metadata, like fuse-based virtual drives (Acetoneiso for instance). CDEmu will handle it correctly.
Burning optical media
To burn CDs or DVDs, you will need to load the sg kernel module.
OpenGL modes
Many games have an OpenGL mode which may perform better than their default DirectX mode. While the steps to enable OpenGL rendering is application specific, many games accept the -opengl parameter.
$ wine /path/to/3d_game.exe -opengl
You should of course refer to your application's documentation and Wine's AppDB for such application specific information.
Using Wine as an interpreter for Win16/Win32 binaries
It is also possible to tell the kernel to use wine as an interpreter for all Win16/Win32 binaries:
echo ':DOSWin:M::MZ::/usr/bin/wine:' > /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register
To make the setting permanent, create a /etc/binfmt.d/wine.conf file with the following content:
# Start WINE on Windows executables :DOSWin:M::MZ::/usr/bin/wine:
systemd automatically mounts the /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc filesystem using proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount (and automount) and runs the systemd-binfmt.service to load your settings.
Try it out by running a Windows program:
chmod +x exefile.exe ./exefile.exe
If all went well, exefile.exe should run.
Wineconsole
Often you may need to run .exes to patch game files, for example a widescreen mod for an old game, and running the .exe normally through wine might yield nothing happening. In this case, you can open a terminal and run the following command:
$ wineconsole cmd
Then navigate to the directory and run the .exe file from there.
Winetricks
Winetricks is a script to allow one to install base requirements needed to run Windows programs. Installable components include DirectX 9.x, MSXML (required by Microsoft Office 2007 and Internet Explorer), Visual Runtime libraries and many more.
You can install winetricks via pacman or use the winetricks-svnAUR[broken link: package not found] package available in the AUR. Then run it with:
$ winetricks
Temp directory on tmpfs
To limit wine from writing its Temporary files to a physical disk, one can define an alternative location, like tmpfs, removing Temp directory and creating a symlink:
$ rm -r ~/.wine/drive_c/users/$USER/Temp $ ln -s /tmp/ ~/.wine/drive_c/users/$USER/Temp
Third-party interfaces
These have their own sites, and are not supported in the Wine forums.
CrossOver
CrossOver Has its own wiki page.
PlayOnLinux/PlayOnMac
PlayOnLinux (playonlinux) is a graphical Windows and DOS program manager. It contains scripts to assist the configuration and running of programs, it can manage multiple Wine versions and even use a specific version for each executable (eg. because of regressions). If you need to know which Wine version works best for a certain game, try the Wine Application Database.
PyWinery
PyWinery is a graphical and simple wine-prefix manager which allows you to launch apps and manage configuration of separate prefixes, also have a button to open winetricks in the same prefix, to open prefix dir, winecfg, application uninstaller and wineDOS. You can install PyWinery from AUR[link interrotto 2020-08-06]. It is especially useful for having differents settings like DirectX games, office, programming, etc, and choose which prefix to use before you open an application or file.
It's recommended using winetricks by default to open .exe files, so you can choose between any wine configuration you have.
Q4wine
Q4Wine is a graphical wine-prefix manager which allows you to manage configuration of prefixes. Notably it allows exporting QT themes into the wine configuration so that they can integrate nicely. You can find the q4wineAUR package in multilib.
See also
- Official Wine website
- Wine application database
- Advanced configuring your gfx card and OpenGL settings on wine; Speed up wine
- FileInfo[link interrotto 2020-08-06] - Find Win32 PE/COFF headers in EXE/DLL/OCX files under linux/unix environment.
- Gentoo's Wine Wiki Page